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1.
Hideshi Ogawa 《American journal of primatology》1995,35(4):305-310
Bridging behavior among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) was studied in a free-ranging group at Mt. Huangshan, China. This behavior was defined as a type of affiliative behavior in which two individuals simultaneously lifted up one infant. Bridging behavior occurred after an adult male carried an infant to another male or approached another male who was holding an infant. Each male frequently held and groomed a particular infant in the group, which was named an “affiliated” infant of the male. Males were more frequently provided with their affiliated infant by other males than with other non-affiliated infants. This finding suggests that male Tibetan macaques recognized the affiliative relationship between a male and his affiliated infant, and chose that infant for bridging behavior on the basis of this knowledge. Such choice might be important for effective bridging behavior or other affiliative interactions between males. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
2.
Lateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. In the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis). The results showed that across our sample of nine mother–infant dyads: (1) Seven of nine neonates exhibited a significant left-side nipple preference during the first 12 weeks of life, whereas eight of nine mothers displayed a significant right-side cradling preference; (2) at the population level, there was a significant preference for left nipple contact by neonatal Taihangshan macaques and a significant right-hand maternal cradling preference; (3) at the population level, there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling bias; and (4) the strength of individual neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality were not correlated. We conclude that asymmetry in nipple contact of Taihangshan macaques occurs early in behavioral development. Given that infant Taihangshan macaques are able to nurse and cling unassisted to their mothers within a few days after birth, it appears that the infant rather than its mother is responsible for determining a nipple-side preference. Our results indicating a left-side nipple bias in 78% of wild neonatal Taihangshan macaques are most consistent with the heartbeat hypothesis. 相似文献
3.
Dario Maestripieri 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1998,104(5):379-385
This study represents the first investigation of variability in mothering styles in pigtail macaques, Macaca nemestrina nemestrina. Fifteen group-living mother-infant pairs were focally observed during the first 12 wk of infant life and several measures of maternal and infant behavior were recorded. Variability in mothering styles occurred along the three dimensions of maternal protectivencss, rejection, and warmth. Maternal parity and aggression received by mothers were the best predictors of variability in protectiveness and warmth, whereas variability in rejection was not predicted by any of the variables considered. This study provides clear evidence that aggression towards mothers and previous maternal experience have an important influence on mothering styles in pigtail macaques. 相似文献
4.
Tanja Jovanovic Nancy L. Megna Dario Maestripieri 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(4):421-428
This study investigated the development of maternal recognition of infant calls in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Fifteen mothers and their offspring, of age ranging from several hours to 28 days, served as subjects of an experiment
in which the offspring's distress vocalizations were recorded and then played back to their mothers simultaneously with those
of an age-matched control infant. The proportion of time looking at, but not the proportion of orientations to the speaker
playing the offspring's vocalizations increased significantly as a function of infant age. Specifically, mothers of infants
older than 1 week of age responded longer to the playback of their own infant's calls than did mothers of younger infants.
These findings provide the firt evidence that offspring recognition in macaques develops between the first and second week
of the infant's life and are consistent with the hypothesis that mothers need to be exposed to their infants' calls in order
to learn their acoustic characteristics. 相似文献
5.
James R. Wilson 《American journal of primatology》1989,17(4):321-322
Selective use of nipples among free-ranging infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was studied. Each infant held only one of its mother's two nipples in the mouth during an average of 90.9% ± 1.5% (SEM) of total nipple contact time. The next offspring born to the same mother tended to use the nipple that its previous sibling had not used. Maternal behavior did not cause use of one nipple or the other. 相似文献
6.
Philipp MT Doyle LA Martin DS Plauché GB Phillippi-Falkenstein KM Bohm RP 《Journal of medical primatology》2012,41(1):60-66
Background Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumococcal disease. Elucidation of procedures to prevent or eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage in a model akin to the human would help to diminish the incidence of both pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Methods We conducted a survey of the nasopharynx of infant rhesus macaques from our breeding colony, in search of natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. We also attempted experimental induction of colonization, by nasopharyngeal instillation of a human S. pneumoniae strain (19F). Results None of 158 colony animals surveyed carried S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Colonization was induced in eight of eight infant rhesus by nasopharyngeal instillation and lasted 2 weeks in 100% of the animals and 7 weeks in more than 60%. Conclusion Rhesus macaques are probably not natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. The high rate and duration of colonization obtained in our experiments indicates that the rhesus macaque will serve as a human‐like carriage model. 相似文献
7.
A non-resident male attacked a 4-month-old unweaned infant in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and it died 2 days later from a severe wound. When the infant was alone at the feeding site, the non-resident male rushed at it. The infant ran away as soon as it became aware of the male, but was captured. The male bit the infant on its hand, foot, and arm, while continuously scanning his surroundings. He did not kill the infant immediately and, after the infant escaped, he did not chase or attack it at all. Although the infants right arm was bleeding heavily, it survived until the following day. The infanticide occurred a few weeks before the mating season began, so the victims mother soon resumed estrus and the subsequent inter-birth interval was shortened. The first-, second-, and fourth-ranking adult males had died or disappeared a few months before this infanticide, and there were no other group members near the infant when the infanticidal male appeared. The infanticidal male had not been observed before this incident. Compared to one-male groups, the occurrence of infanticide in multi-male groups of Japanese macaques is extremely infrequent. However, in other reports of infanticide in Japanese macaques as well as in this case, it has been noted that infanticide is likely to occur in the pre- or early-mating season, when there are no resident males to defend the infant against attacks, and when a threatening male is least likely to be the infants father.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 相似文献
8.
Alyssa M. Arre Chelsey S. Clark Laurie R. Santos 《American journal of primatology》2020,82(11):e23054
Humans undergo robust ontogenetic shifts in the theory of mind capabilities. Are these developmental changes unique to human development or are they shared with other closely related non-human species? To explore this issue, we tested the development of the theory of mind capacities in a population of 236 infant and juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Using a looking-time method, we examined what developing monkeys know about others’ perceptions. Specifically, we tested whether younger monkeys predict that a person will reach for an object where she last saw it. Overall, we found a significant interaction between a monkey's age and performance on this task (p = .014). Juvenile monkeys (between two and 5 years of age) show a nonsignificant trend towards human infant-like patterns of performance, looking longer during the unexpected condition as compared to the expected condition, though this difference is nonsignificant (p = .09). However, contrary to findings in human infants, infant rhesus macaques show a different trend. Infant monkeys on average look slightly longer on average during the expected condition than the unexpected condition, though this pattern was not significant (p = .06). Our developmental results in monkeys provide some hints about the development of the theory of mind capacities in non-humans. First, young rhesus macaques appear to show some interest in the perception of other agents. Second, young rhesus seems able to make predictions based on the visual perspective of another agent, though the developmental pattern of this ability is not as clear nor as robust as in humans. As such, though an understanding of others’ perceptions is early-emerging in human infants, it may require more experience interacting with other social agents in our non-human relatives. 相似文献
9.
A first case of newborn Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) twins was observed in a free-ranging group at Huangshan, China. The female that gave birth to the twins was studied during
their first 5 months post-partum, and her activity budget was compared to those of adult females with single or no offspring
in order to assess her behavioral changes. Our report shows that female Tibetan macaques can produce twins, and that twins
can successfully survive. The adult female with twins spent more time foraging and resting, but less time moving and engaged
in other social behaviors than adult females with a single infant or no infant. Our report provides a case of successfully
surviving twins in a wild environment and suggests that the mother modified her behavior patterns to adapt to the heavy burden.
We conclude that both food provisioning and the mother’s behavioral strategies facilitated the survivorship of twins. This
expands our understanding of the reproductive biology of Tibetan macaques. 相似文献
10.
Schino Gabriele Speranza Livia Ventura Raffaella Troisi Alfonso 《International journal of primatology》2003,24(3):627-638
We focused on the social interactions of infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and on the protective response of their mothers to such interactions. Infant social interactions included: received allomaternal behavior (positive infant handling), hand touch and inspection (neutral handling), and aggression (negative handling) as well as social play. Maternal protective responses included aggression to the infant's interactant and restraining or retrieving the infant. All types of social interactions as well as the maternal response to such interactions showed clear developmental variations. Frequency of infant social interactions and maternal protective responses also showed large interindividual variability. Juvenile and subadult females without maternal experience were the most frequent infant handlers. Infants received positive handling primarily from their kin, while mothers were equally protective in response to positive handling received by kin and by non-kin. Conversely, kin showed higher levels of neutral handling and their interest was more easily tolerated by mothers compared to that of non-kin. 相似文献
11.
H.D. Ochs W.R. Morton L.D. Kuller Q. Zhu C.-C. Tsai M.B. Agy R.E. Benveniste 《Journal of medical primatology》1993,22(2-3):162-168
Six pregnant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were inoculated intra-amniotically (i.a.) with SIVMne. All became viremic and seroconverted; three viable offspring were SIV-positive and at autopsy showed disseminated viral infection; one of three abortuses had SIV-infected thymic macrophages. Three of five pregnant macaques inoculated i.v. and/or i.a. with HIV-1LAI became virus-positive, and four seroconverted, suggesting fetal-maternal transmission. One abortus had HIV-1-antigen in lymph nodes and brain; one infant, culture-positive at birth, died at age 11 days of disseminated HIV-1 infection. 相似文献
12.
Joan B. Silk 《American journal of primatology》1988,14(2):111-124
The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the factors that contributed to annual variation in fertility and infant survival in a relatively undisturbed captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) over a 16-year period. The size and composition of this population fluctuated over time, and these changes were consistently associated with changes in female fertility and infant survival. Female fertility was highest when there were relatively few adult females in the group and when there were relatively few adult females per adult male. Similarly, infant survival was highest in years when there were relatively few adult females present and when cohorts of infants were small. Since environmental factors, such as availability of food and vulnerability to predation, were unlikely to constrain population growth in captivity, the data suggest that other mechanisms may have affected demographic processes in this captive group. 相似文献
13.
Kimura T 《Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology》2000,71(5):323-333
Longitudinal comparisons of high-speed quadrupedal locomotion on level surfaces were made on 4 infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with normal mother-infant relationships. Compared to adults, infants exhibited considerable variation in each step of locomotion. Braking components of foot force tended to be larger in the forelimb than in the hindlimb during the infant stage of development. Conversely, accelerating components were larger in the hindlimb than in the forelimb. In 1- and 2-month-old infants, vertical components in the hindlimb were not significantly larger than those of the forelimb. Fore- and hindlimb differentiation in infant Japanese macaques resembles that of adult macaques even at this early stage of development. 相似文献
14.
P. Nürnberg U. Sauermann M. Kayser C. Lanfer E. Manz A. Widdig J. Berard F. B. Bercovitch M. Kessler J. Schmidtke M. Krawczak 《American journal of primatology》1998,44(1):1-18
Establishing kinship relations in primates using modern molecular genetic techniques has enhanced the ability to scrutinize a number of fundamental biological issues. We screened 51 human short tandem repeats (STRs) for cross-species PCR amplification in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and identified 11 polymorphic loci with heterozygosity rates of at least 0.6. These markers were used for paternity testing in three social groups (M, R, and S) of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Several consecutive birth cohorts were analyzed in which approximately 200 males were tested for paternity against more than 100 mother/infant pairs. Despite a combined exclusion rate of more than 99.9% in all three groups, some cases could not be solved unequivocally with the STR markers and additional testing of the MHC-associated DQB1 polymorphism. A final decision became possible through multilocus DNA fingerprinting with one or more of the oligonucleotide probes (GATA)4, (CA)8, and (CAC)5. Paternity assessment by multilocus DNA analysis with probe (CAC)5 alone was found to have limitations in rhesus macaques as regards the number of potential sires which might be involved in a given case. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting requires large amounts of DNA, and the ensuing autoradiographic patterns present difficulties in comparisons across gels and even within the same gel across remote lanes. Computer-assisted image analysis was incapable of eliminating this problem. Therefore, a dual approach to DNA typing has been adopted, using STR markers to reduce the number of potential sires to a level where all remaining candidates can be tested by multilocus DNA fingerprinting on a single gel, preferably in lanes adjacent to the mother/infant pair. Am. J. Primatol. 44:1–18, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
15.
In this study on Java macaques themain characteristics of the mother-infant relationship during infants' first 10 days have been elaborated. Early mother and infant behaviour is
described and early interactions between mothers and their young have been analyzed. Observations and trend analyses of early
behaviours like ventro-ventral contact behaviour, being on nipple, and explorative behaviour, make it clear that Java macaque
infants play an important role in the early development of mother-infant interactions. In contrast to the rhesus and the stumptailed
infant, the young Java macaque appears to develop a great variety of behaviours in its first 10 days. Whereas the infant's
behaviour gains in complexity and social initiative, the mother becomes increasingly more passive and self-oriented. Early
mother-infant interaction can be characterized by mutual adjustment. 相似文献
16.
This research assessed mother–infant relationships in rhesus and Japanese macaques living in analogous captive social groups,
and monitored changes in the levels of excreted estrogen metabolites during the peripartum period. Each mother–infant pair
was focally observed 3 h per week during the first 12 weeks of life of newborns. Fecal samples were collected twice a week
from each mother, starting 4 weeks before delivery and ending 4 weeks after delivery. Infant-directed behaviors appeared to
be consistently less protective/controlling and more rejecting in rhesus macaques than in Japanese macaques. Estrogen metabolite
levels during the perinatal period were, on average, 3-fold higher in Japanese macaques and showed a sharp increase during
the last weeks of pregnancy only in the Japanese macaque group. Considering the ecological and behavioral similarities between
Japanese and rhesus macaques, the divergence between the two species in the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior was
unexpected. This was possibly linked to the difference in the overall body size and life history, and to the striking divergence
in estrogen metabolite variation during the peripartum period. Group size, social relationships, and average age of individuals
in the two captive groups were not clearly involved in the recorded differences in maternal behavior.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
17.
Most toque macaques give birth to their infants during the night when resting arboreally. Here we report on a birth that occurred
in daytime (at 0916 hr) and on the ground. The mother was 7.6 years old; the birth was her second. Prepartum behaviors included
lordosis, arching of the back, stretching, squatting, rolling on the ground, and anogenital self-examination. During the birth
the female was isolated about 100 m from the rest of her group. The mother stood bipedally during parturition and assisted
delivery with her hands. The infant was born within 2 min after first appearing at the vulva. It immediately clung to the
mother’s leg and vocalized. The mother licked the infant and oriented it toward her ventrum. She resumed foraging behavior
within 20 min after parturition. The infant nursed for the first time 2.25 hr after being born. The mother ate part of the
placenta, but the alpha female of the group usurped and also ate a portion of it. Curious group members sniffed and looked
at the infant but did not touch it. 相似文献
18.
Background Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can result in lifelong neurological deficits. Seronegative pregnant woman often acquire primary HCMV from clinically asymptomatic, but HCMV‐shedding children. Methods Potential age‐related differences in viral and immune parameters of primary RhCMV infection were examined in an oral rhesus CMV infection model in specific pathogen free macaques. RhCMV shedding was measured by real time PCR in plasma, saliva and urine. Immune parameters, including neutralizing and binding antibodies and RhCMV‐specific T cell responses, were assessed in longitudinally collected blood samples. Results The oral RhCMV infection model in infant SPF rhesus macaques demonstrated that (i) the susceptibility to oral RhCMV infection declines with age, and (ii) infant macaques shed RhCMV more persistently and at higher titers compared to adult macaques. (iii) Conclusions The oral infant RhCMV infection model appears to reflect viral pathogenesis in human HCMV‐infected children. Larger studies are needed to define immune parameters associated with better control of RhCMV in adult compared to young animals. 相似文献
19.
Japanese macaques form a cross-modal representation of their own species in their first year of life
Adachi I Kuwahata H Fujita K Tomonaga M Matsuzawa T 《Primates; journal of primatology》2006,47(4):350-354
We tested whether infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) have a cross-modal representation of their own species. We presented monkeys with a photograph of either a monkey or a human face on an LCD monitor after playing back a vocalization of one of those two species. The subjects looked at the monitor longer when a human face was presented after the monkey vocalization than when the same face was presented after human vocalization. This suggests that monkeys recall and expect a monkey’s face upon hearing a monkey’s voice. 相似文献
20.
Michael D. Gumert 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1059-1074
Female long-tailed macaques are attracted to infants and frequently groom mothers bearing them. Such grooming often involves
the groomer contacting the infant and may be a trade of grooming for infant handling. To identify if grooming and infant handling
are directly traded, I collected samples on times after female-to-mother grooming and on interactions in which a female groomed
a mother and contacted her infant. I determined that grooming tended to promote an exchange with infant handling and that
the supply of available infants was related to how long a female groomed a mother. Grooming interactions were longer when
infants were scarce in the surrounding social environment than when they were abundant, indicating a possible supply-and-demand
effect. This supports that grooming may be payment for infant handling. Grooming-infant handling interchanges tended to be
unidirectional as mothers usually did not reciprocate grooming. Instead, infant contact occurred. A larger proportion of grooming-infant
handling interchanges involved younger infants, but infant age did not seem to influence grooming durations. The length of
female-to-mother grooming had no observable effect on handling time. Lower-ranked females groomed higher-ranked mothers and
their infants longer than vice versa. Moreover, it was possible to predict up-rank grooming via supply and demand better than down-rank grooming. There was no
observable influence of kinship on grooming-infant handling interchange. These results support the conclusion that grooming
and infant handling may be traded. Grooming promoted infant handling, while supply and rank predicted the grooming payment
a female would offer to access an infant. 相似文献