基于文献计量的草地生态补偿效益与影响因素研究进展

草地生态补偿致力于保护草地生态系统服务数量和质量,同时提高畜牧业的经济可行性,是实现草地生态系统可持续管理的重要政策之一。梳理世界范围内草地生态补偿研究,综述生态补偿是否解决草地生态系统已有问题以及归纳其影响因素,对探寻未来草地生态补偿的发展方向具有重要意义。以草地生态补偿为主题,利用Web of Science数据库收集了2007年至2022年共69个案例,已有研究以公共产品、生态系统服务价值和社会生态系统3个理论为基础,重点关注草地补偿的生态效益、社会经济效益和影响因素,发文量占比分别为34.78%、17.39%、43.48%。主要结果如下:草地生态补偿的生态效益以恢复草地面积与质量、保护物种多样性和提升草地多种生态系统服务为主;社会经济效益重点包括增加牧户经济收入和改善以传统畜牧业为主的生计结构;影响因素以牧民主观认知、牧户客观条件、牧区生态环境、社会政策背景及补偿支付方式为主。建议未来草地生态补偿研究可从不同类型生态系统服务效益间的权衡、牧民为重要利益相关者行为的影响、生态目标和牧民需求导向的支付方式多样性3个方面重点探索。     

生态补偿对大熊猫栖息地周边农户生态足迹的影响

大熊猫栖息地正面临破碎化和人类活动干扰的威胁,如何减少这些威胁成为保护大熊猫这一生态旗舰物种的关键.通过实施生态补偿项目,充分考虑当地弱势群体生存和发展的权利,帮助其进行生计替代和能源替代,以减小生态系统所承受的压力.以120个项目农户作为研究对象,利用生态足迹方法,探讨了生态补偿项目对生活在关键生态区域内农村人口的影响.结果表明,在各种生态生产性土地中,农户对林地和草地生态占用最大,能源替代可以大幅降低农户的薪柴消耗水平,从而降低农户对林地的生态占用.通过调整农户的牲畜养殖模式,减小了放牧对草地资源的压力和对草地的生态占用.农户人均生态足迹由2005年的2.7346hm2减小至2007年的1.6325 hm2,对周边环境的压力降低,有利于保护和恢复珍稀野生动植物栖息地.     

基于NDVI绿洲-荒漠过渡带宽度识别——以河西走廊中部荒漠绿洲为例

绿洲-荒漠过渡带是荒漠与绿洲之间的生态缓冲区,在维持绿洲能量流动、物质循环和景观稳定方面具有重要作用。过渡带宽度和属性直接影响到了其在整个绿洲系统中的功能发挥。以河西走廊中部张掖绿洲的Landsat(OLI)NDVI(归一化植被指数,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)数据为基础,结合野外调查将过渡带类型划分为绿洲与石质裸山、砾质荒漠、沙质荒漠和人工固沙区4类。采用缓冲分析、分段线性趋势分析和尺度分别为30 m、90 m、210 m、330 m焦点分析等方法研究了不同类型过渡带宽度和尺度依赖特征。结果表明,在不同尺度上绿洲外缘NDVI变化存在二种线性回归趋势,趋势线交点至绿洲边界距离可确定为过渡带宽度。不同尺度分析表明,绿洲-石质裸山过渡带宽度为165—220 m,在其内NDVI线性变化趋势显著(P<0.05)。绿洲-砾质荒漠过渡带宽度保持在330 m,在其内NDVI变化趋势极显著(P<0.001)。绿洲-沙质荒漠过渡带宽度变化在230—290 m,NDVI变化趋势也为极显著(P<0.001)。绿洲-人工固沙区过渡带宽度变化在...     

河西绿洲边缘积沙带形成的典型相关因子

绿洲边缘积沙带的形成因素及其生态效应是一个新的科学问题。为了研究河西绿洲边缘积沙带的形成原因,运用方差分析、相关分析以及典型相关分析等方法,对河西绿洲边缘积沙带的21个样点的观测资料进行了分析。结果表明:河西绿洲边缘积沙带的分布趋势大致为东高西低、东宽西窄,大部分地段目前处于稳定阶段;积沙带上的优势种植物以天然柽柳最多,不同优势种植物的积沙带的迎风坡植被盖度及植被纯盖度差异较显著。典型相关分析结果表明:积沙带的高度和宽度是降水量、到沙源的距离、背风坡植被盖度和年平均风速等气候环境因子共同作用的结果。积沙带的生态效应:一是自身作为一种障碍物的防护作用,二是阻截、减少流沙流沙进入农田的作用。     

Information processing in the “not-in-my-backyard” strategy: An empirical study of anti-nuclear behavioral responses

Abstract

Nuclear power has become an effective way of addressing environmental challenges such as resources depletion and climate change and is consistent with a strategy of sustainable development. However, popular resistance has increased significantly because the potential accident risk poses a tremendous threat to people, property and ecosystems. This study explored the key determinants of the behavioral response to nuclear power plants. The protective action decision model and the heuristic-systematic information processing model were integrated and adapted to construct a hypothetical model emphasizing the important role of information processing strategies in the “not-in-my-backyard” phenomenon. The research verified the arguments by randomly conducting 405 questionnaires. The empirical results show that risk perception and information need are both important in predicting information seeking and behavioral response. Additionally, the results suggest a mediating role of information processing in the relationship between information seeking and behavioral response. Moreover, the results show that systematic processing is different from heuristic processing. Specifically, systematic processing is positively influenced by information seeking and has a negative influence on anti-nuclear behavioral response, but heuristic processing is negatively correlated with information need and positively correlated with behavioral response. Theoretical contributions, policy implications and further research are also discussed.     

An evolving role for ecological indicators: From documenting ecological conditions to monitoring drivers and policy responses

Monitoring the health of ecosystems is imperative to achieve sustainability. In this, ecological indicators have a crucial and evolving role to play. Although indicators are vital to monitoring the state and trends of ecosystems and the consequences of anthropogenic pressures, they may not lead to necessary action unless they are coupled with identification and monitoring of drivers. This will provide a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of policy responses, thus providing information that is actionable by policy makers and the public. We argue that expanding the role of indicators will render them far more effective as a resource for combating ecosystem degradation. Using the Baltic Sea as an example we analyse the nature of this challenge and provide concrete solutions to problems hindering the effectiveness of ecological indicator use in restoring health to large-scale ecosystems.     

Genetic consequences of ecological reserve design guidelines: An empirical investigation

We assessed the geneticdiversity consequences of applying ecologicalreserve design guidelines to four federally-listedglobally-rare plant species. Consequences weremeasured using two metrics: proportion of allalleles and of common alleles included inreserves. Common alleles were defined as those alleleshaving a frequency of 0.05 in at least onepopulation. Four conservation professionalsapplied ecological reserve guidelines to choosespecific populations of each species forinclusion in reserves of size 1 to N – 1, whereN is the total number of populations of each species.Information regarding genetic diversity was notused in selecting populations. The resulting reservedesigns were compared to random designs, andthe agreement among experts was assessed usingKendall's coefficient of concordance.Application of ecological reserve design guidelines provedmostly ineffective in capturing more geneticdiversity than is captured selectingpopulations randomly. Meeting establishedtargets for genetic diversity, such as one advocated by theCenter for Plant Conservation, required largernumbers of populations than are suggested to besufficient. Relative performance of expertdesigns differed among species and wasdependent on whether the proportion of allalleles or of common alleles was used as a measure ofdiversity. Furthermore there was no significantconcordance among experts in order in whichpopulations were incorporated into reserves asexperts differed in priority they placed onindividual guidelines.     

河西走廊山地-绿洲-荒漠复合系统耦合的景观生态学机制

系统耦合的基础为非生物环境的空间异质性,基本条件为具有类型相同并且相互连通的廓道,系统耦合的景观生态学机制为非生物环境的空间分异和各种干扰导致的景观异质化,各种干扰是系统耦合的介质,系统耦合从本质上可以被看作尺度变大过程中景观组分的融合与性质转换的过程,系统耦合根据干扰的性质可以分为自然耦合和人为耦合2类,自然耦合是人为耦合的基础,系统生态生产力的提高取决于人为耦合的优化过程。     

Hybridization in the Cetacea: widespread occurrence and associated morphological,behavioral, and ecological factors

Hybridization has been documented in a many different pairs of cetacean species both in captivity and in the wild. The widespread occurrence of hybridization indicates that postmating barriers to interbreeding are incomplete within the order Cetacea, and therefore raises questions about how species integrity is maintained in the face of interspecific (and often intergeneric) gene flow. We examined hybridization across the order Cetacea (oceanic species included: N = 78; species with 44 chromosomes included: N = 52) to test for associations between the occurrence of hybridization and similarity across 13 ecological, morphological and behavioral traits in hybridizing vs. non‐hybridizing species pairs. We found that species pairs that share a greater number of traits had a higher propensity to hybridize than pairs of species that did not. This trend was driven by behavioral and morphological traits such as vocalization frequency and body size. Together our findings suggest the importance of divergent selection on morphological and behavioral traits within sympatric species in constraining opportunities for hybridization and preventing the collapse of parental species.     

围填海区渔业生态损害的补偿标准定量研究——以舟山近岸海域为例

围绕海洋工程项目建设中渔业资源损害补偿这一关键要素至今尚缺乏一致认可的统一标准这一核心问题,根据2015年11月、2016年5月在舟山近岸海域(29°20′—31°00′N、121°40′—123°00′E)开展80个站位的渔业资源拖网调查数据,结合历史资料和渔民访谈交流等,分别以是否为生产渔场、是否为鱼卵仔稚鱼聚集区以及渔业资源量数量分布状况,赋予不同海域的权重系数,将直接经济损害补偿与渔业生态服务价值补偿结合起来,提出渔业生态损害补偿标准核算思路,建立了围填海工程项目渔业生态损害的补偿补偿模型,并计算得出不同县(区)、乡镇的渔业生态损害补偿金标准。可在舟山近岸不同海域的渔业生态损害补偿金收缴实践中推广应用,也为建立我国海洋生态损害补偿机制提供技术支撑。     

Specializations of birds that attend army ant raids: An ecological approach to cognitive and behavioral studies

Tropical birds forage at army ant raids on several continents. Obligate foraging at army ant raids evolved several times in the Neotropical true antbird family (Thamnophilidae), and recent evidence suggests a diversity of bird species from other families specialize to varying degrees on army ant exploitation. Army ant raids offer access to high prey densities, but the ant colonies are mobile and widely spaced. Successful army ant exploitation requires solving a complex foraging problem because army ant raids are unpredictable in space and time. Birds can counteract the challenges posed by the ants by using strategies that raise their chances of detecting army ant raids, and birds can use additional strategies to track army ant colonies they have located. Some features of army ant biology, such as their conspicuous swarms and columns, above-ground activity, and regular cycles of behavior, provide opportunities for birds to increase their effectiveness at exploiting raids. Changes in sensory, cognitive and behavioral systems may all contribute to specialized army ant exploitation in a bird population. The combination of specializations that are employed may vary independently among bird species and populations. The degree of army ant exploitation by birds varies geographically with latitude and elevation, and with historical patterns such as centers of distribution of obligate thamnophilid antbirds. We predict the set of specializations a given bird population exhibits will depend on local ecology, as well as phylogenetic history. Comparative approaches that focus on these patterns may indicate ecological and evolutionary factors that have shaped the costs and benefits of this foraging strategy. The development of army ant exploitation in individual birds is poorly understood, and individual expression of these specializations may depend on a combination of genetic adaptation with cognitive plasticity, possibly including social and experiential learning. Future studies that measure developmental changes and quantify individual differences in army ant exploitation are needed to establish the mechanisms underlying this behavior.     

An empirical comparison of knowledge and skill in the context of traditional ecological knowledge

Background

We test whether traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) about how to make an item predicts a person’s skill at making it among the Tsimane’ (Bolivia). The rationale for this research is that the failure to distinguish between knowledge and skill might account for some of the conflicting results about the relationships between TEK, human health, and economic development.

Methods

We test the association between a commonly-used measure of individual knowledge (cultural consensus analysis) about how to make an arrow or a bag and a measure of individual skill at making these items, using ordinary least-squares regression. The study consists of 43 participants from 3 villages.

Results

We find no association between our measures of knowledge and skill (core model, p?>?0.5,?R ² ?=?.132).

Conclusions

While we cannot rule out the possibility of a real association between these phenomena, we interpret our findings as support for the claim that researchers should distinguish between methods to measure knowledge and skill when studying trends in TEK.

     

牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度实证研究

实施草地生态补偿政策是恢复退化草地、建设生态安全屏障、提高牧民生活水平,促进牧区社会经济发展的重要手段。研究牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度及其影响因素,对完善我国草地生态补偿政策,提高补偿绩效具有重要意义。选取甘肃牧区中甘南、肃南和天祝三地500户牧民作为样本数据,结合问卷调查与深度访谈,构建有序Logit模型,从牧民一般社会经济特征、对其居住与放牧地区生态环境评估,以及对生活满意度评估三方面入手研究了牧民对草地生态补偿政策实施的满意度及其影响因素。结果表明,影响牧民对补偿政策满意度的显著因素包括牧民受教育水平、牲畜养殖数量与体重变化情况、补偿金额、牧民对环境与经济重要性的评估,以及对社会福利满意度的主观评价。从政策角度看,提高牧民受教育水平,改变牧民传统放牧观念;改善贫困牧民生活水平,提高牧民社会福利;优化补偿方式,构建补偿政策监管体系,有利于草地生态补偿政策的进一步完善与有效实施。     

基于提高森林覆盖率目标的跨区县横向生态补偿与供需对接——以重庆市为例

建立以提高森林覆盖率为目标的横向生态补偿,使保护发展生态的地区利益得到保障,绿化空间有限的地区在发展经济的同时也尽到绿化责任,从而推动各地间生态保护与经济发展的良性互动。以重庆市为例,考虑不同类型森林资源的数量、质量、造林管护成本差异,确定森林生态补偿指标价,同时建立灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,对标十四五规划,分析38个区县2025年森林覆盖率预期目标达成率,探索在全市森林覆盖率达到供需平衡下跨区县横向生态补偿供需对接关系。结果表明：(1)兼顾森林资源数量、质量和成本下38个区县单位面积森林补偿指标价介于5.69—7.32万元/hm²,平均为6.72万元/hm²,较目前基于成本的统一指导价3.75万元/hm²,高出0.79倍。(2)近10a森林覆盖率除大渡口区、江北区、九龙坡区、南岸区、长寿区、永川区、潼南区和忠县8个区县出现负增长外,其余30个区县呈正增长,预测到2025年达标的区县数量占全市总数的45%,其中达成率最高的是沙坪坝区(117.37%),最低是江北区(41.49%)。(3)依据各区县供需级别、对口帮扶结对...     

生态建设补偿的定量标准——以南水北调东线水源地保护区一期生态建设工程为例

生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制建立的重点和难点.以南水北调东线水源地保护一期生态建设工程的补偿为例,探讨生态建设的补偿标准.从工程投资和机会成本的角度分析生态建设的总成本为1.46亿元/年,通过生态系统服务价值评价并结合专家咨询赋权,计算出生态建设工程成功实施后,建设区域所增加的生态服务效益为0.83亿元/年,外部区域所增加的生态服务效益为2.13亿元/年;综合生态建设成本和生态效益,提出了根据生态服务效益分担生态建设成本的补偿标准分析思路,并由此计算得到外部区域对建设区域的补偿标准为1.11亿元/年.     

南方丘陵区耕地景观生态安全影响因素及其空间差异

构建耕地景观生态安全格局是抵御区域耕地生态风险,保障耕地生态质量的重要举措。研究以南方丘陵区典型县-奉新县为研究区,选取部分景观格局指数构建南方丘陵区耕地景观生态安全评价模型,分析了县域尺度耕地景观生态安全状况及其空间聚集特征,并尝试应用地理加权回归模型探究自然和社会经济因素对区域耕地景观生态安全影响作用的空间地域差异。结果表明：耕地景观生态安全处于"危险"状态的行政村占研究区总数的12.92%,区域耕地景观生态安全问题存在明显的空间聚集性;地理加权回归模型较传统全局回归模型有较好的拟合优度,可以较好地揭示影响因素作用的地域差异;自然,社会经济因素对耕地景观生态安全的影响具有显著的空间非平稳性,依据影响因素作用强度的地域差异可以将研究区划分为距居民点的距离、地形位指数、年平均降雨量负向影响区和人口密度正向影响区。研究为确定耕地景观生态安全干扰来源及探究耕地保护对策如何落实到空间地域上提供了参考依据。     

Distance models in ecological network management: A case study of patch connectivity in a grassland network

Landscape connectivity is a key issue of nature conservation and distance parameters are essential for the calculation of patch level metrics. For such calculations the so-called Euclidean and the least cost distance are the most widespread models. In the present work we tested both distance models for landscape connectivity, using connectivity metrics in the case of a grassland mosaic, and the ground beetle Pterostichus melas as a focal species. Our goal was to explore the dissimilarity between the two distance models and the consequent divergence from the calculated values of patch relevance in connectivity. We found that the two distance models calculated the distances similarly, but their estimations were more reliable over short distances (circa 500 m), than long distances (circa 3000 m). The variability in the importance of habitat patches (i.e. patch connectivity indices) was estimated by the difference between the two distance models (Euclidean vs. least cost) according to the patch size. The location of the habitat patches in the matrix seemed to be a more important factor than the habitat size in the estimation of connectivity. The uncertainty of three patch connectivity indices (Integral Index of Connectivity, Probability of Connectance and Flux) became high above a habitat size of 5 ha. Relevance of patches in maintaining connectivity varied even within small ranges depending on the estimator of distance, revealing the careful consideration of these methods in conservation planning.     

The study of chalk grassland in Northern France: An historical review

The study of chalk grassland in Northern France has evolved through three main phases. During the period from the early 19th century to the First World War, the general flora of Northern France was studied in some detail, but there was little ecological understanding of plant communities. Some workers, however, did attempt to group chalk grassland species ecologically, and the primitive concepts of plant sociology unconsciously developed. Between the wars, with the growth of plant sociology, chalk grassland studies became more elaborate. Specific associations were now described and the wider aspects of chalk grassland phytogeography considered. The post-war period has seen a great increase in botanical activity in Northern France. There have been many regional chalk grassland studies, all of which, in varying degrees, have employed the techniques of plant sociology. It may at last be possible to synthesise these studies, and to describe the chalk grassland associations of Northern France.     

An ecological study of the Ponggol Estuary in Singapore

1. An ecological study of the Ponggol Estuary was conducted from July 1965 to June 1966 and the seasonal data on physical, chemical and biological characteristics were presented.
2. The Ponggol River represents a short, narrow and shallow estuary in Singapore. The river mouth is open throughout the year and water from eastern Johore Straits drains in twice a day at high tide. The upper reach, however, is left exposed at low tide.
3. The Ponggol River was classified as a vertically and laterally homogeneous estuary and was found to exhibit a mesohaline to polyhaline environment.
4. Significant hydrological gradients from the river mouth 10 the upper reach were noted in the river system. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH increased towards the mouth of the river and other parameters such as nutrients, dissolved organic matter and turbidity increased towards the source.
5. Although the river received organic pollutants at the upper reach the estuary was able to discharge them fairly rapidly through regular flushing by the tides. The transient rise of organic matter did not appear to impart any serious affect on the biota in the estuary.
6. Over 98% of the phytoplankton consisted of diatoms, most of which were brought into the estuary from eastern Johore Straits. Freshwater forms were relatively few.
7. Phytoplankton biomass was considerably higher than the adjoining waters. and was reduced at the upper reach due to high turbidity of the water.
8. 80% of the zooplankton was composed of dinoflagellates,Difflugia, copepods and bivalve larvae dominating at all sections of the estuary.
9. Percentage composition of the zooplankton showed that dinoflagellates and copepod nauplii predominated at high tide whileDifflugia and bivalve larvae were abundant at low tide.
10. Zooplankton standing crop, in general, was higher towards the source at high tide but the reverse was found at low tide, i.e. standing crop increased towards the river mouth. This was attributed to the process of concentration.
11. Species composition of zooplankton was found to be more or less similar to that of the eastern Johore Straits.
12. The nekton consisted predominantly of small and juvenile fish. Close correlation of fish and copepods was found to be statistically valid and it was concluded that the fish entered the estuary to feed rather than to spawn.
13. The squids formed an important catch of the beach seine unit and were caught throughout the year.
14. The fish population could be grouped into four categories: estuarine components, euryhaline components, marine components and migratory components.
15. Benthic invertebrates were abundant. Commercially important species consisted of prawns,Metapenaeus andPenaeus, and crabs,Neptunus pelagicus andScylla serrata.
16. The river bed was inhabited predominantly by molluscs and the distribution resembled that of the sheltered shore of muddy-sand type.