国产画眉草亚族叶表皮微形态特征及其在属间关系上的意义

通过国产画眉草亚族叶片表皮的解剖观察,结合外部形态,对该亚族内6个属的属间关系进行了分析。结果表明：羽穗草属应是国产画眉草亚族中最原始的类群,最高级的类群仍数细画眉草属,而其余4属即画眉草属、弯穗草属、尖稃草属和镰稃草属的演化水平居于两者之间;画眉草属和弯穗草属可能直接起源于原始的羽穗草属,而较高级的尖稃草属和镰稃草属又可能直接起源于较原始的画眉草属,并在镰稃草属的基础上进而派生了最进化的细画眉草属。整个研究结果既弥补了前人演化理论的不足,又为今后族进化的全面探讨提供了参考。     

应用叶表皮结构讨论槽稃草属Euthryptochloa Cope(Gramineae)的归属问题

比较研究单种属,槽稃草属Euthryptochloa Cope与显子草属Phaenosperma Munro的叶表皮微形态,并结合外部形态特征说明槽稃草属与显子草属无论在叶表皮微形态或外部形态上都无区别。根据国际植物命名法规的优先律,槽稃草属不能独立成属,应归入显子草属。     

基于2个核糖体DNA序列的国产白酒草属、小舌菊属和歧伞菊属（菊科紫菀族）分子系统学研究

国产白酒草亚族（菊科紫菀族）由白酒草属（Conyza）、小舌菊属（Microglossa）和歧伞菊属（Thespis）3个小属组成,且国产白酒草亚族各属间及其与非洲白酒草属植物之间的分子系统发育关系尚无报道,故本研究利用核糖体DNA ITS和ETS序列并采用最大简约法和贝叶斯分析法,重建了国产白酒草亚族的分子系统发育树。结果表明,国产4种白酒草属植物、歧伞菊和非洲白酒草属植物组成一支,而劲直白酒草的两变种和小舌菊嵌入田基黄亚族分支;小舌菊与Psiadia pascalii近缘。基于这些结果,我们认为：（1）劲直白酒草和Conyza incisa应处理为田基黄亚族的一个独立的属;（2）国产4种白酒草属植物和歧伞菊以及大多数非洲白酒草属植物属于Eschenbachia属,而且Eschenbachia属代表一个新的亚族,歧伞菊可处理为Eschenbachia属的一个组。Eschenbachia属可能从非洲经数次长距离传播到达我国南部;（3）Welwitschiella 和小舌菊属应保持属的地位,Psiadia pascalii、Conyza scabrida和C. pyrrhopappa可并入小舌菊属。     

应用叶表皮结构讨论槽稃草属Euthryptochloa Cope（Gramineae）的归…

比较研究单种属,槽稃草属Ｅｕｔｈｒｙｐｔｏｃｈｌｏａ Ｃｏｐｅ与显子草属Ｐｈａｅｎｏｓｐｅｒｍａ Ｍｕｎｒｏ的叶皮微形态,并结合部形态特征说明槽稃草属与子草属无论在叶表皮微形态或外部形态上都无区别。根据国际植物命名法规的优先律,槽稃草属不能独立成属,应归入显子草属。     

基于2个核糖体DNA序列的国产白酒草属、小舌菊属和歧伞菊属(菊科紫菀族)分子系统学研究(英文)

国产白酒草亚族(菊科紫菀族)由白酒草属(Conyza)、小舌菊属(Microglossa)和歧伞菊属(Thespis)3个小属组成,且国产白酒草亚族各属间及其与非洲白酒草属植物之间的分子系统发育关系尚无报道,故本研究利用核糖体DNA ITS和ETS序列并采用最大简约法和贝叶斯分析法,重建了国产白酒草亚族的分子系统发育树。结果表明,国产4种白酒草属植物、歧伞菊和非洲白酒草属植物组成一支,而劲直白酒草的两变种和小舌菊嵌入田基黄亚族分支;小舌菊与Psiadia pascalii近缘。基于这些结果,我们认为:(1)劲直白酒草和Conyza incisa应处理为田基黄亚族的一个独立的属;(2)国产4种白酒草属植物和歧伞菊以及大多数非洲白酒草属植物属于Eschenbachia属,而且Eschenbachia属代表一个新的亚族,歧伞菊可处理为Eschenbachia属的一个组。Eschenbachia属可能从非洲经数次长距离传播到达我国南部;(3)Welwitschiella和小舌菊属应保持属的地位,Psiadia pascalii、Conyza scabrida和C.pyrrhopappa可并入小舌菊属。     

从叶片表皮细胞结构讨论尾稃草属与臂形草属的分合问题

尾稃草属Urochloa Beauv.与臂形草属Brachiaria Griseb.的外部形态很相似,中外禾本科分类学者对这两属分合问题存在不同看法。为此取该两属的国产11种,67份材料作叶片表皮细胞结构的观察研究,共拍摄显微照片22张。 制片方法:参见南京中山植物园研究论文集,1980年版。 两属11种叶片表皮的微形态特征的共性是硅细胞为哑铃形、节结形或十字形,气孔辅卫细胞为圆屋顶形,显示本两属应隶属于黍亚科Panicoideae,黍族Paniceae,雀稗亚族Paspalinae之下。但其脉间细胞结构可分析归纳如下:     

鹅观草属部分种的叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

在过去叶表皮实验的基础上 ,本文从鹅观草属不同组、系中新增解剖了 1 6个有代表性的种。根据这些种叶片反映的表皮微形态特征 ,进一步证实了鹅观草属共族分属以及属下类群划分的正确性 ,揭示了属中各主要类群的演化水平和系统发育关系。研究结果最后表明 :鹅观草属的半颖组最原始 ,在系统发育中它可能既派生了较进化的小颖组和大颖组 ,又派生了最进化的长颖组 ;在大颖组中 ,齿草系较原始 ,纤毛草系较进化 ,宽叶草系最进化 ,纤毛草系和宽叶草系可能相继起生于齿草系。并且 ,鹅观草属的这种进化关系同过去细胞学和形态学提供的证据是基本一致的。     

鹅观草属部分种的叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

在过去叶表皮实验的基础上,本从鹅观草属不同组、系中新增解剖了１６个有代表性的种。根据这些种叶片反映的表皮微形态特征,进一步证实了鹅观草属共族分属以及属下类群划分的正确性,揭示了属中各主要类群的演化水平和系统发育关系。研究结果最后表明：鹅观草属的半颖组最原始,在系统发育中它可能既派生了较进化的小颖组和大颖组,又派生了最进化的长颖组;在大颖组中,齿草系较原始,纤毛草系较进化,宽叶草系最进化,纤毛草系     

三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng系统位置的研究

叶片表皮、叶片横切面、花粉和淀粉粒的微观特征,对青藏高原的特有类群三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng的系统位置进行了探讨。结果表明,三蕊草S.trigyna Keng在上述微观性状上与毛蕊草Duthiea brachypodia(P.Candargy) Keng et Keng f.差距最小,与冠毛草Stephanachne pappophorea(Hack.)Keng差距次之,与宝兴野青茅Deyeuxia moupinensis(Franch.) Pilger和拂子茅Calamagrostis epigeios(L.) Roth差距最大;三蕊草属的系统位置应处于毛蕊草所隶的燕麦族Aveneae中;在系统演化上,燕麦族是最原始的类群,它可能直接或间接地派生了针茅族Stipeae和剪股颖族Agrostideae。     

我国小麦族的形态演化与分类、分布的研究

本文以演化形态为基础,结合地理分布和生境条件,研究了中国小麦族的分类和属 间的亲缘关系。 小麦族的穗状花序可认为由雀麦族的圆锥花序和短柄草族的总状花序演化而来,演化路 线可归纳为：1．圆锥花序的各级花序柄缩短直接形成圆锥穗状花序,具不定数小穗或假单生小穗,其颖与外稃的中线及小穗轴不在同一面上。2．圆锥花序简化为总状花序后小穗柄再缩短,形成简单穗状花序,具真单生小穗,其颖、稃的中线与小穗轴处于同一面上。 3．聚伞圆锥花序简缩为聚伞穗状花序,具三联小穗,其居中小穗的颖位于外稃的背面,侧小穗的颖位于外稃 的侧面。据此,根据小麦族颖、外稃的形态和其它性状、生境、分布,国产的和引种的小麦族植物可分为13个属(赖草属、披碱草属、鹅观草属、偃麦草属、山羊草属、小麦属、冰草属、旱麦草属、黑麦属、簇毛麦属、新麦草属、大麦属和猬草属),本文主要讨论了它们之间的亲缘关系。     

三角草属和冠毛草属的系统关系与地理分布的初步研究

根据外部形态上小穗的结构特征分析了针茅族中三角草属和冠毛草属的系统发育关系,并结合地理分布和生境条件对两属植物的起源中心进行了探讨。结果表明:三角草属和冠毛草属是针茅族中亲缘关系最近的类群;冠毛草属高级于三角草属;三角草属中的三角草是两属植物中最原始的种型,它可能既派生了属内的假冠毛草,同时又派生了属外绝灭了的黑穗茅祖种,而黑穗茅祖种又在自身属内间接衍生出了冠毛草和单蕊冠毛草;冠毛草属和三角草属皆起源于我国的西藏地区,其中三角草属可能源于西藏西部,冠毛草属可能源于西藏东部。     

A Preliminary Study on the Taxonomy of the Family Magnoliaceae

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors. The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world. The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and distributional patterns as follows: The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. megaphylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7). The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primitive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, anthers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7). The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

A new approach to the phylogeny of the order Boletales (Basidiomycotina)

An analysis employing parsimony and character compatibility methods is carried out for selected species in the various families constituting the order Boletales s.l. The results indicate that Paxillaceae is polyphyletic, actually representing a primitive matrix from which many of the other families have evolved. Gyrodontaceae is also polyphyletic, and its various genera should be included within other families. The analysis does not support that Xerocomaceae and Boletaceae should be regarded as two separate families. It indicates that the genus Suillus should be included within Gomphidiaceae. On the other hand, it strongly contradicts any relationship between Suillus and Chalciporus on one hand, and Strobilomyces on the other. The latter genus must be very isolated from the other genera analysed. The gastroid families Rhizopogonaceae and Chamonixiaceae seem to have derived from progenitors related to Boletaceae and Gyroporus (here regarded within Paxillaceae) respectively. Coniophoraceae is probably derived from precursors related to the more primitive representatives in Paxillaceae.     

根据叶表皮微形态特征试论新麦草属、芒麦草属和三柄麦属间的系统关系

观察了禾本科新麦草属、芒麦草属和三柄麦属主要代表种的叶片表皮形态学特征,总结了三属植物叶表皮结构的异同,探讨了叶表皮特征的分类学意义。同时,根据三属植物叶表皮性状的演化趋势,分析了各属的演化关系和系统位置。结果表明,新麦草属最原始,芒麦草属较进化,三柄麦属最高级;新麦草属可能直接派生了较进化的芒麦草属,并在芒麦草属的基础上进而产生了最高级的三柄麦属。三柄麦属、芒麦草属和新麦草属的这一系统关系同它们外部形态上三联小穗的演化趋势是相互印证的。     

Molecular phylogenetic relationships of China Seas groupers based on cytochrome b gene fragment sequences

The classification and evolutionary relationships are important issues in the study of the groupers. Cytochrome b gene fragment of twenty-eight grouper species within six genera of subfamily Epinephelinae was amplified using PCR techniques and the sequences were analyzed to derive the phylogenetic relationships of the groupers from the China Seas. Genetic information indexes, including Kimura-2 parameter genetic distance and Ts/Tv ratios, were generated by using a variety of biology softwares. With Niphon spinosus, Pagrus major and Pagrus auriga as the designated outgroups, phylogenetic trees, which invoke additional homologous sequences of other Epinephelus fishes from GenBank, were constructed based on the neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum-parsimony (MP), maximum-likelihood (ML) and minimum-evolution (ME) methods. Several conclusions were drawn from the DNA sequences analysis: (1) genus Plectropomus, which was early diverged, is the most primitive group in the subfamily Epinephelinae; (2) genus Variola is more closely related to genus Cephalopolis than the other four genera; (3) genus Cephalopolis is a monophyletic group and more primitive than genus Epinephelus; (4) Promicrops lanceolatus and Cromileptes altivelis should be included in genus Epinephelus; (5) there exist two sister groups in genus Epinephelus.     

A Study of the Genus Atraphaxis in China and the System of Atraphaxideae (Polygonaceae)

The genus Atraphaxis is found mainly in gravel steppes, sandhills and stony slopes or desert, with only a few species in meadow or river valleys. In China there are two sections and eleven species (including three varieties), which are distributed mainly in the northwest, with a few in the northeast and the north. Characters of the genus were compared and analyzed in the present work. Outer perianth segments 2, small, reflexed in fruit, inner perianth segments 2 or 3, large, erected and enveloping the nut. The embryo is curved, but those in the other genera of Atraphaxideae are straight. The curved embryo is the primitive character, because most species of the order Caryophyllales are of a circular embryo, which is belived to be ancestral in the Polygonaceae. The Pollen ornamentations of Atraphaxis are striate or striate-reticulate, different from those of the other genera. A new system of the tribe Atraphaxideae in proposed in the present paper. Based on the character analysis of the species in China, the present authors believe that Sect. Tragopyrum is more primitive than Sect. Atraphaxis. According to the distribution, the genus Atraphaxis might originate in Kazakstan, where not only are most species found, but also the most primitive species, like A. muchketovii, as considered by A. N. Krasnov, are found. Central Asia is considered as the distribution centre and origin centre of thegenus Atraphaxis.     

湖北省泽泻科、水鳖科、眼子菜科及茨藻科植物花粉形态研究

本文利用光镜及扫描电镜对湖北省泽泻科、水鳖科、眼子菜科及茨藻科11属29种1变种1变型植物(另加采于湛江的软骨草)的花粉形态进行了研究,发现泽泻科植物花粉具多个圆形萌发孔,外壁表面为小刺状纹饰;茨藻科植物花粉具远极单槽,表面为绉波状纹饰;眼子菜科及本文研究的水鳖科植物花粉均无萌发孔,分别具网状和小刺状饰纹饰。1.茨藻科植物花粉最原始,泽泻科花粉较进化,眼子菜科花粉较水鳖科花粉进化;2.泽泻属与泽苔草属花粉较慈姑属花粉原始;3.鞘叶眼子菜亚屈花粉较眼子菜亚属的花粉处于更高演化阶段;4.多孔茨藻花粉在该科中最原始。本文工作尚对易变形水生植物花粉形态研究方法进行了尝试。     

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区禾本科植物区系

喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山地区的禾本科植物除去栽培种类外共有47属,含161种.分析表明:(1)本区的禾本科植物主要是由北温带成分组成,并兼有丰富的旧世界温带成分和其他温带成分,温带性质明显.(2)本区所分布的泛热带成分无一例外地都能够延伸到温带地区,应属一类具有一定程度温带性质的泛热带分布类型.一些种类如蔗茅(Erianthus ravennae)的出现是从地中海地区经中亚分布到本区的.(3)本区的禾本科植物绝大多数属于温寒地带分布类型,因而具有明显的高原、高山植物区系的特征,主要有固沙草属(Orinus)、看麦娘属(Alopecurus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、三毛草属(Trisetum)、扇穗茅属(Littledalea)、偃麦草属(Elytrigia)、冠毛草属(Stephanachne) 和拟沿沟草属(Paracolpodium)等,这是本区的高山特化和寒旱化适应现象在禾本科植物中的突出表现.(4)本区无特有属,特有种亦较少,这种现象是有其自然和历史原因的.大多数的单种属和寡种属都是从它们各自广布的近缘属中衍生而来,表明本区系是一个年轻的、衍生的区系.例如细柄茅属(Ptilagrostis)之从针茅属(Stipa),钝基草属(Timoria)之从芨芨草属(Achnatherum)等.(5)本区系同周围区系的联系广泛,但同西藏区系的关系最为密切.