Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infection after Total Hip Arthroplasty and Total Knee Arthroplasty in Chinese Patients

Purpose

The purpose of this hospital-based case–control study was to evaluate the risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Chinese patients.

Method

From January 2000 to December 2012, 45 patients undergoing THA and TKA who developed PJI were recruited for case subjects; controls were 252 without PJI, matched by year of index for surgery and type of surgery. Conditional logistic regressions were run to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Demographic factors and comorbid conditions associated with an increased adjusted risk of PJI (in decreasing order of significance) were diabetes (OR = 5.47, 95% CI: 1.77–16.97; p = 0.003), age (65–75 vs. 45–65 years) (OR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.30–8.69; p = 0.013), BMI (≥28 vs. 18.5–28 kg/m²) (OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.20–6.40; p = 0.017), place of residence (rural) (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.13–6.10; p = 0.025) and alcohol abuse (OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.06–8.23; p = 0.039).

Conclusion

Patients with diabetes, older age, BMI of ≥28 kg/m² and alcohol abuse or living in rural areas, had increased PJI risk. Additional systematic large-scale studies are needed to verify these results.     

Post-Operative Auto-Transfusion in Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Total hip or knee arthroplasty is an elective procedure that is usually accompanied by substantial blood loss, which may lead to acute anemia. As a result, almost half of total joint arthroplasty patients receive allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT). Many studies have shown that post-operative auto-transfusion (PAT) significantly reduces the need for ABT, but other studies have questioned the efficacy of this method.

Methods

The protocol for this trial and supporting CONSORT checklist are available as supporting information; see Checklist S1. To evaluate the efficacy of PAT, we conducted a Cochrane systematic review that combined all available data from randomized controlled trials. Data from the six included trials were pooled for analysis. We then calculated relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences with 95% CIs for continuous outcomes.

Findings and Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to compare the clinical results between PAT and a control in joint replacement patients. This meta-analysis has proven that the use of a PAT reinfusion system reduced significantly the demand for ABT, the number of patients who require ABT and the cost of hospitalization after total knee and hip arthroplasty. This study, together with other previously published data, suggests that PAT drains are beneficial. Larger, sufficiently powered studies are necessary to evaluate the presumed reduction in the incidence of infection as well as DVT after joint arthroplasty with the use of PAT.     

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antibiotic-Impregnated Bone Cement Use in Primary Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty

Background

Antibiotic-impregnated bone cement (AIBC) has been widely used for the treatment of infected revision arthroplasty, but its routine use in primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) remains considerably controversial. With this meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials, we intended to assess the antimicrobial efficacy and safety of AIBC for its prophylactic use in primary TJA.

Methods

A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, CBMdisc and the Cochrane Library until June, 2013. The studies were divided into two sub-groups according to the type of the control group. Outcomes of interest included postoperative infection rates, radiographic outcomes and clinical joint score. Study quality was evaluated using the Jadad scale (five points).

Results

In total, eight studies were included, with a sample size of 6,381 arthroplasties. The overall pooled data demonstrated that, compared with the control (plain cement or systemic antibiotic), AIBC did not reveal an advantage in decreasing the rate of superficial infection (relative risk [RR] = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13–1.91; P=0.004), while there were significant differences in deep infection rate between the AIBC and control group (RR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17–0.97; P=0.04). For the analysis of gentamicin and cefuroxime subgroups, the gentamicin was superior to the cefuroxime in reducing deep infection rate (P=0.0005 versus P= 0.10). However, no significant differences were found in their radiographic outcomes and clinical joint score.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis had proven that the prophylactic use of AIBC could lower the deep infection rate in primary TJA, while AIBC did not show an improvement in reducing the superficial infection rate compared with the control. More sufficiently powered studies would be required to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of AIBC for primary TJA.     

全膝关节置换术对膝关节骨关节炎患者关节功能的影响

目的:探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)对膝关节骨关节炎患者术后关节功能的影响。方法:回顾性分析2013年8月-2015年8月我院收治的76例膝关节骨关节炎患者的临床资料,所有患者均采用全膝关节置换术治疗。观察并比较患者手术前后膝关节HSS评分、膝关节疼痛目测类比评分(VAS)、膝关节屈曲活动度(ROM)的变化情况。结果:患者术后膝关节HSS评分、膝关节疼痛评分VAS及ROM均明显高于术前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);术前HSS评分、膝关节疼痛VAS评分、膝关节ROM、胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)以及股骨前髁偏距(ACO)与术后膝关节HSS评分呈正相关关系,而内翻畸形角度与术后膝关节HSS评分呈负相关关系,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:全髋关节置换术能够改善骨关节炎患者的膝关节功能,并且术前膝关节HSS评分、膝关节疼痛VAS评分及PSA与术后患者髋关节功能恢复程度有关。     

Bisphosphonate Use and Risk of Implant Revision after Total Hip/Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

ObjectiveSeveral studies investigated the association between bisphosphonate use and the risk of implant revision after total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA or TKA); However, the findings were inconsistent. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the overall relative risk of such an event.MethodsWe searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases to identify relevant publications on April 22, 2015. To calculate the pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidential intervals (CIs), a fixed- or random-effects model was applied based on the heterogeneity across studies.ResultsThree cohort studies and one case-control study were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with the bisphosphonate nonusers, the patients who used bisphosphonates for a long period of time had a significantly decreased risk of implant revision after THA/TKA (summary adjusted RR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.38–0.61), and the summary adjusted RRs for the users who underwent THA and those who underwent TKA were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.36–0.61) and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.21–0.95), respectively.ConclusionsLong-term use of bisphosphonates is correlated with a significantly decreased risk of implant revision after THA/TKA. However, due to limited number of the included studies, the findings of the present study should be treated with caution. More well-designed studies are required to further confirm our findings.     

经股内侧肌入路降低全膝关节置换术术后不良反应及促进膝关节功能康复

为评估髌骨旁内侧入路和经股内侧肌入路两种手术技术在全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)中的早期功能结果,本研究选取50例2013年3月至2017年3月期间在我院行全膝关节置换数的患者作为研究对象,随机分为两组。一组患者通过髌骨旁内侧入路进行TKA手术,另外一组患者通过经股内侧肌入路方法进行TKA手术。所有患者均只进行一次手术,两组均使用相同类型的植入物。使用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale, VAS)记录疼痛评分,并在术后3周和6周时获得随访数据,包括股四头肌强度和本体感受。结果表明,TKA术后,经股内侧肌入路组患者在休息和运动时表现出明显较低的疼痛(VAS:平均2.13±1.87与2.84±1.76)和(VAS:平均3.11±2.16与3.21±2.02)。此外,经股内侧肌入路组患者在3周((41.2±17.8) Nm vs (27.3±14.1) Nm)和6周((47.4±19.5) Nm vs (35.6±16.2) Nm)显示出优异的等长股四头肌强度。另外,经股内侧肌入路组患者术后本体感觉良好,而两组患者的运动范围相似。研究初步表明,在早期康复期间,经股内侧肌入路方法比髌骨旁内侧入路更有优势。没有观察到与此方法相关的不良影响。因此,经股内侧肌入路应被认为是TKA中有价值的替代方法。     

人工全膝关节置换术后假体周围感染的季节性分析

目的:探讨患者在不同季节进行人工全膝关节置换术,术后发生假体周围感染(PJI)的构成比差异,为积极预防人工全膝关节置换术后假体周围感染的发生提供理论依据。方法:对第四军医大学西京医院2005年12月到2014年12月间行人工全膝关节置换术并发生假体周围感染(PJI)的17例患者进行回顾性分析,分析患者术后假体周围感染发病率和季节的相关性。结果:人工全膝关节置换术患者假体周围感染发生率夏季(0.98%),明显高于冬季(0.30%),春季(0.25%),秋季(0.19%),夏季与秋季组之间、夏季与春季组之间差异存在统计学意义(P0.05)。患者翻修术后末次随访结果示夏季组PJI患者HSS评分低于其他三组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05),夏季组感染患者的WOMAC评分高于其他三组,差异具有统计学差异(P0.05)。HSS评分及WOMAC评分结果表明,夏季组PJI患者预后及满意度均低于其他三组(P0.05)。结论:人工全膝关节置换术后假体周围感染发生率呈现周期性规律,且夏季感染发生率明显高于其他季节,这种差异可能与自身免疫及周围环境的的周期性变化有关。     

Preoperative Physical Activity Level Has No Relationship to the Degree of Recovery One Year after Primary Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Cohort Study

Background

When it comes to prevalidation, it is assumed that a higher preoperative level of physical activity leads to better postoperative recovery. However current literature is inconclusive about the effect of prevalidation on functional recovery of patients with primary osteoarthritis (OA) who underwent a THA or TKA. Therefore the aim of this study is to analyse one of the major assumptions underlying the potential effectiveness of prevalidation namely the relationship between preoperative physical activity level and postoperative recovery one year after THA or TKA in a group of 658 OA patients.

Methods and Results

From 2006 to 2012, 1061 patients underwent a primary THA or TKA at University Medical Center Groningen. Preoperative and one-year postoperative patients filled in the SQUASH questionnaire to get an impression of their physical activity level, and the WOMAC questionnaire to obtain insight into degree of recovery. Missing data were multiply imputed. No relationship was found between the preoperative total (B-coefficient = 0.03, CI95% = −0.033–0.093) and leisure-time physical activity level (B-coefficient = 0.042, CI95% = −0.009–0.093) neither for preoperative compliance with the Dutch Recommendation for Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (B-coefficient = 0.002, CI95% = −0.053–0.057), and the degree of recovery one year after surgery.

Conclusion

The preoperative physical activity level had no relation with the degree of recovery one year after THA or TKA. The results do not support one of the major assumptions behind prevalidation, which assumes that a higher preoperative physical activity level will lead to a better recovery after THA or TKA.     

Post-Operative Hypertension after Total Knee Arthroplasty and the Effects on Transfusion Rates

Transfusions are a cause of significant patient morbidity as well as expense. Anesthesia literature has examined controlled intraoperative hypotension as a means for reducing blood loss and transfusions. Our hypothesis is that inversely increased blood pressure post-operatively would then lead to increased blood loss and transfusions.We examined 105 consecutive patients who underwent TKA. We found a significant odds ratio of 1.123 for pre-operative hematocrit. For post-operative blood pressure, we calculated an insignificant odds ratio of 1.007, proving no relationship between post-operative blood pressure and transfusions.This is the first study to examine increased post-operative blood pressure''s contribution to transfusion rates. Although we confirmed that low pre-operative hematocrit contributes to increased transfusions, we did not find a relationship between post-operative blood pressure and transfusions.     

Diabetes: A Risk Factor for Poor Functional Outcome after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background

To assess the association of diabetes with postoperative limitation of activities of daily living (ADLs) after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methodology/Principal Findings

We used the prospectively collected data from the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry to assess the association of diabetes and diabetes with complications with moderate-severe ADL limitation 2- and 5-years after primary TKA. Multivariable logistic regression with general estimating equations adjusted for preoperative ADL limitation, comorbidity and demographic and clinical covariates. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented. 7,139 primary TKAs at 2-years and 4,234 at 5-years constituted the cohorts. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, diabetes was associated with higher odds of moderate-severe limitation at 2- and 5-years, 1.71 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.32; P = 0.001) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.46; P = 0.01). Respective ORs for patients with diabetes with complications were 2.73 (95% CI: 1.47, 5.07; P = 0.001) and 2.73 (95% CI: 1.21, 6.15; P = 0.016). Sensitivity analyses that adjusted for anxiety and depression or anxiety, depression and ipsilateral hip involvement showed minimal attenuation of magnitude of the association.

Conclusions/Significance

In this large study of patients who underwent primary TKA, diabetes as well as its severity were independently associated with poorer functional outcome. Given the increasing rates of both diabetes as well as arthroplasty, more insight is needed into disease-related and treatment-related factors that underlie this higher risk of ADL limitation in patients with diabetes. Poor functional outcomes may be preventable by modifying the control of diabetes and associated comorbidity in pre- and post-arthroplasty periods.     

多模式镇痛在全膝关节置换术中的疗效评价

目的:探讨联合关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛对全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)患者功能恢复的疗效。方法:60例拟行单侧TKA的患者完全随机分为实验组(28例)和对照组(28例)。所有患者术前48 h开始服用塞来昔布(西乐葆)200 mg/次,每天2次。实验组患者术中膝关节周围注射镇痛药物,术后给予持续静脉镇痛(continuous intravenousanalgesia,CIA)。对照组患者没有运用关节周围注射药物,仅给予术后CIA。记录术后CIA用量、各时间点静止视觉模拟疼痛评分(rest visual analogue score,RVAS)、被动活动视觉模拟疼痛评分(passive visual analogue score,PVAS)和膝关节活动度(range of mo-tion,ROM),同时观察药物的毒副作用。结果:(1)实验组术后24、48 h内PCA的用量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)实验组术后4、8、12、24、48 h的RVAS和24、48 h的PVAS均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);术后72 h两组间RVAS和PVAS的差异均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(3)实验组术后第1、2、3 d的ROM均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),术后第l、2 w两组ROM之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实验组术后主动屈膝到90?所需的天数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。(4)实验组中恶心、呕吐和追加药物的发生率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),未发现伤口感染、延期愈合及组织坏死等并发症。结论:联合使用关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛方案,可以有效的缓解TKA患者术后早期的疼痛,促进患者膝关节的功能恢复,减少了单一用药所产生的不良反应。该方案安全有效、操作简单,是一种值得推广的TKA术后镇痛方法。     

多模式镇痛在全膝关节置换术中的疗效评价

目的：探讨联合关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛对全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）患者功能恢复的疗效。方法：60例拟行单侧TKA的患者完全随机分为实验组（28例）和对照组（28例）。所有患者术前48 h开始服用塞来昔布（西乐葆）200 mg/次,每天2次。实验组患者术中膝关节周围注射镇痛药物,术后给予持续静脉镇痛（continuous intravenousanalgesia,CIA）。对照组患者没有运用关节周围注射药物,仅给予术后CIA。记录术后CIA用量、各时间点静止视觉模拟疼痛评分（rest visual analogue score,RVAS）、被动活动视觉模拟疼痛评分（passive visual analogue score,PVAS）和膝关节活动度（range of mo-tion,ROM）,同时观察药物的毒副作用。结果：（1）实验组术后24、48 h内PCA的用量均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。（2）实验组术后4、8、12、24、48 h的RVAS和24、48 h的PVAS均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;术后72 h两组间RVAS和PVAS的差异均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。（3）实验组术后第1、2、3 d的ROM均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,术后第l、2 w两组ROM之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;实验组术后主动屈膝到90？所需的天数显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。（4）实验组中恶心、呕吐和追加药物的发生率均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,未发现伤口感染、延期愈合及组织坏死等并发症。结论：联合使用关节周围注射镇痛药物和持续静脉镇痛的多模式镇痛方案,可以有效的缓解TKA患者术后早期的疼痛,促进患者膝关节的功能恢复,减少了单一用药所产生的不良反应。该方案安全有效、操作简单,是一种值得推广的TKA术后镇痛方法。     

Evaluation of the Wii Balance Board for Walking Aids Prediction: Proof-of-Concept Study in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background and Objectives

To provide proof-of-concept for the validity of the Wii Balance Board (WBB) measures to predict the type of walking aids required by inpatients with a recent (≤4days) total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

A cross-sectional sample of 89 inpatients (mean age, 67.0±8years) with TKA was analyzed. A multivariable proportional odds prediction model was constructed using 8 pre-specified predictors – namely, age, sex, body mass index, knee pain, knee range-of-motion, active knee lag, and WBB-derived standing balance. The type of walking aids prescribed on day 4 post-surgery was the outcome of interest – an ordinal variable with 4 categories (walking stick, narrow- and broad-base quadstick, and walking frame).

Results

Women, increasing body mass index, and poorer standing balance were independently associated with greater odds for requiring walking aids with a larger base-of-support. The concordance-index of the prediction model was 0.74. The model comprising only WBB-derived standing balance had nearly half (44%) the explanatory power of the full model. Adding WBB-derived standing balance to conventional demographic and knee variables resulted in a continuous net reclassification index of 0.60 (95%CI,0.19-1.01), predominantly due to better identification of patients who required walking aids with a large base-of-support (sensitivity gain).

Conclusions

The WBB was able to provide quantitative measures of standing balance which could assist healthcare professionals in prescribing the appropriate type of walking aids for patients. Further investigation is needed to assess whether using the WBB could lead to meaningful changes in clinical outcomes such as falls.     

金属对金属全髋关节置换术后体内金属离子对机体的影响

金属对金属全髋假体由于其具有良好的活动度因而被广泛应用全髋关节置换,但是由于金属对金属全髋假体置换术后可以产生大量的钴铬金属离子而使机体内血液尿液中金属离子水平升高,而金属离子水平升高后可能会对机体产生不利影响,本文就金属对金属全髋假体置换术后对机体的影响作一综述。     

术前血浆D二聚体水平对全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预测

目的：探讨术前三天血浆D-二聚体水平是否与人工全膝关节置换术（TKA）术后病人下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的发生相关。方法：89名拟行TKA的病人在术前三天时行血浆D二聚体检测。在术后并未接受预防性抗凝措施。在术后6—10天左右予以双下肢血管彩超,如果在术后更早期出现临床症状,则立即予以双下肢血管彩超检查。结果：89名行TKA手术病人均在术前行血浆D二聚体检测。术后在46名（52％）的病人的血管彩超中发现DVT。以500ng／ml为临界值,D二聚体对DVT发生预测的敏感性,特异性,阳性和阴性值分别为59％,47％,56％,和51％。结论：此研究结果表明术前血浆D二聚体无法对TKA术后DVT进行预测。     

术前血浆D二聚体水平对全膝关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的预测

目的:探讨术前三天血浆D-二聚体水平是否与人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后病人下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的发生相关。方法:89名拟行TKA的病人在术前三天时行血浆D二聚体检测。在术后并未接受预防性抗凝措施。在术后6-10天左右予以双下肢血管彩超,如果在术后更早期出现临床症状,则立即予以双下肢血管彩超检查。结果:89名行TKA手术病人均在术前行血浆D二聚体检测。术后在46名(52%)的病人的血管彩超中发现DVT。以500ng/ml为临界值,D二聚体对DVT发生预测的敏感性,特异性,阳性和阴性值分别为59%,47%,56%,和51%。结论:此研究结果表明术前血浆D二聚体无法对TKA术后DVT进行预测。     

新辅助化疗联合人工膝关节置换治疗膝关节附近骨肉瘤

目的:评价新辅助化疗联合人工膝关节置换治疗膝关节附近骨肉瘤的临床疗效。方法:38例膝关节附近骨肉瘤采用新辅助化疗和人工膝关节置换,所有病例均进行肿瘤细胞坏死率、5年内肿瘤局部复发率、5年生存率和膝关节功能评估。结果:38例患者新辅助化疗后肿瘤细胞坏死率平均95.8%;随访6-9年,38例患者中5年内肿瘤局部复发12例(31.6%),5年后生存31例(81.6%),膝关节功能优良率92.1%。结论:新辅助化疗联合人工膝关节置换治疗膝关节附近骨肉瘤可有效提高骨肉瘤5年生存率,保存患肢功能,是骨肉瘤保肢治疗的一种较好的方法。     

Smoking and Risk of Prosthesis-Related Complications after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Objective

Increasing evidence suggests that smoking may increase the incidence of prosthesis-related complications after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We performed a meta-analysis of cohort studies to quantitatively evaluate the association between smoking and the risk of prosthesis-related complications after THA.

Methods

Relevant articles published before August 15, 2014, were identified by searching the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with either a fixed- or random-effects model.

Results

Six cohort studies, involving a total of 8181 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the patients who never smoked, smokers had a significantly increased risk of aseptic loosening of prosthesis (summary RR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.42-6.58), deep infection (summary RR=3.71, 95% CI: 1.86-7.41) and all-cause revisions (summary RR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.27-5.22). However, no significant difference in the risk of implant dislocation (summary RR= 1.27, 95% CI: 0.77-2.10) or length of hospital stay (WMD=0.03, 95% CI: -0.65-0.72) was found between smokers and nonsmokers.

Conclusions

Smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of aseptic loosening of prosthesis, deep infection and all-cause revisions after THA, but smoking is not correlated with a risk of implant dislocation or the length of hospital stay after surgery.     

骨保留型短柄假体行全髋关节置换手术早期疗效观察

目的:探讨骨保留型股骨短柄假体行全髋关节置换手术的近期疗效及临床体会。方法:自2013年1月~2015年3月,首次接受人工全髋关节置换术共30例患者(38髋),年龄38~70岁,均采用后外侧入路。通过比较术前、术后髋关节Harris评分、骨性关节炎指数可视化量表(WOMAC),评价手术疗效。结果:术后所有患者均获得随访,最少6月,最长33月,平均19.5月。术后髋关节疼痛均明显好转,随访期内无严重并发症发生。髋关节Harris评分:术前45.3±4.3,术后末次随访94.1±5.4。术后末次随访Harris评分较术前改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术后3~4个月所有患者可以全负重行走。1例术中股骨近端骨折,术后愈合良好,未留后遗症。所有病例未发现假体松动或感染。结论:骨保留型股骨短柄假体行全髋关节置换手术近期临床效果满意,无严重并发症。新型短柄假体设计符合人体解剖特征,骨量保留多,术后疗效好,为髋关节置换提供了一种新的选择。