Alterations of the volume and surface of liver cells of male rats during postnatal development

To characterize the postnatal development of hepatocytes of male rats quantitative, morphometrical investigations of male rat livers were carried out at the following times: day of birth, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day as well as 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th month. Several methods were used to determine the cell volumes and surfaces as a whole, the nucleus, and the sinusoidal (supranuclear), lateral, and bile cancliculi-near cellular zone, as well as the sinusoidal, lateral, and bile canaliculi-near plasma membrane. The cellular volume increases from the day of birth (5,775.9 +/- 545.5 micrometer 3) till the 6th month to 11,494.2 +/- 1,241.6 micrometer 3. At the same time, the liver cell surface increases from 1,900 micrometer 2 to 3,191.7 micrometer 2. The number of microvilli of the sinusoidal plasma membrane increases from 1,074.4 to 2,170.0, and of the plasma membrane limiting the bile canaliculi their number changes from 248.9 to 340.2. The values of the liver volumes and surfaces of adult animals differ from those in the literature, as they are based on mononuclear cells only (i.e., the about 30% binuclear cells are not taken into account) and a smooth surface without considering the existence of microvilli. The nuclear volumes increase from 412.7 +/- 28.2 micrometer 3 (birth) to 549.5 +/- 440 micrometer 3, whereas the relative percentage decreases from 7.14% to 4.78%, which corresponds with the findings of other authors. The proportion of the 3 zones of the cytoplasm changes in the following way : day 0 (birth) : sinusoidal zone: 2,224 micrometer 3 = 36.8%; lateral zone: 1,473 micrometer 3 = 25.9%; bile canaliculi-near zone: 1,017 micrometer 3 = 17.7%; end of 6th month : sinusoidal zone: 4,000 micrometer 3 = 34.8%; lateral zone: 4,724 micrometer 3 = 40.0%; bile cancliculi-near zone: 1,345 micrometer 3 = 12.1%. Taking into account other findings our investigations suggest that the postnatal development of the male rat liver can be definitely characterized by determining the parameters at the following dates: day of birth, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 14th, and 28th day, 3rd and 6th month.     

Combined action of antiblastoma preparations on lysozyme activity in animal organs]

The lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs of the mice treated with neocid, sarcolysine or Tio-Fef in therapeutic doses increased or remained at the control level by the 5th or 10th day after the drug administration. The use of sarcolysine per se or in combination with neocid increased the activity of lysozyme in the spleen, kidneys and lungs during the whole period of the experiment as compared to the control. The values of the lysozyme activity in the spleen and lungs of the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine were higher for 5 days, and in all organs examined were higher by the 10the day as compared to the animals treated with neocid alone. Increased lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs was observed under the effect of neocid in combination with sarcolysine as compared to the lysozyme activity in mice treated with sarcolysine per se (assay on the 10th day). Decreased lysozyme activity was determined in the spleen, kidneys and lungs by the 5th day and in the kidneys by the 10th day in the mice treated with sarcolysine in combination with Tio-Tel and in the spleen and lungs by the 5th and 10th days in the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine or Tio-Tef as compared to the animals treated with sarcolysine. The lysozyme activity in the kidneys under the effect of sarcolysine combination with Tio-Tef was lower by the 5th days and higher by the 10th day as compared to that under the effect of Tio-Tef.     

大脑前额叶皮层与免疫机能的关系Ⅰ.损毁前额叶皮层对猕猴淋巴细胞免疫机能的影响

用临床细胞免疫学检测方法,对损毁大脑前额叶背外侧部皮层手术前、手术后７天和手术后３０天的猕猴外周血液淋巴细胞的４种免疫花环（Ｅｔ、Ｅａ、ＺＹＣ和ＭＥ花环）进行了跟踪监测,并与假手术组进行对照。结果表明：损毁大脑前额叶皮层后,其外周血活化Ｔ淋巴细胞花环率（Ｅａ）和Ｂ淋巴细胞的小鼠红细胞花环率（ＭＥ）均在手术后７天显著下降;直到手术后３０天仍显著低于手术前。而总Ｔ淋巴细胞花环率（Ｅｔ）和酵母多糖补体复合物花环率（ＺＹＣ）则在手术后７天显著下降,在手术后３０天又回复。这些结果提示：大脑前额叶皮层对机体免疫机能具有一定的调节联系作用,损毁大脑前额叶皮层后,可引起机体淋巴细胞免疫功能下降,其作用机理尚待进一步研究     

THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF MICROBODIES IN THE FAT BODY OF AN INSECT

The structure and life history of insect microbodies are described during the development of the fat body from the 4th to 5th larval molt through the 5th to pupal molt. The mature microbodies are flattened spheres about 1.1 x 0.9 µ, with a depression on one side where a dense mass connects the limiting membrane to the core of coiled tubules. They contain catalase and urate oxidase. The precise synchrony of development of insect cells during the molt/intermolt cycle makes it easy to study the life history of particular organelles. Phases of growth are correlated with the hormonal milieu. Mature 4th stage microbodies decrease in size before ecdysis to the 5th stage when they atrophy at the same time as the new 5th stage generation arises. The 5th stage microbodies form as diverticula of the RER and, grow while confronted by RER cisternae. The mature microbodies decrease in size when the fat body engages in massive larval syntheses. At the end of the 5th larval stage, the microbodies are invested by isolation membranes and destroyed before pupation. There are thus two mechanisms for microbody destruction: atrophy of the 4th stage organelles and isolation with autophagy at the end of the 5th stage.     

Peptidergic mechanisms of hypothermia-induced seizures in rats during early ontogenesis

Arginine-vasopressin reduced the tonic-clonic seizures' latency as well as the duration of the seizures brain-stem generalisation on the 3rd and 5th postpartum days in rats. The reduced latency was also observed after the PACAP38 low doses administration, whereas higher doses diminished and then enhanced the threshold of generalised hyperthermia-induced seizures on the 3rd and 5th days and the 7th and 9th days, resp. The arginine-vasopressin-treated animals had a dramatically enhanced duration of the tonic-clonic seizures up to the epileptic status on the 9th postpartum day. The findings suggest the PACAP involvement in mechanisms of experimental febrile seizures through its effect upon arginine-vasopressin neurosecretion.     

野生稻的遗传学研究——Ⅱ、普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性研究

本文利用电泳方法,研究了普通野生稻,尤其是中国和印度普通野生稻的过氧化物酶同工酶的多态性,结果表明: 1).普通野生稻中,过氧化物酶同工酶能分离出24条酶带,各酶带的出现频率不同,其中第3、5、6、9、10、11、19、20、21和22号酶带出现频率超过50%,又以第3、20和22三条酶带出现频率最高,这10条带可以做为普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶的基本酶谱,而第3、20和22三条带可能是其原始酶带。2).中国和印度的普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶有一定差异,但在墓本酶谱和原始酶带的表现上是一致的。因此,尽管普通野生稻过氧化物酶同工酶具有高度的分子多态性,但仍能反映种的分子特征。本文还讨论了过氧化物酶同工酶与普通野生稻的演化,和我国栽培稻的起源及其在进化学研究中的价值。     

beta-Glucanases of Geotrichum candidum

The formation of (1-4)-, (1-3)- and (1-6)-beta-glucanases and beta-glucosidases was studied during the growth of the fungus Geotrichum candidum under the conditions of submerged cultivation in a medium optimal for the production of cellulolytic enzymes. Endo-(1-4)-beta-glucanases and C1 enzyme, as well as (1-3)- and (1-6)-beta-glucanases appeared in the medium as soon as by the 45th hour of growth. However, the maximal concentration of the enzymes in the medium was observed at different periods of the fermentation: between 75th and 105th, 70th and 95th, 55th and 100th, 80th and 105th hours, respectively. The content of the enzymes abruptly decreased by the 160th hour of the growth. The activity of beta-glucosidases, which was low at the beginning of the growth, sharply increased by the 70th hour and remained at the same level by the 160th hour of the growth. The accumulation of beta-glucanases was an uneven process, consistent with irregular changes in the content of DNA and protein in the biomass. The isoelectric points of beta-glucanases and beta-glucosidases were studied in the filtrate of the cultural broth after 96 h of the cultivation. The high activity of endo-(1-4)-beta-glucanase was found at the pH 4.6, 4.1 and 3.8; its low activity was detected at the pH 6.4, 3.2, 1.6 and 1.3. Other glucanases behaved also as acid proteins. During isoelectric focusing, (1-3)-beta-glucanase showed the peaks of activity at the pH 4.4, 4.0, 3.8 and 2.9; (1-6)-beta-glucanase, at the pH 5.0, 3.7, 3.5, 3.1 and 2.0; beta-glucosidases were distributed over a broad pH range from 6.7 to 2.0, with the maximal activity at the pH 6.2, 4.8 and 3.7.     

Variability of milk fat globule membrane protein gene between cattle and riverine buffalo.

A study on butyrophilin (BTN) gene was conducted to detect variability at nucleotide level between cattle and buffalo. Hae III PCR-RFLP was carried out in crossbred cattle and it revealed polymorphism at this locus. Three genotypes namely, AA, BB and AB and two alleles were observed with frequencies 0.78, 0.17, 0.04 and 0.87, 0.13, respectively. The sequences of different cattle, buffalo and sheep breeds have been reported in the EMBL gene bank with accession numbers: AY491468 to AY491475. The nucleotides, which have been substituted from allele A to B, were found to be C to G (71st nucleotide), C to T (86th nucleotide), A to T (217th nucleotide), G to A (258th nucleotide), A to C (371st nucleotide) and C to T (377th nucleotide). The nucleotide substitution at 71st, 86th and 377th position of the fragment were expected to be a silent mutation where as nucleotide changes at 217th, 258th and 371st positions were expected to be substituted by lysine with arginine, valine with isoleucine and leucine with proline in allele B. The differences of nucleotides and amino acids between cattle, buffalo and sheep breeds have been revealed and on the basis of nucleotide as well as protein variability the phylogenetic diagram have been developed indicating closeness between cattle and buffalo.     

Manifestation of active and passive defensive behavior in juvenile rats

The dynamics of freezing and flight reactions in juvenile rats was investigated. The rats were tested on the 20th, 25th, 35th, and 40th postnatal days. A sound of 6-sec duration (bell) was used as a threatening stimulus. The following parameters were recorded: number of rearing reactions and defecations within 5 min prior to stimulation, reactions to the bell, latent periods and durations of freezing reactions, freezing posture rigidity, and time of recovery of movements after freezing. It was shown that the intensity of freezing reduced in the period from the 20th to 35th postnatal day. The flight reactions were highest on the 25th and 40th days. Correlations between freezing indices and numbers of rearing and defecation reactions were different in rats of all age groups. The results suggest that the structure of defensive behavior changes with maturation of principal defensive reactions in rats within the first 40 postnatal days.     

Optical and scanning electron microscopy observation of the mucosa of human fetal tongue

The structural features of the human foetal tongue have been studied in foetuses from 8th to 20th week of pregnancy. The characteristics of the developing papillae as well as of epithelial and mesenchymal layers have been pointed out. An early differentiation of the mesenchymal tissue has been observed, concerning phenomena of cellular condensation and reticular fibers organization both in superficial and deep layers. The hypothesis of the existence of straight interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme also in the developing human tongue mucosa has been suggested. Also the observations at SEM demonstrate that from the 8th to the 20th week the epithelial surface of the tongue reaches a stable structural pattern. From 11th week a characteristic cellular polymorphism occurs: cells with microvilli that diminish progressively, ciliated cells that disappear almost completely at the 20th week and cells whose free surface show microplicae, definitive stage of the tongue cell evolution.     

Experimental rat deciduoma: histoenzymology]

The modifications of enzymatics activities which involved dehydrogenases (LDH, MDH and G6PDH) alkalines phosphatases (Ph. Alc., ATP/as at Ph 7,2 and Ph 9,4) and hydrolases (Ph Ac. and beta Glu) were studied during the experimental deciduomata evolution in the Rat from the 5th to the 9th day. One the 5th day the uterus were used as control. Dehydrogenases and alkalines phosphatases activites appeared in isolated cells of sub-epithelial and middle antimesometrial stroma on the 5th day. Then, on the 6th day, they distributed themselves in strings of 8 to 10 cells. On the 7th day, they were regulary arranged in the decidual area. The growing decidual tissue was always surrounded by an hydrolysis activity.     

Appearance of immunoreactive endocrine cells during the development of the rat pancreas, with special reference to polypeptide-secreting cells

The chronological appearance of PP cells in fetal pancreatic islets was studied using specific anti-PP serum and the direct peroxidase method. The presence of A and B cells was also studied, using the same immunocytochemical technique, as a reference pattern related to data previously reported. Our data confirm that the A cell is the earliest endocrine cell type, appearing on the 12th day of gestation, followed by B cells (14th day) and later on by PP cells (19th day). Primitive islets were identified in the pancreas after the 15th day. However, the spatial cell disposition observed in the adult islet was only recognized at the 20th day of gestation. The data reported provide the necessary information to establish the complete chronology in the rat fetus. Consequently, the development of pancreatic islets in the rat fetus could be employed as a useful model to study the existence of factors that control the sequential appearance of endocrine cells and the possible changes occurring in the islets of animals with genetic diabetes during the fetal period.     

Antigenic localities in the tissues of Metagonimus yokogawai in the period of growth]

In order to observe the antigenic localization in the tissues of Metagonimus yokogawai in growth stages, immunogoldlabeling method was applied to using serum of the cat which infected with isolated metacercariae from Plecoglossus altivelis. The sectioned worm tissues from each growth stages were embedded in Lowicryl HM 20 medium, stained with infected serum IgG and protein A gold complex (particle size: 12 nm) and observed by electron microscopy. In the worm tissues of all experimental groups, the gold particles were specifically concentrated on the tegumental syncytium and cytoplasm of the tegumental cell as well as the secretory granules in the parenchymal tissue. In the 16th and 20th week grown worm tissues, the gold particles were specifically concentrated on the vesicles in the tegumental syncytium and cytoplasm of the tegumental cell. The gold particles were specifically concentrated on the caecal epithelia of the 4th, 8th and 12th week growth groups but slightly concentrated on those of the 16th and 20th week.     

棉铃虫不同发育阶段微粒体P450酶系组成和活性的比较

比较了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 6龄幼虫、蛹、成虫微粒体P450单加氧酶系组成及其活性。P450含量在6龄幼虫中肠>（脂肪体=蛹）>成虫,NADPH-细胞色素还原酶在幼虫中肠>幼虫脂肪体>蛹>成虫;6龄幼虫脂肪体微粒体与蛹脂肪体微粒体P450含量相近,但NADPH-细胞色素还原酶活性前者是后者的4.2倍;成虫微粒体的细胞色素P450和NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶含量很低,几乎未检测出。用对-硝基苯甲醚和艾氏剂为底物测定P450酶系活性表明,与6龄幼虫相比,蛹和成虫具有极低的单加氧酶活性,其O-脱甲基酶活性未检出,艾氏剂环氧化酶活性比幼虫低2～3个数量级。     

Macrophage activation in the immune response

In inbred white rats, immunized with sheep erythrocytes, contents and phagocytic activity of the spleen and pulmonary macrophages have been studied on the 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 20th days of the experiment in the light, scanning and transmissive electron microscope, as well as the effect of the cells mentioned on proliferation of lymphoid elements. Maximal phagocytic activity of the splenic and alveolar macrophages is observed on the 7th day of the experiment. At the same time, certain drop in the lymphoid cells proliferation takes place. The change in the macrophages contents also influences proliferation of the lymphoid cells.     

Changes in mouse erythropoiesis during continuous irradiation with a daily dose of 957 mGy

Quantitative and qualitative changes in the blood producing organs and in the peripheral blood of mice are evaluated in this paper. The animals were irradiated for 42 days continually with a daily dosage of 957 mGy. Until the 7th day of irradiation a significant diminution of the cellularity of the bone-marrow and of the cellularity as well as the mass of the spleen could be observed. After the 14th day or irradiation a temporary stabilization of the cell number in the bone-marrow could be found until the 28th day, after that time there was a moderately strong decrease. The cellularity and the mass of the spleen increased temporarily until the 28th day of irradiation because of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis increasing from 20% to 50%. The most significant changes in the peripheral blood could be observed in not granulated cells as a kind of sudden and permanent decrease. The diminution of the granulocyte and reticulocyte number proceeded somewhat more slowly, temporarily revealing an increasing tendency on the 28th day of irradiation. The erythrocyte numbers as well as the haematocrit and haemoglobin values decreased continually beginning from the 7th day of irradiation until the death of the test animals.     

Re-evaluating the Silk Road's Qinghai Route using dendrochronology

The opening of the Silk Road vigorously promoted economic and cultural exchanges between Central Asia, Europe, northern India and China. The easternmost section of the ancient trade route was established during the Qin-Han period (221 BC to 220 AD). Previous research has shown that there were three routes: the first is known as the “Hexi Route”, the second is known as the “Juyan Route” or “Prairie Route”, and the third is known as the “Qinghai Route”. The Qinghai Route has long been viewed as merely an auxiliary line of the Hexi Route which was used when the main Hexi Route was blocked by warfare. Others believe that the Qinghai Route was used during the 5th to 6th century when it was controlled by Tuyuhun Kingdom. Yet, by the 7th to 8th century, after the Tibetan occupation of the region, it was no longer a main trade route. Dendrochronology, the study of tree-rings, is a precise dating method that can be accurate to the year. In this study, wood remains excavated from tombs along the ancient Qinghai Route were studied by the means of dendrochronology in order to determine the date and better understand when Qinghai Route was used. In the tombs a lot of commercial goods such as silk products, pottery, lacquer carpentry were found. The date of the tombs determined by dendrochronology when viewed together with other archaeological data, showed that from the early Tang Dynasty to the High Tang Dynasty (early 7th century to late 8th century), the Qinghai Route was one of the routes of communication between the West and China. This disproves the hypothesis that this route was only used during the 5th to 6th century.     

Effect of experimental arrest of eye growth on the proliferation and polyploidization of the retinal pigment epithelium in rats

Following the lens removal from the left eye of the newborn rats, animals were obtained with one normal (control) and another microphtalmic eye. The animals were sacrificed on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days of postnatal development after four injections of 3H-thymidine during 19 hrs. The number of labelled nuclei and mono- and binuclear cells in the central zone of the eye fundus was counted on the autographs. After the initial increase of the index of labelled nuclei in the operated eyes (on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th days) it fell below the control level (on the 7th and 9th days). The number of binuclear cells in the operated eyes, as well as in the control, attains on the 5th day 50% of the total number of cells and remains at this level up to the end of the experiment, whereas in the control eyes the number of binuclear cells increases up to 60% on the 7th and 80% on the 9th day. The results obtained have shown that in rats the factors of total eye growth participate in the control of proliferative activity and polyploidization of the pigment epithelium cells in the retina.