染料的生物降解研究

生物降解法是染料污染治理的重要方法。针对目前使用量较大的偶氮染料、二苯基甲烷染料和蒽醌染料这3大类染料,重点介绍了厌氧和好氧条件下的偶氮还原及其机理、三苯基甲烷染料降解菌和蒽醌染料降解菌的研究进展。     

Quantitative comparison of long-wavelength Alexa Fluor dyes to Cy dyes: fluorescence of the dyes and their bioconjugates.

Amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters of Alexa Fluor fluorescent dyes with principal absorption maxima at about 555 nm, 633 nm, 647 nm, 660 nm, 680 nm, 700 nm, and 750 nm were conjugated to antibodies and other selected proteins. These conjugates were compared with spectrally similar protein conjugates of the Cy3, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, DY-630, DY-635, DY-680, and Atto 565 dyes. As N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester dyes, the Alexa Fluor 555 dye was similar to the Cy3 dye, and the Alexa Fluor 647 dye was similar to the Cy5 dye with respect to absorption maxima, emission maxima, Stokes shifts, and extinction coefficients. However, both Alexa Fluor dyes were significantly more resistant to photobleaching than were their Cy dye counterparts. Absorption spectra of protein conjugates prepared from these dyes showed prominent blue-shifted shoulder peaks for conjugates of the Cy dyes but only minor shoulder peaks for conjugates of the Alexa Fluor dyes. The anomalous peaks, previously observed for protein conjugates of the Cy5 dye, are presumably due to the formation of dye aggregates. Absorption of light by the dye aggregates does not result in fluorescence, thereby diminishing the fluorescence of the conjugates. The Alexa Fluor 555 and the Alexa Fluor 647 dyes in protein conjugates exhibited significantly less of this self-quenching, and therefore the protein conjugates of Alexa Fluor dyes were significantly more fluorescent than those of the Cy dyes, especially at high degrees of labeling. The results from our flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrate that protein-conjugated, long-wavelength Alexa Fluor dyes have advantages compared to the Cy dyes and other long-wavelength dyes in typical fluorescence-based cell labeling applications.     

Excretory role of the midgut in larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.).

Caterpillars of Manduca sexta use two distinct transport mechanisms for the excretion of dyes. One pump (Type A) has a high affinity for acid (anionic) dyes and occurs in the midgut and medial Malpighian tubules. Acid dyes accumulate rapidly in the lumen of the midgut while the Malpighian tubules appear to play only a minor role in the excretion of these dyes. The other pump (Type B) excretes basic (cationic) dyes and is located primarily in the proximal Malpighian tubules. Evidence is presented that hippuric acid competes with acid dyes for excretion by both midgut and Malpighian tubules. After the final-instar larva purges its gut the ability of the midgut and Malpighian tubules to excrete dyes gradually decreases. Sixty hours after the purge only the Malpighian tubules retain some dye excreting activity.     

An Evaluation of the Metachromasy of Anionic Dyes. II. Visual and Spectral Observations on Solutions

The reactions of 13 anionic dyes in solution with a basic protein (protamine), a cationic detergent, guanidine, histamine, procaine, quinine, and strychnine were examined visually and spectrophotometrically in order to distinguish metachromatic changes of the dyes. Disazo dyes (Congo red, benzopurpurin, but not trypan blue) were metachromatic; indigoid, triphenylmethane and xanthene dyes were not. The magnitude of metachromasy in this series of dyes was not great compared with cationic dyes, the shifts of absorbance maxima being only about 15 mμ against 90 mμ or more for some cationic metachromatic dyes. The most effective chromotropes were protamine and a cationic detergent. Agreement between visual observations on tissue sections, visual observations on solutions, and spectral observations on solutions was generally good.     

微生物对偶氮染料的脱色及其基因工程研究进展

偶氮染料广泛应用在纺织印染、造纸印刷等行业中。染料废水的排放将会导致严重的环境污染,使用微生物处理染料废水是解决此问题的有效方法。该文概述了微生物对偶氮染料的脱色的研究,包括细菌对偶氮染料的脱色,真菌对偶氮染料的脱色,脱色产生的芳香胺并进一步被降解,以及基因工程技术在微生物对偶氮染料脱色的研究进展。     

Stock dynamics of Cleisthenes herzensteini in the central and southern Yellow Sea

Anthropogenic activities and environmental changes have had a significant effect on the fishery ecosystem, biological characteristics, and population dynamics of marine fishes. Overfishing threatens the sustainability of many populations. We evaluated changes in the biological characteristics, distribution, and abundance of Cleisthenes herzensteini using bottom trawl survey data collected from 1985 to 2010 in the central and southern Yellow Sea. The dominant body length of C. herzensteini during spring was 80–160 mm in 1986, 60–160 mm in 1998, and 41–80 mm and 111–170 mm in 2010. During summer, the dominant body length was 80–180 mm and 130–169 mm in 2000 and 2007, respectively. During autumn, the dominant body length was 60–160 mm, 100–180 mm, and 90–149 mm in 1985, 2000, and 2009, respectively. During winter, the dominant body length was 80–200 mm, 120–220 mm, and 100–200 mm in 1985, 1999, and 2010, respectively. The dominant body length decreased gradually from 1985 to 2010 (excluding spring, 2010), illustrating the “miniaturization” of the C. herzensteini population. Growth was significantly different between male and female individuals, with male individuals forming a “smaller-size type”. The sex ratio of C. herzensteini was relatively stable during spring and summer, but significantly different during autumn and winter. The diet of C. herzensteini also changed significantly from 1985 to 2010. During 1985–1986, the diet consisted primarily of Crangon affinis, Eualus sinensis and Gammaridae species. C. affinis, Engraulis japonicus, and Ammodytes personatus were dominant during 1998–2000, whereas C. affinis was the dominant prey species during 2009–2010. Thus, there was a clear decrease in dietary diversity, with a shift to benthos shrimp, particularly C. affinis, which accounted for 82.58% of the total diet (by weight) in 2010. The gastric vacuous rate also decreased in every season and the gonad developmental stage changed with each season. The distribution of C. herzensteini shifted northward and offshore and became more concentrated. The average catch per haul of C. herzensteini decreased in spring and autumn. The average catch per haul ranged from 1.44 kg h^-1 to 0.14 kg h^-1 in spring and the percentage by weight ranged from 6.53% to 1.28%. The average catch per haul ranged from 3.03 kg h^-1 to 0.26 kg h^-1 in autumn and the percentage by weight ranged from 8.00% to 0.60%. The average catch per haul increased significantly during summer, ranging from 0.18 kg h^-1 to 0.58 kg h^-1, with a percentage by weight of 0.03–0.80%. The average catch per haul was relatively stable in winter (around 1.00 kg h^-1), but the percentage by weight gradually increased during 1985–2010. Taken together, our results suggested that the population structure, diet composition, and distribution of C. herzensteini had been altered during the last three decades. To address this, it is essential to initiate measures to conserve the C. herzensteini resource.     

Synthesis and properties of phosphonic acid containing cyanine and squaraine dyes for use as fluorescent labels

Cyanine and squaraine dyes that contain one or two phosphonate groups attached directly to the aromatic residues of the dyes were synthesized. Absorption and fluorescence properties of the dyes were determined. Succinimidyl active esters were prepared from the dyes and were used to label proteins and oligonucleotides. Some of the dyes permit the preparation of brighter conjugates than do commercially available analogues such as Cy3 and Cy5.     

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Linked to Near Infrared (NIR) Dyes Conjugated to Chimeric Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Antibody Enhances Imaging of Liver Metastases in a Nude-Mouse Model of Human Colon Cancer

We report here that polyethylene glycol (PEG) linked to near infrared dyes conjugated to chimeric mouse-human anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody greatly improves imaging of liver metastases in a nude mouse model of colon-cancer experimental metastases. PEGylated and non-PEGylated DyLight 650 and 750 dyes were conjugated to the chimeric anti-CEA antibody. The dyes were initially injected intravenously into nude mice without tumors. Tissue biodistribution was determined by tissue sonication and analyzing tissue dye concentration profiles over time. PEGylated dyes had significantly lower accumulation in the liver (p = 0.03 for the 650 dyes; p = 0.002 for the 750 dyes) compared to non-PEGylated dyes. In an experimental liver metastasis model of HT-29 colon cancer, PEGylated dyes conjugated to the anti-CEA antibody showed good labeling of metastatic tumors with high contrast between normal and malignant tissue which was not possible with the non-PEGylated dyes since there was so much non-specific accumulation in the liver. PEGylation of the DyLight 650 and 750 NIR dyes significantly altered tissue biodistribution, allowing brighter tissue labeling, decreased accumulation in normal organs, particularly the liver. This enabled high fidelity and high contrast imaging of liver metastases.     

Root mass distribution patterns under standardised conditions in species of Chionochloa and Festuca from New Zealand

The vertical biomass allocation patterns of roots grown under standardised conditions were determined for species representing the major New Zealand indigenous grass genera Chionochloa and Festuca. Ten ramets, each of 2–3 tillers from garden collections of each species were grown in irrigated vertical sand columns in a glasshouse, and harvested after 168 days. Chionochloa teretifolia, Chionochloa macra, and Chionochloa crassiusucula, characteristic of alpine environments failed to produce new roots and died. However, most of the Chionochloa taxa (Chionochloa beddiei, Chionochloa pallens, Chionochloa rigida ssp. rigida, Chionochloa rubra ssp. cuprea, Chionochloa vireta), developed extensive new roots that reached the base of the one metre sand column. Roots of Chionochloa cheesemanii and Chionochloa conspicua reached 80–90 cm depth. Two Festuca taxa (Festuca actae, Festuca luciarum) had roots to 1 m depth, and roots of Festuca coxii, Festuca matthewsii ssp. latifundii, Festuca matthewsii ssp. matthewsii, Festuca multinodis, and Festuca novae-zelandiae grew to 70–90 cm depth. The edaphic specialists (Festuca deflexa, Chionochloa spiralis, Chionochloa defracta) were all shallow rooting.Species of Festuca maintained at least 40% of the root mass in the upper 10 cm of the column and most of the Chionochloa taxa had less than 40% of root mass in the upper zone. Genotype level variation in root mass less than 10 cm deep was greater in Chionochloa than in Festuca, and least in the edaphic specialist grasses.     

The use of fluorescent dyes to measure membrane potentials: a response

The use of fluorescent cyanine dyes to estimate membrane potential in cell suspensions has been considered. Several problems related tot he application of the dyes have been reviewed. These problems include: 1) alteration of the membrane potential (Em) and factors involved in establishing Em by the dyes themselves, 2) the effects of altered energy metabolism on the fluorescent response of the dyes and on Em, and 3) calibration of dye fluorescence. Recent reports that advocate the use of the fluorescent dyes are misleading.     

Direct-acting mutagenic properties of some hair dyes used in New Zealand

Mutagenicity or carcinogenicity data are not publicly available on many hair dyes or dye components commonly used within New Zealand. Representative mid- to dark-warm brown hair dyes of 12 brands supplying more than 1% of the New Zealand market were tested for direct-acting mutagenicity using the bacterial 'Ames' test. Despite recent scientific advances in the development of non-mutagenic dyes, 23 of the 40 products tested gave positive results in one or both of the tester strains used. There appeared to be differences between distributors in the proportion of their hair dyes which were mutagenic. In the case of 6 out of 10 of the above dyes which had tested positive, in vitro mutagenicity or toxicity was enhanced in the presence of verapamil, suggesting that risks from hair-dye exposure may change in the case of persons using this or similar drugs. It is recognised that there are uncertainties regarding human risks from dyes which are shown to be mutagenic in in vitro tests. However, from the above results, it seems possible to produce non-mutagenic hair dyes in this color range; and in the interests of public reassurance, it may be prudent to require that such dyes be used.     

Biodecolorization of azo,anthraquinonic and triphenylmethane dyes by white-rot fungi and a laccase-secreting engineered strain

One laccase-secreting engineered strain and four white-rot fungi were tested for their capacity to decolorize nine dyes that could be classified as azo, anthraquinonic and triphenylmethane dyes. Trametes versicolor was the most efficient of the tested strains under these experimental conditions. Anthraquinonic dyes were decolorized more easily than the other two types. Small structural differences among the dyes could significantly affect decolorization. None of the strains showed lignin peroxidase or veratryl alcohol oxidase activity. None of the dyes were decolorized completely by laccase alone. It is likely that other phenoloxidases, such as Mn-dependent and versatile peroxidase, were also involved in decolorization of the dyes.     

Coupling of redox indicator dyes into an enzymatic reaction cycle

The spectral properties of ten redox indicator dyes were evaluated with the aim of finding the optimal choice for coupling to enzymatic reactions with high sensitivity for the production of the reduced form. Eight of the dyes were selected for coupling into a reaction cycle formed by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase with substrates ethanol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and diaphorase with substrates reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, produced by the prior reaction) and the oxidized form of the respective dye. Two of the dyes exhibited decreased absorption on reduction, whereas all (eight) tetrazolium dyes increased in their absorption substantially upon reduction. Bis-tetrazolium dyes had a significantly higher molar extinction coefficient (up to 23,000 M-1.cm-1) than mono-tetrazolium dyes (down to 8000 M-1.cm-1). Kinetically, most dyes could be reduced with NADH (and diaphorase), but the rate of reduction varied considerably among the dyes with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and tetranitroblue tetrazolium (TNBT) being the fastest. Therefore, NBT and TNBT seem to be the most suitable for fast response.     

Decolorisation of artificial dyes by peroxidase from the white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus

The Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) decolorising peroxidase of Pleurotus ostreatus decolorised several recalcitrant dyes. Eight different types of dyes, including triphenyl methane, heterocyclic, azo, and polymeric dyes, were decolorised to some extent. The best decolorisation was obtained for Bromophenol blue (98%). The enzyme oxidised triphenyl methane and azo dyes effectively. However, heterocyclic dyes, Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue O were decolorised only by 10%. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Partially purified bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidase catalyzed decolorization of textile and other industrially important dyes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic action of partially purified bitter gourd peroxidase for the degradation/decolorization of complex aromatic structures. Twenty-one dyes, with a wide spectrum of chemical groups, currently being used by the textile and other important industries have been selected for the study. Here, for the first time we have shown peroxidases from Momordica charantia (300 EU/gm of vegetable) to be highly effective in decolorizing industrially important dyes. Dye solutions, containing 50-200 mg dye/l, were used for the treatment with bitter gourd peroxidase (specific activity of 99.0 EU/mg protein). M. charantia peroxidases were able to decolorize most of the textile dyes by forming insoluble precipitate. When the textile dyes were treated with increasing concentration of enzyme, it was observed that greater fraction of the color was removed but four out of eight reactive dyes were recalcitrant to decolorization by bitter gourd peroxidase. Step-wise addition of enzyme to the decolorizing reaction mixture at the interval of 1h further enhanced the dye decolorization. The rate of decolorization was enhanced when the dyes were incubated with fixed quantity of enzyme for increasing times. Decolorization of non-textile dyes resulted in the degradation and removal of dyes from the solution without any precipitate formation. Decolorization rate was drastically increased when the textile and other industrially important non-textile dyes were treated with bitter gourd peroxidase in presence of 1.0 mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Complex mixtures of dyes were prepared by taking three to four reactive textile and non-textile dyes in equal proportions. Each mixture was decolorized by more than 80% when treated with the enzyme in presence of 1.0 mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Our data suggest that the peroxidase/mediator system is an effective biocatalyst for the treatment of effluents containing recalcitrant dyes from textile, dye manufacturing, dyeing and printing industries.     

Topo-optical reactions on the membrane of the human red cell ghost (author's transl)]

Previous studies have proved that the thiazin dyes toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, 1.9-dimethyl methylene blue and the quinolin dyes N,N'-diethylpseudoisocyanine chloride, N,N'-6,6'-dichlorpseudoisocyanine chloride are suitable for topo-optical reaction on the membrane of the red blood cells. In the present study the applicability of the thiazin and quinolin dyes on the membrane of the human red cell ghost was examined. Optical analysis revealed that the thiazin dyes are bound in radial position to the membrane, while the quinolin dyes are bound parallel to the membrane's plane.     

pH-dependent fluorescence of uncharged benzothiazole-based dyes binding to DNA.

Uncharged benzothiazole-based dyes were synthesized, and their fluorescence properties were examined. These fluorescent dyes showed an intense fluorescence in aqueous solution in the presence of DNA. In addition, the fluorescence intensities were pH dependent, while those of the positively charged dyes were nearly independent of pH. The pH-dependent photophysical behavior suggests that interaction of protonated dyes with DNA results in high intensities of fluorescent emission.     

The Mechanism of the Gram Reaction I. The Specificity of the Primary Dye

Dyes of all major types were tested for their suitability as the primary dye in the Gram stain. When a counterstain was not used, some dyes of all types were found to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. When a counterstain was used, these dyes were found to vary greatly in their suitability. Those dyes found to be good substitutes for crystal violet were: Brilliant green, malachite green, basic fuchsin, ethyl violet, Hoffmann's violet, methyl violet B, and Victoria blue R. All are basic triphenylmethane dyes. Acid dyes were generally not suitable. Differences in the reaction of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells to Gram staining without the use of iodine were observed and discussed but a practical differentiation could not be achieved in this manner. Certain broad aspects of the chemical mechanism of dyes in the gram stain are discussed.     

Decolorization of sulfonphthalein dyes by manganese peroxidase activity of the white-rot fungus<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</Emphasis>

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was produced by shallow stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium growing on N-limited medium. Decolorization of sulfonphthalein (SP) dyes by MnP was investigated. The MnP activity profile and decolorization of SP dyes was correlated and almost all dyes were decolorized at pH 4.0. The influence of various inhibitors on Bromocresol Purple decolorization suggested an oxidative nature of the MnP-catalyzed decolorization of SP dyes.     

The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes

16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538. All of the dyes contain an alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages. Increasing the size of this alkoxy substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in certain instances while no change was noted in other cases. Comparison of the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay.