A型γ氨基丁酸受体结构及其有关药物

A型γ氨基丁酸(GABAA)受体是中枢神经系统内最重要的抑制性神经递质GABA的受体,是配体门控离子通道超家族成员之一。本文对国内外有关GABAA受体的结构与功能的关系以及与其相互作用的有关药物进行了讨论。     

Tetrabenazine as anti-chorea therapy in Huntington Disease: an open-label continuation study. Huntington Study Group/TETRA-HD Investigators

Background  

Tetrabenazine (TBZ) selectively depletes central monoamines by reversibly binding to the type-2 vesicular monoamine transporter. A previous double blind study in Huntington disease (HD) demonstrated that TBZ effectively suppressed chorea, with a favorable short-term safety profile (Neurology 2006;66:366-372). The objective of this study was to assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of TBZ for chorea in HD.     

动物毒素及相关药物研究进展

动物毒素是指有毒动物毒器分泌的毒液中,结构和功能丰富多样的蛋白质和多肽,其具有高活力、高结构多样性、高专一性等特点, 是药物开发的重要资源。综述了动物毒素药物的特点以及进入临床药物和候选药物分子的研究进展,同时分析了我国动物毒素类药物研发 中需要重视的问题。     

Sigma-1 受体的药理学作用及相关药物研究进展

常见的神经系统疾病如药物成瘾及其导致的神经毒性、神经精神疾病、神经退行性疾病等,严重影响人类健康与正常生活。而临 床上现有的相关治疗药物往往会导致锥体外系反应等副作用,且用药后治疗不够彻底,疾病易复发,因此,开发新靶点及新型有效、安 全的相关治疗药物,迫在眉睫。Sigma-1 受体是一种受体型分子伴侣,参与多种神经传导系统的调节,可与多种精神类药物结合,有望 成为神经系统调节药物的重要靶点。研究发现,有些小分子配体对 Sigma-1 受体具有良好的亲和力,在药物成瘾、精神分裂症、抑郁症、 阿尔茨海默病等疾病中显示出较好疗效。对 Sigma-1 受体的药理学作用以及相关小分子配体药物的研发作一综述。     

抗多药耐药靶点及相关药物的研究进展

抗多药耐药是指在疾病的治疗过程中,细胞对多种药物产生广泛的耐受,导致治疗效果不理想的现象。多药耐药多发于感染与肿瘤疾病的治疗中,已成为治愈这2 类疾病的主要障碍。从转运蛋白和离子通道、酶以及核糖体这3 个方面综述抗多药耐药靶点的机制及相关药物的研究进展,旨在为抗多药耐药药物的研发提供参考。     

Abstracts from the 2018 Respiratory Effectiveness Group Summit

Background

Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of COPD. The epigenome, and more specifically DNA methylation, is recognized as important link between these factors. We postulate that DNA methylation is one of the routes by which cigarette smoke influences the development of COPD. In this study, we aim to identify CpG-sites that are associated with cigarette smoke exposure and lung function levels in whole blood and validate these CpG-sites in lung tissue.

Methods

The association between pack years and DNA methylation was studied genome-wide in 658 current smokers with >5 pack years using robust linear regression analysis. Using mediation analysis, we subsequently selected the CpG-sites that were also associated with lung function levels. Significant CpG-sites were validated in lung tissue with pyrosequencing and expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analysis was performed to investigate the association between DNA methylation and gene expression.

Results

15 CpG-sites were significantly associated with pack years and 10 of these were additionally associated with lung function levels. We validated 5 CpG-sites in lung tissue and found several associations between DNA methylation and gene expression.

Conclusion

This study is the first to validate a panel of CpG-sites that are associated with cigarette smoking and lung function levels in whole blood in the tissue of interest: lung tissue.

     

仿制药一致性评价中有关物质研究的思考

有关物质是药品的关键质量属性之一,也是仿制药一致性评价的重要内容,其涉及药品的安全性及其质量的可控性。文章梳理了 仿制药有关物质的来源及研究重点,评估仿制药有关物质的文献分析方法,总结归纳仿制药与被仿制药实际样品的杂质谱分析比较及其 意义,探讨杂质限度的确定原则与方法。     

一氧化氮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的调节作用 及相关治疗药物研究进展

一氧化氮 ( NO ) 是体内调节心血管系统功能的重要信号分子,在血管收舒、血小板活性调节、细胞增殖凋亡、氧化应激及炎症反 应等过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用。在心肌缺血再灌注过程中,随着一氧化氮合成酶表达和 NO 底物水平的动态变化,NO 生成的时间和 产量均会发生变化,导致其作用具有两面性。综述 NO 的产生与作用、在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用和影响因素以及相关治疗药物及作 用机制的研究进展,为心肌缺血再灌注损伤的有效治疗和进一步研究提供参考     

疾病诊断相关组概述及其在我国的适用性分析

疾病诊断相关组是世界性范围内在医疗管理领域和支付方式领域广泛应用的一种病例组合系统。综述疾病诊断相关组的发展过程、概念内涵、分组逻辑和优势,通过采用文献研究的方法,介绍疾病诊断相关组在我国的研究进展,通过更加深入的研究与积极的实践,扬长避短,疾病诊断相关组对于推进我国卫生事业的改革与发展将大有裨益。     

基于高密度脂蛋白代谢与重塑的抗动脉粥样硬化研究及相关药物

动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）是一种主要因血脂代谢紊乱引发的慢性炎症性血管疾病,以血管内膜下巨噬细胞和血管平滑肌细胞过度蓄脂泡沫化为主要病理特征。高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein,HDL）通过胆固醇逆向转运（reverse cholesterol transport,RCT）将外周细胞中的胆固醇运输到肝脏然后经胆汁排出体外,从而改善血脂水平和细胞的过度蓄脂,被认为是HDL抗AS的基础。然而,大量流行病学证据表明,虽然血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平与心血管风险呈负相关,但仅仅提高HDL-C水平的治疗策略不一定能增加临床效益。因此,学术界认识到HDL水平不足以反映其RCT能力,而更多取决于HDL功能。本文综述了参与调节HDL功能的各种分子对HDL代谢与重塑过程的影响,以及针对上述过程的相关药物研究进展,为更全面评价HDL的抗AS作用提供理论参考。     

George Huntington and George Sumner Huntington. A tale of two doctors

Biographical data on George Huntington, the 'discoverer' of Huntington's Chorea and George Sumner Huntington--a well-known American anatomist of the late 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century--have been confused repeatedly. This paper elucidates their mutual relationship and corrects biographical inaccuracies concerning George Huntington and George Sumner Huntington.     

Development of the New Group of Indole-Derived Neuroprotective Drugs Affecting Oxidative Stress

Summary 1. The role of oxidative stress, and accordingly uncontrolled reactive oxygen species generation/action, have been widely documented in a number of different neuronal pathologies. However, the concept of pharmacological interventions in prevention and therapy of oxidative stress-related diseases has not found adequate application in clinical practice. This may be due to the insufficient efficacy of drugs available, their unsuitable pharmacokinetics, side effects, toxicity, etc.2. Based on stobadine, (−)-cis-2,8-dimethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, a well-known antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and neuroprotectant, it was attempted to develop new stobadine derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic and toxicity profiles, on applying molecular design, synthesis and adequate tests. Stobadine molecule was modified mostly by electron donating substitution on the benzene ring and by alkoxycarbonyl substitution at N-2 position. A total of >70 derivatives were prepared.3. In a mice model of head trauma, some of the new stobadine derivatives administered i.v. immediately after the trauma, significantly improved sensomotoric outcome in the animals assessed 1 h later. Accordingly, decrease in brain edema was proved histologically as well as by brain wet weight assessment.4. Putative neuroprotective action of the compounds was confirmed on rat hippocampal slices exposed to reversible 6 min hypoxia/low glucose by analysis of synaptic transmission in CA1 region neurons. Irreversible impairment of neurotransmission resulting from the hypoxia was significantly reduced by the presence of SMe1EC2, one of the new compounds, in concentration range 0.03−10.0×10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹. Both the neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of the compound closely resembled those of stobadine, melatonin, 21-aminosteroids, alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone and others, all well-established antioxidants, except the range of effective concentrations was by 1–2 orders lower in SMe1EC2.5. A remarkable antioxidant efficacy was observed in the new compounds in rat brain homogenates exposed to iron/ascorbate system by protection of lipids and creatine kinase against the oxidative impairment. A link between the neuroprotective and antioxidant/ scavenger properties in the compounds can be assumed.6. Acute toxicity of some of the new pyridoindoles was diminished compared to stobadine. That might be due to the virtually full elimination of stobadine's undesired alpha ₁-adrenolytic activity attained by appropriate modifications of its molecule.7. The new pyridoindoles extend the range of available neuroprotectants interfering with oxidative stress in neuronal tissue.     

Congenital Anomalies in Children Exposed to Antithyroid Drugs In-Utero: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

BackgroundHyperthyroidism affects about 0.2%-2.7% of all pregnancies, and is commonly managed with antithyroid drugs (ATDs). However, previous studies about the effects of ATDs on congenital anomalies are controversial. Therefore, the present meta-analysis was performed to explore the risk of congenital anomalies in children exposed to ATDs in-utero.MethodsEmbase, Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and BIOSIS Citation Index were searched to find out studies about congenital anomalies in children exposed to ATDs in-utero reported up to May 2014. The references cited by the retrieved articles were also searched. The relative risks (RRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for the individual studies were pooled by fixed effects models, and heterogeneity was analyzed by chi-square and I² tests.ResultsEight studies met the inclusion criteria. Exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole/carbimazole (MMI/CMZ), and PTU & MMI/CMZ was investigated in 7, 7 and 2 studies, respectively. The pooled RR was 1.20 (95%CI: 1.02-1.42), 1.64 (95%CI: 1.39-1.92), and 1.83 (95%CI: 1.30-2.56) for congenital anomalies after exposure to PTU, MMI/CMZ, and PTU & MMI/CMZ, respectively.ConclusionsThe meta-analysis suggests that exposure to ATDs in-utero increases the risk of congenital anomalies. The use of ATDs in pregnancy should be limited when possible. Further research is needed to delineate the exact teratogenic risk for particular congenital anomaly.