妊娠期未足月胎膜早破病因分析

目的:分析妊娠期未足月胎膜早破孕妇发生孕周及病因,为临床处治提供指导。方法:103例未足月胎膜早破孕妇患者按孕周分为两组,对他们的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果:2组在患者平均年龄及反应感染的血指标没有明显区别,均未提示入院时存在感染。103例PPROM患者破膜孕周主要发生在孕32-36+6周,双胎及生殖系统微生物感染为破膜的主要原因,终止妊娠原因主要为羊水过少。宫颈管微生物培养菌主要为GBS,其余可见的有白色念珠菌,表皮葡萄球菌,弓形虫,及其他厌氧菌。结论:生殖系统炎症尤其是GBS感染是导致未足月胎膜早破的重要原因;双胎也是导致PPROM发尤其是生的高危因素,减少胎膜早破,也有助于降低剖宫产率,改善胎儿结局。     

Acute Histologic Chorioamnionitis Is a Risk Factor for Adverse Neonatal Outcome in Late Preterm Birth after Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes

Background

The objective of this study was to determine whether acute histologic chorioamnionitis is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes in late preterm infants who were born after preterm PROM.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The relationship between the presence of acute histologic chorioamnionitis and adverse neonatal outcome was examined in patients with preterm PROM who delivered singleton preterm newborns between 34 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation. Nonparametric statistics were used for data analysis. The frequency of acute histologic chorioamnionitis was 24% in patients with preterm PROM who delivered preterm newborns between 34 weeks and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation. Newborns born to mothers with histologic chorioamnionitis had significantly higher rates of adverse neonatal outcome (74% vs 51%; p<0.005) than those without histologic chorioamnionitis. This relationship remained significant after adjustment for gestational age at preterm PROM, gestational age at delivery, and exposure to antenatal corticosteroids.

Conclusions/Significance

The presence of acute histologic chorioamnionitis is associated with adverse neonatal outcome in late preterm infants born to mothers with preterm PROM.     

胎膜早破早产的临床分析

目的:探讨胎膜早破早产的临床处理方法及其对新生儿的影响.方法:以2009年3月至2012年1月在我院产科住院的妊娠满28～36+6周的205例胎膜早破早产患者为研究对象,针对不同孕周,采用相应的治疗方法,并对其妊娠结局和早产儿的状况进行观察和分析.结果:胎龄28～34+6周的早产儿并发症的发生率和死亡率分别为52.2％和10％,胎龄35～35+6周的早产儿并发症的发生率和死亡率分别为32.3％和4.8％,分别明显高于胎龄＞36周出生的早产儿(1.6％和0),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但孕周在36周以上出生的新生儿的并发症的发生率和死亡率与足月出生的新生儿相比无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:胎膜早破早产是新生儿患病和死亡的主要原因,胎龄越小新生儿的患病率和死亡率越高,对于胎膜早破早产的孕妇,应针对不同孕周采用不同的治疗方法,以延长孕周以降低早产儿的患病率和死亡率.     

Timing of Histologic Progression from Chorio-Deciduitis to Chorio-Deciduo-Amnionitis in the Setting of Preterm Labor and Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes with Sterile Amniotic Fluid

Background

Histologic chorio-deciduitis and chorio-deciduo-amnionitis (amnionitis) in extra-placental membranes are known to represent the early and advanced stages of ascending intra-uterine infection. However, there are no data in humans about the time required for chorio-deciduitis to develop and for chorio-deciduitis without amnionitis to progress to chorio-deciduitis with amnionitis, and the effect of prolongation of pregnancy on the development of chorio-deciduitis and amnionitis in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (preterm-PROM). We examined these issues in this study.

Methods

The study population consisted of 289 women who delivered preterm (133 cases with PTL, and 156 cases with preterm-PROM) and who had sterile amniotic fluid (AF) defined as a negative AF culture and the absence of inflammation as evidenced by a matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) level <23 ng/ml. We examined the association between amniocentesis-to-delivery interval and inflammatory status in the extra-placental membranes (i.e., inflammation-free extra-placental membranes, choroi-deciduitis only, and chorio-deciduitis with amnionitis) in patients with PTL and preterm-PROM.

Results

Amniocentesis-to-delivery interval was longer in cases of chorio-deciduitis with amnionitis than in cases of chorio-deciduitis only in both PTL (median [interquartile-range (IQR)]; 645.4 [319.5] vs. 113.9 [526.9] hours; P = 0.005) and preterm-PROM (131.3 [135.4] vs. 95.2 [140.5] hours; P<0.05). Amniocentesis-to-delivery interval was an independent predictor of the development of both chorio-deciduitis and amnionitis after correction for confounding variables such as gestational age at delivery in the setting of PTL, but not preterm-PROM.

Conclusions

These data confirm for the first time that, in cases of both PTL and preterm-PROM with sterile AF, more time is required to develop chorio-deciduitis with amnionitis than chorio-deciduitis alone in extra-placental membranes. Moreover, prolongation of pregnancy is an independent predictor of the development of both chorio-deciduitis and amnionitis in cases of PTL with sterile AF.     

Cervical Microbiota in Women with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes

ObjectiveTo analyze the cervical microbiota in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) by pyrosequencing and to document associations between cervical microbiota, cervical inflammatory response, microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), histological chorioamnionitis, and intraamniotic infection (IAI).ResultsFour bacterial community state types [CST I (Lactobacillus crispatus dominated), CST III (Lactobacillus iners dominated), CST IV-A (non-Lactobacillus bacteria dominated), and CST IV-B (Gardnerella vaginalis and Sneathia sanguinegens dominated)] were observed in the cervical microbiota of women with PPROM. Cervical fluid IL-6 concentrations differed between CSTs (CST I = 145 pg/mL, CST III = 166 pg/mL, CST IV-A = 420 pg/mL, and CST IV-B = 322 pg/mL; p = 0.004). There were also differences in the rates of MIAC, of both MIAC and histological chorioamnionitis, and of IAI among CSTs. No difference in the rate of histological chorioamnionitis was found among CSTs.ConclusionsThe cervical microbiota in PPROM women in this study was characterized by four CSTs. The presence of non-Lactobacillus CSTs was associated with a strong cervical inflammatory response and higher rates of MIAC, both MIAC and histological chorioamnionitis, and IAI representing a PPROM subtype with pronounced inflammation. CST I represents the dominant type of PPROM with a low rate of MIAC, IAI, and the combination of MIAC and histological chorioamnionitis.     

胎膜早破导致胎膜绒毛膜羊膜炎的细菌培养及药敏结果分析

目的:分析胎膜早破(premature rupture of memberane,PROM)所致孕妇绒毛膜羊膜炎的细菌培养及药敏结果,探讨胎膜早破引起的绒毛膜羊膜炎主要致病菌的病原学特征,为围产期感染用药提供科学依据。方法:对2011年6月至2013年9月在我院分娩的597例破膜时间大于24小时的PROM孕妇的胎膜进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果:597例破膜时间大于24小时的PROM孕妇的胎膜细菌培养中,86例培养阳性,阳性率为14.41%;培养阳性病例中革兰氏阴性杆菌占73.26%(63/86),革兰氏阳性菌球菌占34.88%(30/86),培养最多的菌种是大肠埃希菌,占60.47%(52/86)。革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、头孢西丁、左氧氟沙星敏感;革兰氏阳性球菌对亚胺培南、丁胺卡那、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、替考拉宁、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、庆大霉素、头孢西丁、左氧氟沙星敏感。结论:革兰氏阴性杆菌是PROM相关的绒毛膜羊膜炎的主要致病菌,应根据病原学特征合理应用抗生素。     

Systemic and Local Inflammatory Response in Women with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes

Objective

To evaluate the inflammatory pattern in maternal circulation, amniotic cavity, cervix and vagina from women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) considering the occurrence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC).

Methodology

A prospective study was performed in 58 women with PPROM before 34+0 weeks of gestational age. Twenty-six proteins were analyzed by a multiple immunoassay in samples of amniotic fluid, serum, cervix and vagina. Association of an inflammatory response in the invasive and non-invasive samples with MIAC was investigated.

Results

The rate of MIAC was 36.2% (21/58). Both amniotic fluid IL-6 and cervical C-reactive protein (CRP) showed to be independent predictors of MIAC. A cut-off level of cervical CRP≥1836 pg/mL showed a detection rate of 75%, false positive rate of 19% and positive and negative predictive values to predict MIAC of 67% and 87%, respectively. There were no independent biomarkers of MIAC either in the serum or vaginal compartment.

Conclusion

A cervical inflammatory response mediated by CRP was observed in PPROM women with MIAC. Evaluation of serum or vaginal samples did not add valuable information regarding the outcome evaluated.     

Maternal Serum C-Reactive Protein in Women with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes

Objective

This study evaluated maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) as a predictor of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) in women with preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) before and after 32 weeks of gestation.

Methods

This study was a prospective observational cohort study of 386 women. Maternal serum CRP concentrations were evaluated, and amniotic fluid samples were obtained via transabdominal amniocentesis at the time of admission. Placentas underwent histopathological examination after delivery. MIAC was defined based on a positive PCR for Ureaplasma species, Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis and/or positive 16S rRNA gene amplification. HCA was defined based on the Salafia classification.

Results

Maternal CRP was significantly higher in women with MIAC and HCA (median 9.0 mg/l) than in women with HCA alone (median 6.9 mg/l), MIAC alone (median 7.4 mg/l) and without MIAC or HCA (median 4.5 mg/l) (p<0.0001). CRP was a weak predictor of the occurrence of MIAC and HCA before and after 32 weeks of gestation. Only the 95^th percentile of CRP and PPROM before 32 weeks exhibited a false-positive rate of 1%, a positive predictive value of 90% and a positive likelihood ratio of 13.2 to predict MIAC and HCA. However, the low sensitivity of 15% limits the clinical utility of this detection.

Conclusion

CRP is a poor predictor of the occurrence of MIAC and HCA, even at early gestational ages.     

胎膜早破96例妊娠结局临床分析

目的:探讨胎膜早破(PROM)的临床处理及与妊娠结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析处理PROM96例的临床资料,及对母儿的影响,并并随机抽取同期110例胎膜未破产妇作对照,从分娩方式、产程时间及母儿并发症几方面进行分析。结果:观察组难产率、产后出血及产褥感染率,新生儿窒息发生率和新生儿死亡率均较对照组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论:妇科炎症和引流产史是PROM的易发因素,胎膜早破的妊娠结局可导致难产及母婴并发症,应加强孕期保健:对未足月者以期素待疗法延长孕周可减少胎膜早破的发生;对足月PROM应引产或剖宫产结束妊娠,以改善新生儿预后及减少母婴并发症。     

Oligohydramnios in Women with Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes and Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes

Objective

To determine the association between the presence of oligohydramnios, determined as an amniotic fluid index ≤ 5 cm and the intra-amniotic inflammatory response, fetal inflammatory response and neonatal outcomes in actively managed preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM).

Methods

Women with singleton pregnancies complicated by PPROM at a gestational age of between 24+0 and 36+6 weeks were included in the study. Ultrasound assessments of the amniotic fluid index and evaluation of the amniotic fluid interleukin (IL)-6 levels were performed at admission. The umbilical cord blood IL-6 levels were evaluated after delivery.

Results

In total, 74 women were included. The women with oligohydramnios did not have different amniotic fluid IL-6 levels [with oligohydramnios: median 342 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 110-1809 vs. without oligohydramnios: median 256 pg/mL, IQR 122–748; p = 0.71] or umbilical cord blood IL-6 levels (with oligohydramnios: median 8.2 pg/mL, IQR 3.8–146.9 vs. without oligohydramnios: median 5.9 pg/mL, IQR 2.1–27.9; p = 0.14) than those without oligohydramnios. No association between oligohydramnios and neonatal morbidity was found. A correlation between the amniotic fluid index and the interval from rupture of membranes to amniocentesis was observed (rho = −0.34; p = 0.003).

Conclusion

The presence of oligohydramnios is not associated with an adverse outcome in actively managed PPROM in singleton pregnancies in the absence of other complications.     

Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes and Outcome of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in the German Neonatal Network

Objective

It was the aim of our study to evaluate the independent effect of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) as a cause of preterm delivery on mortality during primary hospital stay and significant morbidities in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants < 32 weeks of gestation.

Design

Observational, epidemiological study design.

Setting

Population-based cohort, German Neonatal Network (GNN).

Population

6102 VLBW infants were enrolled in GNN from 2009-2012, n=4120 fulfilled criteria for primary analysis (< 32 gestational weeks, no pre-eclampsia, HELLP (highly elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome) or placental abruption as cause of preterm birth).

Methods

Multivariable logistic regression analyses included PPROM as potential risk factors for adverse outcomes and well established items such as gestational age in weeks, birth weight, antenatal steroids, center, inborn delivery, multiple birth, gender and being small-for-gestational-age.

Results

PPROM as cause of preterm delivery had no independent effect on the risk of early-onset sepsis, clinical sepsis and blood-culture proven sepsis, while gestational age proved to be the most important contributor to sepsis risk. The diagnosis of PPROM was associated with an increased risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.02-1.55, p=0.03) but not with other major outcomes.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of PPROM per se is not associated with adverse outcome in VLBW infants < 32 weeks apart from a moderately increased risk for BPD. Randomized controlled trials with primary neonatal outcomes are needed to determine which subgroup of VLBW infants benefit from expectant or intentional management of PPROM.     

生物蛋白胶封堵合并宫颈环扎术治疗胎膜早破的疗效观察

目的:观察生物蛋白胶封堵合并宫颈环扎术治疗胎膜早破,对孕妇、胎儿及新生儿的影响,明确该技术治疗胎膜早破的疗效。方法:我院产科共收治妊娠<30周胎膜早破患者48例,采用生物蛋白胶封堵合并宫颈环扎术治疗胎膜早破,观察治疗后孕妇羊水指数,胎儿双顶径,新生儿出生时体重,及孕妇的副反应。结果:在本次封堵治疗过程中均一次封堵成功,没有不良反应发生,所有孕妇术后阴道流水情况均明显改善,其中有2例孕妇术后1周阴道流水停止。所有孕妇术后羊水漏出量均明显减少,B超检查显示羊水指数均在(6±2)cm,胎儿每周双顶径增长均达到(0.15±0.02)cm,延长孕周最短(5±2)w,10例早产,38例继续妊娠至37 w。新生儿出生时体重为(2000±260)g,无1例发生NRDS。同期没有进行宫颈内封堵仅行药物保胎治疗的10例孕妇,胎龄延长最长达到10 d,最短者24 h内出现早产分娩,早产儿平均体重1400 g,均发生NRDS,有2例放弃治疗,4例在NICU行治疗,最终因各种并发症死亡。48例行封堵治疗孕妇未发生过敏反应,无阴道出血及产后出血和感染等。结论:应用生物蛋白胶结合宫颈环扎术治疗胎膜早破,手术操作简单,可延长了孕周,提高了新生儿成活率,无不良反应,具有广泛的应用前景。     

胎膜早破与分娩方式的关系及产程观察

目的:探讨胎膜早破对分娩方式与结果的影响,提高对产程观察的重视。方法:统计分析249例孕足月胎膜早破者的分娩方式、产程及母儿并发症,并与249例随机抽取同期孕足月无胎膜早破的产妇进行对照。结果:胎膜早破组自然分娩率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),产褥感染、新生儿窒息发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:胎膜早破易感染,并导致胎儿宫内窘迫和新生儿窒息,与难产、剖宫产有相关性,应合理选择分娩方式,积极处理产程,以确保母婴安全。     

胎膜早破120例临床分析及与妊娠结局的关系

目的:探讨120例胎膜早破(PROM)的临床特点及与妊娠结局的关系。方法:对2012年12月~2013年12月120例PROM的孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并以同期分娩的380例无PROM的孕妇作为对照组。分析不同分娩方式对产妇和儿童的影响。结果:PROM组的难产、剖宫产率分别为45.0%、43.3%,均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PROM组中的早产、新生儿窒息、新生儿肺炎的发病率分别为11.7%、7.5%、4.2%,与对照组相比均明显增高(P0.05);两组产褥感染的发病率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PROM与难产、早产密切相关,对PROM的孕妇应加强临床观察,对不同孕周的PROM采取不同的治疗方案,一旦有难产发生应及时处理,以减少母婴并发症的发生。     

未足月胎膜早破合并绒毛膜羊膜炎孕妇血清中NE, Ox-AT及IL-8水平变化及临床意义

目的:探讨未足月胎膜早破(PPROM)合并绒毛膜羊膜炎(HCA)孕妇血清中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)、氧化型α1-抗胰蛋白酶(Ox-AT)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平变化及对妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择2015年3月至2016年2月我院收治的PPROM孕妇86例,根据患者是否合并HCA分为HCA组(n=46)和非HCA组(n=40),HCA组包括轻度(n=16)、中度(n=15)和重度(n=15),同期选择来我院进行产检的正常孕妇45例作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定孕妇产前血清NE、Ox-AT及IL-8水平,对比其在不同组孕妇间的差异,分析HCA与PPROM孕妇的妊娠结局的关系。结果:HCA组及非HCA组孕妇血清NE、Ox-AT及IL-8水平均显著高于对照组,且HCA组均显著高于非HCA组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着HCA的程度加重,孕妇血清中NE、Ox-AT及IL-8水平明显升高,分别与HCA严重程度呈正相关(r=0.732、0.694、0.787;均P0.05)。HCA组中孕妇产后出血率、剖宫产率及早产儿肺炎率明显高于非HCA组,而Apgar评分显著低于非HCA组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:血清NE、Ox-AT及IL-8与PPROM合并HCA孕妇的发生、发展有关,及时检查上述指标有助于改善此类孕妇的妊娠结局。     

单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素分析

目的:探讨单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破发生新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)的危险因素。方法:选择2017年5月至2019年5月在我院产科分娩的2810例产妇为研究对象,其中97例(3.45%)符合未足月胎膜早破(Preterm premature rupture of membranes,pPROM)标准,包括53例RDS。收集以下信息:PROM潜伏期、出生时胎龄、脐动脉搏动指数(Umbilical artery pulsatility index,UAPI)、大脑中动脉搏动指数(Middle cerebral artery pulsation index,MCAPI)、胎儿窘迫、产前使用类固醇、新生儿实验室参数、性别、体重、Apgar评分、分娩类型、妊娠高血压疾病、妊娠期糖耐量异常或糖尿病等信息,通过Logistic回归分析研究变量对RDS的影响。结果:Logistic回归分析结果显示,以下变量与RDS密切相关:新生儿性别女性(OR=0.517;95%CI:0.312-0.107;P=0.042),产前使用类固醇(OR=0.467;95%CI:0.355-0.698;P0.001),异常UAPI(OR=2.830;95%CI:1.783-6.234;P=0.002),异常MCA PI(OR=2.136;95%CI:1.120-4.017;P=0.032),胎儿窘迫(OR=2.420;95%CI:1.287-4.824;P=0.017),母体HGB(OR=0.689;95%CI:0.511-1.013;P=0.221),新生儿HGB(OR=0.752;95%CI:0.645-0.891;P0.001),新生儿RBC(OR=0.311;95%CI:0.201-0.565;P0.001)。结论:单胎妊娠早产胎膜早破发生RDS危险因素主要是性别、胎儿胎盘循环异常和胎儿窘迫。     

Outcome at Two Years of Very Preterm Infants Born after Rupture of Membranes before Viability

PurposeTo compare the respiratory and neurological outcomes at two years of age of preterm children born before 33 weeks of gestation (WG) after early preterm premature rupture of membranes (EPPROM) between 14 and 24 WG with preterm children without EPPROM.ResultsNinety-four cases with EPPROM before 24WG have been included. The 31 children born from 26WG to 32WG were matched with 62 controls. The EPPROM group had poorer clinical evaluation at one year for motor (p = 0.003) and cognitive developmental scores (p = 0.016). Neuromotor rehabilitation was performed more often (p = 0.013). However, there was no difference at 2 years of age. Children born after EPPROM were hospitalized more often for bronchiolitis (p<0.001) during their first 2 years, which correlates with increased incidence of pneumothorax (p = 0.017), pulmonary hypoplasia (p = 0.004) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.005) during neonatal period.ConclusionAt two years, despite an increase in severe bronchiolitis and the need for more neuromotor rehabilitation during the first month of the life after discharge, there was no difference in neurological outcomes in the very preterm children of the EPPROM group compared to those born at a similar GA without EPPROM.