Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
GIBBERELLINS–CHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND USE . Edited by J. R. L enton
BIOMONITORING AIR POLLUTANTS WITH PLANTS . By W. J. M anning & W. A. F eder
HORMONAL REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT, I . Edited by J. M ac M illan
PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES . Edited by F. S koog
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF PHY-TOPLANKTON . Edited by I. M orris
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH JOHN INNES SYMPOSIUM. The Plant Genome and Second International Haploid Conference . Edited by D. R. D avies & D. A. H opwood
LOW TEMPERATURE STRESS IN CROP PLANTS: the role of the membrane . Edited by J ames M. L yons , D ouglas G raham & J ohn K. R aison
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS . By U lrich L üttge & N oe H iginbotham     

Reviews

Advances in Botanical Research . Vol. 14. Ed. by J. A. C allow .
Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism . Ed. by W. R. U llrich , P. J. A paricio , P. J. S yrett and F. C astillo .
A Centry od Nitrogen Fixation Research . Ed. by F. J. B ergersen and J. R. P ostgate .
Horizons in Lichenology . Ed. by D. H. D alby , D. L. H awksworth and S. L. J ury .
Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry , By J. B. H arborne .
Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, Ed. by A lan W ild .
Disease and Plant Population Biology . By J. J. B urdon.
Molecular Determinants of Plant Diseases . Ed. by S. N ishimura , C. P. V ance and N. D oke.
British Fungus Flora, Agrics and Boleti 5. Strophariaceae & Coprinaceae P.P.: Hypholoma, Melanotus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Lacrymaria & Panaeolus, Psilocybe, Stropharia, Lacrymaria & Panaeolus, By R W atling and M. N. G regory .
Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects . Ed. by W. J. M attson , J. L evieux and C. B ernard -D agan .
Air Pollution and Acid Rain. The Biological Impact . By A. W ellburn .
The Australian Paniceae (Paniceae) . By R. D. W erster .
Kew Index for 1986 . Compiled by R.A. D avies and K.M. L loyd .
Kew Index for 1987 . Compiled by R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd .
Index Kewensis Supplement XVII . Compiled by J. L. M. P inner , T. A. B ence , R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd .
Index Kewensis Supplement XVIII . Compiled by J. L. M. P inner , T. A. B ence , R. A. D avies and K. M. L loyd . Edited by R. A. D avies .
The Botany of Mangroves . By P. B. T omlinson .
Floweroing Plants in West Africa . By M argaret S teentoft .
Plants in Danger . By S. D. D avies     

REVIEWS

Books Review in this article:
Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire. Part I. Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae. By L. C halk , M.A., D.Phil., J. B urtt D avy , M.A., Ph.D. and H. E. D esch , B.SC.
Part II. Twenty West African Timber Trees. By L. C halk , M.A., D.Phil., J. B urtt D avy , M.A., Ph.D., H. E. D esch , B.SC, M.A. and A. C. H oyle , B.Sc, M.A.
Part III. Fifteen South African High Forest Timber Trees. By L. C halk , M.A., D.Phil., M. M. C hattaway , B.SC, M.A., J. B urtt D avy , M.A., Ph.D., F. S. L aughton , B.SC. and M. H. S cott , B.SC.
Colloids in Agriculture. By C. E. M arshall .
Flore Laurentienne. By F rère M arie -V ictorin , D.SC.
Plant Viruses. By K enneth M. S mith .
Plant Life: A Text-book of Botany. By D. B. S wingle .
Gardening in East Africa: A Practical Handbook. Edited by A. J. J ex -B lake , with a foreword by Sir A rthur W. H ill .
British Stem- and Leaf-Fungi (Coelomycetes). Vol. I. Sphaeropsidales. By W. B. G rove , M.A.     

Practice advisory on liposuction

COMMITTEE STATEMENT: At the 69th annual meeting of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) in October of 2000, the ASPS Board of Directors convened the Task Force on Patient Safety in Office-Based Surgery Facilities. The task force was assembled in the wake of several highly publicized patient deaths involving plastic surgery and increasing state legislative and regulatory activity of office-based surgery facilities. In response to the increased scrutiny of the office-based surgery setting, the task force produced two practice advisories: "Procedures in the Office-Based Surgery Setting" and "Patient Selection in the Office-Based Surgery Setting." Since the task force's inception, professional and public awareness of patient safety issues has continued to grow. This heightened interest resulted in an increased need for plastic surgeons to communicate their views on the topic. To meet this challenge, the task force evolved into the Committee on Patient Safety, allowing the committee to address topics affecting the safety and welfare of plastic surgery patients, regardless of the facility setting. The "Practice Advisory on Liposuction" is the first advisory developed since the committee was formed. It was a lengthy and painstaking process for the committee, which included representatives from related plastic surgery organizations as well as the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Committee members included Ronald E. Iverson, M.D., chair; Jeffery L. Apfelbaum, M.D., ASA representative; Bruce L. Cunningham, M.D., ASPS/Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation (PSEF) Joint Outcomes Task Force representative; Richard A. D'Amico, M.D., ASPS representative; Victor L. Lewis, Jr., M.D., ASPS Health Policy Analysis Committee representative; Dennis J. Lynch, M.D., ASPS representative; Noel B. McDevitt, M.D., ASPS Deep Vein Thrombosis Task Force representative; Michael F. McGuire, M.D., The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) representative; Louis Morales, Jr., M.D., American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons representative; Calvin R. Peters, M.D., Florida Ad Hoc Commission on Patient Safety representative; Robert Singer, M.D., American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities representative; Thomas Ray Stevenson, M.D., American College of Surgeons representative; Rebecca S. Twersky, M.D., ASA representative; Ronald H. Wender, M.D., ASA representative; and James A. Yates, ASAPS representative. The authors thank members of the committee for the insights they brought to this process. The final document represents their significant contributions to these efforts. They would also like to recognize DeLaine Schmitz and Pat Farrell of the ASPS staff for their work on and support of this project.     

Books Reviews

S cience W riting for B eginners
M icrobiology . E ssentials and A pplications (1985). L. McKane & J. Kandel.
P rogress in C linical and B iological R esearch Volume 178 B luetongue and R elated O rbiviruses (1985). Edited by T. Lynwood Barber, M. M. Jochim & B. I. Osburn.
A ntimicrobial D rug R esistance (1984) Edited by L. E. Bryan.
A spects of M icrobial M etabolism and E cology (1984). Edited by G. A. Codd.
P rogress in L eukocyte B iology Volume 1 V iral M echanisms of I mmunosuppression (1985). Edited by N. Gilmore & M. A. Wainberg.
T he S ociety for A pplied B acteriology T echnical S eries No. 19 M icrobiological M ethods for E nvironmental B iotechnology (1984). Edited by J. M. Grainger & J. M. Lynch.
S crapie D isease in S heep (1983). H. B. Parry. Edited by D. R. Oppenheimer.     

温度和光周期对管侧沟茧蜂滞育诱导及滞育茧的低温冷藏

【目的】为明确诱导管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer 滞育的主要因子,在田间和室内研究了不同温度和光周期下管侧沟茧蜂的滞育率和滞育茧的最佳冷藏温度。【方法】田间实验分别从8月31日到9月25日每隔5 d在室外罩笼内释放管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫,待寄生蜂结茧后统计子代蜂的滞育率。室内实验共设5个不同温度（16℃, 18℃, 20℃, 22℃和24℃）和7个不同光周期（6L:18D, 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, 16L:8D和18L:6D）,分别统计寄生蜂在各个处理条件下的滞育率。【结果】在河北中部地区秋季自然条件下,8月底当日平均气温为24.4℃,日平均光照时间为12 h 51 min 时,少数蛹（5.08%）开始进入滞育;9月25日,当日平均气温为17.2℃,日平均光照时间为11 h 36 min以下时,几乎所有蛹个体进入滞育,滞育率达到99.70%。在室内人工控制条件下,当温度为22℃以上,无论光周期如何变化,管侧沟茧蜂不能进入滞育,所结茧全部为非滞育茧。温度为22℃以下存在光周期反应,在温度16℃, 18℃和20℃,光周期10L:14D时形成滞育茧数量最多,滞育率分别为100%, 89.75% 和 29.58%。可见温度和光周期二者共同影响管侧沟茧蜂的滞育。滞育茧在0℃左右条件下冷藏 240 d 和5℃左右环境条件下冷藏180 d, 成虫的羽化率和寄生能力与发育茧差异不显著(P>0.05);0℃条件下冷藏300 d,滞育茧仍有79%可以正常羽化。【结论】该寄生蜂在秋季进入滞育主要是低温条件和短光照反应相互作用的结果,滞育茧在0℃和5℃温度下至少可以保存240 d。这些结果对管侧沟茧蜂的大规模繁殖和滞育茧的保存具有重要参考价值。     

Book Reviews

I ntroduction to M odern V irology (1975). S. B. Primrose.
H umic S ubstances—their S tructure and F unction in the B iosphere (1975). Edited by D. Povoledo & H. L. Golterman.
I nfectious M ultiple D rug R esistance (1975). S. Falkom.
D ictyostelium discoideum A D evelopmental S ystem . W. F. Loomis.
L ecture N otes on M edical M icrobiology (1975). R. R. Gillies.
S pores VI (1975). Edited by P. Gerhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff.     

Parasitism rate of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in the presence of an alternative,resistant host

The aphids Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are important Brassicaceae pests, occurring worldwide and causing significant damage to crops. Interspecific variations in the resistance to natural enemies can potentially impact the interaction among aphid populations. Here we evaluated the hypothesis of associational resistance by determining if the presence of resistant aphids (L. pseudobrassicae) reduces the rate of parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) on non-resistant aphids (M. persicae). The experiment was conducted using collard green plants infested with M. persicae and L. pseudobrassicae either resistant or susceptible to D. rapae. The percentage of parasitism by D. rapae was greater on L. pseudobrassicae in the susceptible than in the resistant treatment, but parasitism rates on M. persicae did not differ between the treatments. There was no difference in average growth rate between M. persicae and susceptible L. pseudobrassicae populations, but resistant L. pseudobrassicae had greater growth rate than M. persicae. These results suggest that over a short period of time the presence of resistant L. pseudobrassicae does not affect the rate of parasitism by D. rapae on M. persicae.     

Reviews

The Flavonoids. Advances in Research since 1980. Ed. by J. B. H arborne .
Hungry crops : a guide to nutrient deficiencies in field crops By N. J. G rundon .
Microbial ecology: organisms, habitats, activities. By H einz S tolp .
Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi. Ed. by A. D. M. R ayner , C. M. B rasier and D. M oore .
Micro-algal Biotechnology . Edited by M.A. B orowitzka and L. J. B orowitzka and L. J. B orowitzka .
Experimental Phycology: A laboratory manual Edited by C hristopher S. L obban , D avid J. C hapman , and B runo P. K remer .
100 Families of Flowering Plants. By M. H ickey and C. K ing .
Differentiation Patterns in Higher Plants. Edited by K. M. U rbanska .
The Living Tundra. By Yu. I. C hernov , Translated by D. L öve .
North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Edited by M. G. B arbour & W. D. B illings .
Biogeography and Quaternary History in Tropical Latin America. By T. C. W hitmore and G. T. P rance (Editors).
Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago . By T. C. W hitmore (Editor).
Postglacial Vegetation of Canada. By J. C. R ichie .     

D‐tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by competitively inhibiting tyrosinase activity

Although L‐tyrosine is well known for its melanogenic effect, the contribution of D‐tyrosine to melanin synthesis was previously unexplored. Here, we reveal that, unlike L‐tyrosine, D‐tyrosine dose‐dependently reduced the melanin contents of human MNT‐1 melanoma cells and primary human melanocytes. In addition, 500 μM of D‐tyrosine completely inhibited 10 μM L‐tyrosine‐induced melanogenesis, and both in vitro assays and L‐DOPA staining MNT‐1 cells showed that tyrosinase activity is reduced by D‐tyrosine treatment. Thus, D‐tyrosine appears to inhibit L‐tyrosine‐mediated melanogenesis by competitively inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, we found that D‐tyrosine inhibited melanogenesis induced by α‐MSH treatment or UV irradiation, which are the most common environmental factors responsible for melanin synthesis. Finally, we confirmed that D‐tyrosine reduced melanin synthesis in the epidermal basal layer of a 3D human skin model. Taken together, these data suggest that D‐tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity in melanocyte‐derived cells.     

Biology and molecular phylogenetics of Nematoceras sulcatum, a second endemic orchid species from subantarctic Macquarie Island

A second orchid species, Nematoceras sulcatum M.A.Clem. et D.L.Jones, has been found on subantarctic Macquarie Island. A history of its discovery and recognition is provided. The morphology, biology and ecology of the new species are compared with N. dienemum (D.L.Jones) D.L.Jones, M.A.Clem. et Molloy, the other species of orchid on Macquarie Island. Molecular studies based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA reveal the phylogenetic relationship of the two Macquarie Island species compared to others in the genus from New Zealand and its Southern Ocean islands.     

Early side effects of intrathoracic BCG therapy in patients with stage I squamous cell carcinoma,adenocarcinoma, or large cell lung cancer

Summary Data are presented on 179 stage I lung cancer patients subjected to resection operations and then given adjuvant intrapleural BCG and subsequent isoniazid (INH) therapy and on 167 control patients given intrapleural saline and placebo pills in a two-arm randomized double-blind study. The predominant immediate response to BCG/INH therapy was hyperpyrexia, which was found to be more pronounced in patients with larger induration in pretreatment PPD skin tests. Subsequently, chemical hepatitis (6 cases after BCG/INH versus 1 case after saline/placebo), peripheral neuropathy (3 versus 1), dermatitis/hives (5 versus 2), pleural thickening (4 versus 0), and persistent fever (10 versus 0) were noted. Analysis of laboratory changes measured at 18 weeks following randomization revealed that patients with BCG/INH lost 1.1 kg in weight and 0.30 g/dl in hemoglobin concentration on average, whereas control patients gained 1.2 kg and 0.33 g/dl, respectively. Modest rises in SGOT and alkaline phosphatase were apparent at 6 weeks after instillation of BCG compared with controls, but these differences were no longer statistically signifikant after 18 weeks. These side effects notwhithstanding, the BCG/INH therapy was well tolerated.Members of the Lung Cancer Study Group include R. T. Eagan*, R. E. Lee, W. S. Payne, R. E. Ritts, and L. Weiland from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester; C. F. Mountain*, H. T. Barkley, O. H. Frazier, K. Hermes, E. Hersh, and M. Valdivieso from M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston; L. D. Hill*, M. D. Hafermann, and E. Morgan from The Mason Clinic, Seattle; P. W. Wright* and K.-E. Hellstrom from the Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle; C. Bagley, L. P. Johnson, H. Kellogg, and R. D. Pinkham from the Swedish Medical Center, Seattle; T. D. Ivey from University Hospital, Seattle; S. Hammar from Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle; W. Nelems from St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver; R. Feld*, D. Bergsagel, T. C. Brown, J. Curtis, C. Keen, J. F. Pringle, I. Quirt, and L. Yeoh from The Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto; M. Blackstein and M. Goldberg from Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; F. G. Pearson*, D. W. Chamberlain, J. Cooper, W. Evans, and T. Todd from Toronto General Hospital, Toronto; M. Baker and R. Ginsberg from Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto; R. I. Mitchell from Wellesley Hospital, Toronto; E. C. Holmes*, W. F. Coulson, K. P. Ramming, and T. H. Weisenburger from the University of California, Los Angeles; Z. Petrovich from Wadsworth Veterans Hospital, Los Angeles; R. K. Oldham*, J. T. Forbes, F. A. Greco, D. L. Page, R. Prager, R. L. Richardson, and S. L. Stroup from Vanderbilt University, Nashville; J. M. Lukeman* and S. M. Sajjad from the Pathology Reference Center of M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston; P. Grifone, A. Lebeck, and T. Voss from the Operations Office, Silver Spring, Maryland; M. Gail, W. McGuire, J. Allegra, and L. Rubinstein from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and L. Eirich, W. Heineman, and J. Beach from Information Management Services, Bethesda, Maryland. Asterisks designate principal investigators.     

M-side electron transfer in reaction center mutants with a lysine near the nonphotoactive bacteriochlorophyll.

We report the primary charge separation events in a series of Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers (RCs) that have been genetically modified to contain a lysine near the bacteriochlorophyll molecule, BChl(M), on the nonphotoactive M-side of the RC. Using wild type and previously constructed mutants as templates, we substituted Lys for the native Ser residue at position 178 on the L polypeptide to make the S(L178)K single mutant, the S(L178)K/G(M201)D and S(L178)K/L(M212)H double mutants, and the S(L178)K/G(M201)D/L(M212)H triple mutant. In the triple mutant, the decay of the photoexcited primary electron donor (P) occurs with a time constant of 15 ps and is accompanied by 15% return to the ground state, 62% electron transfer to the L-side bacteriopheophytin, BPh(L), and 23% electron transfer to the M-side analogue, BPh(M). The data supporting electron transfer to the M-side include bleaching of the Q(X) band of BPh(M) at 528 nm and a spectrally and kinetically resolved anion band with a maximum at 640 nm assigned to BPh(M)(-). The decay of these features and concomitant approximately 20% decay of bleaching of the 850 nm band of P give a P(+)BPh(M)(-) lifetime on the order of 1-2 ns that reflects deactivation to give the ground state. These data and additional findings are compared to those from parallel experiments on the G(M201)D/L(M212)H double mutant, in which 15% electron transfer to BPh(M) has been reported previously and is reproduced here. We also compare the above results with the primary electron-transfer processes in S(L178)K, S(L178)K/G(M201)D, and S(L178)K /L(M212)H RCs and with those for the L(M212)H and G(M201)D single mutants and wild-type RCs. The comparison of extensive results that track the primary events in these eight RCs helps to elucidate key factors underlying the directionality and high yield of charge separation in the bacterial photosynthetic RC.     

Resonance Raman characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodobacter capsulatus</Emphasis> reaction centers with lysine mutations near the accessory bacteriochlorophylls

Lysine residues have been introduced into Rhodobacter capsulatus reaction centers at M-polypeptide position 201 and at L-polypeptide position 178. These positions are in the proximity of ring V of the accessory bacterochlorophylls B_A and B_B, respectively. Resonance Raman studies indicate that the introduction of a Lys residue at either position M201 or L178 results in structural perturbations to the BChl cofactors. Lys at L178 directly interacts with B_B, most likely via a hydrogen bond. The hydrogen bonding interaction is consistent with enhanced B branch electron transfer that is observed in RCs from the S(L178)K/G(M201)D/L(M212)H triple mutant versus the G(M201)D/L(M212)H double mutant (C. Kirmaier et al. (1999) Biochemistry 38 11516–11530). In contrast, the introduction of a Lys at M201 does not result in hydrogen bonding to the B_A cofactor, in contrast to the introduction of a His at M201 (L. Chen et al. (2004) J Phys Chem 3 108: 0457–10464). Accordingly, the alkyl ammonium head group of the side chain of the Lys at M201 residue appears to be distant from B_A.     

The Statistical Analysis of Recurrent Events by COOK, R. J. and LAWLESS, J. F.

The Statistical Analysis of Recurrent Events (R. J. Cook and J. F. Lawless) Chiung‐Yu Huang and Xianghua Luo Introduction to Empirical Processes and Semiparametric Inference (M. R. Kosorok) Changyong Feng Uncertain Judgements: Eliciting Experts' Probabilities (A. O'Hagan, C. E. Buck, A. Daneshkhah, J. R. Eiser, P. H. Garthwaite, D. J. Jenkinson, J. E. Oakley, and T. Rakow) James M. Dickey Models for Intensive Longitudinal Data (T. A. Walls and J. L. Schafer, editors) Daniel Farewell Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health (R. A. Fjeld, N. A. Eisenberg, and K. L. Compton) Scott M. Bartell Reliable Reasoning: Induction and Statistical Learning Theory (G. Harman and S. Kulkarni) Oliver Schulte Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals (M. J. Keeling and P. Rohani) Carol Y. Lin Cluster and Classification Techniques for the Biosciences (A. H. Fielding) Morven Leese Modern Applied U‐Statistics (J. Kowalski and X. M. Tu) Jesse Frey Handbook of Statistical Genetics, 3rd edition (D. J. Balding, M. Bishop, and C. Cannings, editors) Karin Bammann, Ronja Foraita, Frauke Günther Quality of Life: The Assessment, Analysis, and Interpretation of Patient‐Reported Outcomes, 2nd edition (P. M. Fayers and D. Machin) Jeff A. Sloan, Amylou Dueck, Rui Qin, Wenting Wu, Pamela J. Atherton, Paul Novotny, Heshan Liu, Kelli N. Burger, Angelina D. Tan, Daniel Szydlo, Victor M. Johnson, Sara J. Felten, Xinghua Zhao, and Brent Diekmann Advanced Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations (S. T. Buckland, D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, C. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas) Carl James Schwarz Brief Reports by the Editor The Construction of Optimal Stated Choice Experiments: Theory and Methods (D. J. Street and L. Burgess) Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume 1: Introduction to Experimental Design, 2nd edition (K. Hinkelmann and O. Kempthorne) Introduction to Bayesian Statistics, 2nd edition (W. M. Bolstad) Asymptotic Theory of Statistics and Probability (A. Dasgupta) Bootstrap Methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Researchers, 2nd edition (M. R. Chernick)     

Host quality of different aphid species for rearing Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) as hosts for the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh). Parasitization by D. rapae was higher on M. persicae than on L. erysimi and B. brassicae. The time of development of D. rapae from egg to mummy or egg to adult male or female were shorter on M. persicae than on L. erysimi and B. brassicae. Moreover, D. rapae showed no significant differences in the emergence rate, sex ratio and longevity when reared on the three aphid species. Myzus persicae was the largest aphid host, with B. brassicae and L. erysimi being of intermediate and of small size, respectively. Diaeretiella rapae reared on M. persicae was larger than when reared on L. erysimi and B. brassicae, and females of D. rapae were significantly larger than males on M. persicae, but males of D. rapae were larger than females when reared on L. erysimi. No difference in size was detected between males and females in parasitoids reared on B. brassicae. Among the aphid species studied, M. persicae was found to be the most suitable to D. rapae.     

Genetic mapping of reovirus virulence and organ tropism in severe combined immunodeficient mice: organ-specific virulence genes.

We used reovirus reassortant genetics and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to define viral genes important for organ tropism and virulence in the absence of antigen-specific immunity. Adult SCID mice infected with reovirus serotype 1 strain Lang (T1L) died after 20 +/- 6 days, while infection with serotype 3 strain Dearing (T3D) was lethal after 77 +/- 22 days. One hundred forty-five adult SCID mice were infected with T1L, T3D, and 25 different T1L x T3D reassortant reoviruses, and gene segments associated with the increased virulence of T1L were identified. Gene segments S1, L2, M1, and L1 accounted for > 90% of the genetically determined increase in T1L virulence. Gene segment M1 was independently important for virulence, with S1, L2, and L1 alone or in combination also playing a role. T1L grew to higher titers in multiple organs and caused more severe hepatitis than T3D. Seventy adult SCID mice, T1L, T3D, and 15 T1L x T3D reassortant viruses were used to map genetic determinants of viral titers in the brain, intestines, and liver, as well as the severity of hepatitis. Different sets of gene segments were important for determining viral titers in different organs. Gene segments L1 (encoding a core protein) and L2 (encoding the core spike of the virion) were important in all of the organs analyzed. The M1 gene segment (encoding a core protein), but not the S1 gene segment, was a critical determinant of reovirus titer in the liver and severity of hepatitis. The S1 gene segment (encoding the viral cell attachment protein and a nonstructural protein), but not the M1 gene segment, was a critical determinant of titers in intestines and brains. These studies demonstrate that viral growth in different organs is dependent on different subsets of the genes important for virulence. The virion-associated protein products of the four gene segments (L1, L2, M1, and S1) important for virulence and organ tropism in SCID mice likely form a structural unit, the reovirus vertex. Organs (the brain and intestines versus the liver) differ in properties that determine which virulence genes, and thus which parts of this structural unit, are important.     

REVIEWS

Plant Communities of the Scottish Highlands. A Study of Scottish Mountain, Moorland and Forest Vegetation . (Monographs of the Nature Conservancy, No. 1.) By D onald McV ean and D erek A. R atcliffe .
* L unde , T. (1962). An investigation into the pH-amplitudes of some mountain plants in the county of Trorns. Acta borealia. A: Scientia , Nr. 20.
Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae . Edited by R alph A. L ewin .
Fungal Genetics . By J. R. S. F incham and P. R. D ay .
The Young Botanist . By C. T. P rime .
Organization in Plants . By W. M. M. B aron .
Chromosome Marker . By K. R. L ewis and B. J ohn .
Symbiotic Associations . Thirteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology. Edited by P. S. N utman and B arbara M osse .
The Developmental Anatomy of Isoetes. By D ominick J. P aolillo , Jr.
Cucurbits: Botany, Cultivation and Utilization . By T homas W. W hitaker and G len N. D avis .
Common Malayan Plants . By H. B. Gilliland.
Sierra Nevada Natural History . By T racey L. S torer and R obert R. U singer .
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Evidence for "diminishing returns" from the scaling of stem diameter and specific leaf area

Research indicates that increases in total leaf area (A(T)) may fail to keep pace with increases in total leaf mass (M(L)) across plants differing in size (e.g., as measured by stem diameter, D). This "diminishing returns" hypothesis predicts that the scaling exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) will be less than one and that the exponent for specific leaf mass (i.e., A(T) / M(L)) vs. D will be negative. These predictions were examined using data from 46 plants ranging between 0.125 cm ≤ D ≤ 0.485 m across 25 woody dicot species. Standardized major axis slopes were used to quantify scaling exponents and random effects models were used to quantify species and size effects on the numerical values of exponents. The exponents for A(T) vs. M(L) and A(T) / M(L) vs. D differed among species and different species groupings. In general, the exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) was less than one and the exponent for A(T) / M(L) vs. D was negative, as predicted. However, random effects models indicated that species effects overshadowed size effects, although size effects were statistically significant. The diminishing returns hypothesis therefore receives statistical support, i.e., although the numerical values of exponents are "species-dependent," they are less than unity, as predicted by theory.