陕北黄土丘陵区6种植物冠层种子库的初步研究

对陕北黄土丘陵区猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）、铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelinii）、茭蒿（Artemisia giraldii）、杠柳（Periploca sepium）、狼牙刺（Sophora viciifolia）和黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）6种植物不同时期的冠层种子宿存量进行了调查。结果显示,6种植物均有不同程度的植冠种子宿存量,翌年4月,黄刺玫的宿存量可达57.60%,狼牙刺的宿存量达31.56%,杠柳的宿存量为6.30%,铁杆蒿的宿存量为2.42%,猪毛蒿的宿存量为1.86%,茭蒿的宿存量为1.16%。猪毛蒿、铁杆蒿、茭蒿、黄刺玫的种子宿存时间可长达7个月之久,狼牙刺、杠柳的宿存时间为5～7个月。     

黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落优势种群生态位研究

运用Levin公式和百分率相似公式,对狼牙刺群落中13个优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例及其生态位重叠值进行了研究.结果表明,生态位宽度依次为狼牙刺(0.964)、茭蒿(0.77)、铁杆蒿(0.664)、黄背草(0.08)、远志(0.48)、狗尾草(0.472)、狗牙根(0.399)、白羊草(0.393)、达乌里胡枝子(0.327)、长芒草(0.321)、杠柳(0.292)、灌木铁线莲(0.21)、糙隐子草(0.234).狼牙刺与其他种群的生态位相似比在0.21～0.76之间,生态位重叠值较高,其他种群与狼牙刺之间的重叠值较低,表明狼牙刺与其他种群之间对资源的竞争并不十分激烈,因而能成为黄土沟壑区狼牙刺群落中利用资源能力和生态适应性最强的优势种群,并在维持群落的物种多样性和相对稳定性中发挥重要作用.     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性

在实验室条件下观测了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区14种植物的萌发特性,结果发现：萌发率在80%以上的植物有杠柳、铁杆蒿和茭蒿;在60%～80%之间的物种有白羊草、紫丁香、阿尔泰狗娃花、大针茅、沙棘和猪毛蒿;长芒草为37.3%;小于20%的植物有达乌里胡枝子、刺槐、虎榛子和狼牙刺。14种植物的萌发时滞最短的为2 d,最长的为8 d;几乎所有植物种子达到T50的时间都在其萌发开始后的7 d以内,且大部分物种在萌发开始后的15 d完成总萌发量的90%;萌发持续时间最短的为6 d,有刺槐、狼牙刺、虎榛子、沙棘4种,最长的为猪毛蒿,达32 d。这些植物种子的萌发特性及生态适宜性决定了它们在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区植被演替中的角色与地位。     

黄土高原植被不同演替阶段优势种的光合生理特性

在黄土高原子午岭林区,按照植被的演咎序列,分别选择植被次生演替不同阶段的优势种-白羊草、铁杆蒿、沙棘、狼牙刺、山杨和辽东栎,对其土壤与叶片氮素含量、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数进行了观测．结果表明：随着植被演替,0—20cm土壤全氮含量呈增大趋势,植被优势种叶片氮含量先升高后降低,叶绿素含量变化与优势种叶片氮含量相似．灌木群落优势种（沙棘、狼牙刺）叶片氮含量明显高于其它群落优势种（P〈0．05）,草本群落优势种（白羊草、铁杆蒿）和灌木群落优势种的光合速率（Pn）高于早期森林群落优势种（山杨）和顶级群落优势种（辽东栎）,叶片气孔导度（ga）与Pn变化规律相似．草本群落和灌木群落优势种叶片蒸腾速率（Tr）较高,随着演替的进行t逐步下降,顶级群落优势种辽东栎Tr较低．PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率（Fv／Fm）值呈缓慢增长趋势,辽东栎〉山杨〉沙棘〉狼牙刺〉铁杆蒿〉白羊草,而PSⅡ量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）值呈先增加后降低趋势;光化学淬灭系数（qp）在演替过程中呈整体增加趋势,而非光化学淬灭系数（qNP）呈先增加后降低趋势．这说明植被不同演替阶段优势种的光合生理特征以及对微生境的适应性存在明显差异．     

半干旱区封禁草地凋落物的积累与分解

针对我国西部典型草原地带,退化草地封禁后凋落物的积累、分解与水分变化过程,进行了为期20a（1982～2002年）的定位试验研究.结果表明：本氏针茅、百里香、铁杆蒿和大针茅草地群落的凋落物积累与厚度的变化趋势,拟合曲线符合指数方程,无论在植物年生长的初期还是末期,其相关性极为显著.随着气温的升高和降雨量的增加,凋落物的分解速率加快,本氏针茅和大针茅群落凋落物的分解率达到峰值需150d,百里香群落需180d,铁杆蒿群落需210d;凋落物在积累与分解过程中,具有吸水和保水的重要功能,可截留大量天然降水,促进土壤水分的缓慢入渗,通常在植物生长的初期和末期,凋落物在自然状态下饱和含水量,本氏针茅群落为112.30%～124.02%;百里香群落为116.61%～134.09%;铁杆蒿群落为124.76%～144.32%.但草地适宜封禁年限为11～15a,有利于草地自然更新和凋落物的积累.     

黄土高原区不同植物凋落物搭配对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区进行的以退耕还林还草为主的生态建设,使得进入土壤生态系统有机物的种类和数量发生变化,不同种类凋落物混合对土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响是值得关注的问题。本文采用室内培养试验方法研究了采自黄土高原地区6种不同植物凋落物及等比例混合后对土壤微生物量碳、氮及矿质态氮含量的影响。结果表明,加入不同植物凋落物均显著提高了培养期间土壤微生物量碳、氮含量。总体平均,添加三种等量混合后植物凋落物的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于两种凋落物等量混合处理,而两种凋落物混合高于单种凋落物处理;土壤矿质态氮含量的变化则相反,即单种＞两种混合＞三种混合。单种和两种混合后土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与其碳氮显著相关,而三种凋落物混合后土壤微生物量碳、氮含量与其碳氮比无相关性,说明多种凋落物混合后土壤微生物量碳、氮含量受多种因素共同影响。因此,在黄土高原植被恢复重建中,有必要采用不同种类植物搭配,利用生物多样性促进生态系统健康持续发展。     

草本凋落物与尿素联合修复对油污土壤生物化学性质的影响

为研究植物残体配合施氮对石油污染土壤生物学和化学性质的综合修复能力,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)和小冠花(Coronilla varia)3种广泛分布于陕北石油污染区的草本植物凋落物为对象,分别在配合施氮调节土壤C∶N为25∶1和不配合施氮的条件下,将其与45.37 g/kg的重度石油污染土壤混合,在20—25℃、恒湿条件下进行为期180 d的室内修复试验,检测上述处理对油污土壤微生物数量、11种土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶活性以及速效N、P和K含量的影响。结果表明:(1)3种凋落物处理均可显著提高污染土壤中放线菌和真菌数量,蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性以及速效养分含量,并显著降低土壤总石油烃含量。(2)配合施氮总体上显著强化了凋落物对污染土壤生化性质的修复作用,但对凋落物处理下木聚糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和脱氢酶活性和微生物数量的恢复可能产生不利影响。(3)单纯使用凋落物作为调理剂可以更为全面的修复油污土壤受损生化性质,具有高N和P含量、较低C/N、C/P比以及较低多酚和木质素含量的凋落物修复效果更好。在急需迅速修复土壤的条件下,配合适量施氮可作为强化凋落物修复效果的可选途径,但应注意其导致的部分土壤生化指标修复效果的降低。     

底栖分解类群对金佛山森林溪流凋落物混合分解的影响

凋落物分解对于维持源头溪流生态系统碳和养分平衡有重要意义。以亚热带典型源头溪流金佛山溪流为代表,选取3种河岸带常见凋落叶为分解对象,设计3个单种和4个混合物种的凋落物组合,在原位放置3种孔径的分解袋（0.05mm、0.25mm和2mm）,探讨混合凋落物的性状与底栖分解类群对叶片质量损失和混合效应的影响。结果表明：（1）微生物在凋落物分解过程中相对贡献均大于50%,小型和大型底栖动物进一步加速了凋落物的分解过程。（2）单种凋落物分解速率存在显著差异：八角枫（Alangium chinense,质量损失率为53.05%）>缺萼枫香（Liquidambar acalycina,30.00%）>薄叶润楠（Machilus leptophylla,12.63%）。（3）混合凋落物中仅微生物参与的处理均表现为负的非加和效应,其中八角枫+缺萼枫香、八角枫+薄叶润楠、八角枫+缺萼枫香+薄叶润楠三个处理的效应显著;小型底栖动物加入后均表现为正的非加和效应,但不显著;在微生物、小型和大型底栖动物的共同作用下,缺萼枫香+薄叶润楠和八角枫+缺萼枫香+薄叶润楠的两个处理的正的非加和效应显著。亚热带源头溪流中凋落物分解功能与河岸植物和分解者类群的复杂性密切相关。     

杉木与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解对土壤活性有机质的影响

通过室内培养,研究了杉木叶凋落物及与桤木、刺楸和火力楠混合叶凋落物对土壤活性有机质的影响．结果表明：添加叶凋落物显著地增加了土壤微生物碳、氮及土壤呼吸强度和可溶性有机碳含量．其中,添加杉-阔混合叶凋落物对土壤活性有机质的增加效应大于纯杉木叶凋落物．在培养后期（第135天）,添加纯杉木叶凋落物和杉-阔混合叶凋落物处理土壤微生物碳含量分别比对照土壤高49％和63％,微生物氮高35％和75％,土壤呼吸强度高65％和100％,可溶性有机碳含量高66％和108％．添加叶凋落物对土壤微生物熵和微生物C／N的影响不显著（P〉0．05）．     

黄土丘陵沟壑区主要物种植冠种子库动态及其生态策略

植冠种子库是植物适应环境并应对外界干扰的种子生态策略之一,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区12种主要植物植冠种子库动态,结果表明:杠柳不具有植冠种子库,其他11种植物均具有植冠种子库;除了黄刺玫种子在翌年5月达到脱落高峰,其他植物大部分种子在冬季脱落,其中杠柳、达乌里胡枝子、茭蒿、黄柏刺和水栒子的大部分种子脱落集中偏早,铁杆蒿和土庄绣线菊的大部分种子脱落集中偏晚;植冠宿存对大部分植物种子的萌发特性表现为促进作用;但不同植物种子的萌发时滞对植冠宿存响应差异较大;9种植物种子在植冠上宿存至翌年2月底,其种子活力仍能维持达60%以上;该区植物表现出不同的植冠种子库策略,通过不同的方式来减少干扰的威胁,提高成功萌发与更新的几率,它们或具有较大规模的宿存量、或调控种子萌发特性、或提高种子维持活力的百分比。此外,全面了解该区植物形成植冠种子库的机理及对应的生态策略还有待于全面、深入的研究。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Scales of spatial patterns of distribution of intertidal invertebrates

Few comparative studies of spatial patterns at different scales have examined several species in the same habitat or the same species over a range of habitats. Therefore, variability in patterns among species or among habitats has seldom been documented. This study quantifies spatial patterns of a suite of intertidal snails and a species of barnacle using a range of statistical techniques. Variability in densities was quantified from the scale of adjacent quadrats (over a distance of centimeters) to tens of kilometers. Significant differences in abundances occurred primarily at two spatial scales. Small-scale differences were found at the scales of centimeters or 1–2 m and, for many species on many shores, these accounted for most of the variability in abundances from place to place. These are likely to be determined by behavioural responses to small-scale patches of microhabitat. Large-scale differences in abundance were also found in most species at the scale of hundreds of meters alongshore. These are likely to be due to variation in recruitment (and/or mortality) because of limited dispersal by adults of these species. There was little or no additional variation among shores, separated by tens of kilometers, than was shown among patches of shore separated by hundreds of meters. Identification of the scale(s) at which significant differences in abundance are found focus attention on the processes (and the scales at which these processes operate) that influence patterns of distribution and abundance. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of various procedures are discussed.