Processed short neuropeptide F peptides regulate growth through the ERK-insulin pathway in Drosophila melanogaster

The DrosophilasNPF gene regulates growth through the ERK-insulin pathway. sNPF encodes a precursor protein that is processed and produces biologically active sNPF peptides. However, the functions of these peptides are not known. In Drosophila neuronal cells in culture and in flies in vivo, sNPF1 and sNPF2 activated the ERK-insulin pathway and regulated body growth. In addition, the sNPF precursor and the processed sNPF peptide were co-localized in the neurons of the central nervous system. These results indicate that sNPF1 and sNPF2 peptides processed from the sNPF precursor are sufficient for regulating body growth through the ERK-insulin pathway in Drosophila.     

Visualizing recycling of synaptic vesicle proteins

The use of modern techniques (in particular, novel fluorescence markers of a few molecular participants of the exo-and endocytotic processes, including pH-sensitive agents, immuno-electron and laser-scanning microscopy) allows experimenters to visualize different stages of recycling of synaptic vesicle proteins. Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, Nos. 4/5, pp. 350–351, July–October, 2007.     

Secretory Vesicle Pools and Rate and Kinetics of Single Vesicle Exocytosis in Neurosecretory Cells

Secretory vesicles are localized in specific compartments within neurosecretory cells. Morphometric, cytochemical and electrophysiological techniques have allowed the definition of secretory vesicle compartments. These are different pools in which vesicles are in various states of releasability. The transit of vesicles between compartments is not random, but an event controlled and regulated by Ca²⁺ and the cortical F-actin network. Cortical F-actin disassembly, a Ca²⁺-dependent event, controls the transit of secretory vesicles from the reserve compartment to the release-ready vesicle pool. Furthermore, the recent development of new technical approaches (patch-clamp membrane capacitance, electrochemical detection of amines with carbon-fibre microelectrodes) has now permitted us to understand the kinetics of single vesicle exocytosis.     

槲皮素抑制中枢神经突触前兴奋性依赖的胞吞动力学

目的 槲皮素是一种广泛分布于药用植物中的黄酮类化合物,传统被认为具有神经保护作用。本研究利用位于大鼠脑干花萼状突触的突触前神经末梢进行膜片钳记录,研究槲皮素调控突触传递和可塑性的突触前机制。方法 利用全细胞膜片钳结合膜电容记录,在突触后记录微小兴奋性突触后电流（m EPSC）,在突触前神经末梢记录钙內流和神经囊泡的释放、回收以及可立即释放库（RRP）的恢复动力学。并且利用纤维刺激在轴突给予5～200 Hz的刺激,诱发突触后EPSC,记录突触后短时程抑制（STD）。结果 100μmol/L槲皮素不影响突触后m EPSC的振幅、频率以及AMPA受体的动力学特征。在突触前神经末梢,槲皮素不改变钙内流或囊泡的释放,但显著抑制胞吐后网格蛋白依赖的慢速胞吞。抑制胞吞会导致突触前囊泡动员的减慢,降低RRP的补充速率,并且增强高频刺激下的短时程可塑性STD。结论 本研究为槲皮素调控中枢神经突触传递提供全新的突触前神经机制,槲皮素有助于抑制中枢神经过度兴奋,进而发挥神经保护作用。     

槲皮素通过抑制胞吞增强短时程抑制效应

目的 槲皮素是一种广泛分布于药用植物中的黄酮类化合物,传统被认为具有神经保护作用。在本研究中,我们利用位于大鼠脑干的花萼状突触的突触前神经末梢的进行膜片钳记录,研究槲皮素调控突触传递和可塑性的突触前机制。方法 利用全细胞膜片钳结合膜电容记录,在突触后记录微小兴奋性突触后电流（mEPSC）,在突触前神经末梢记录钙內流和神经囊泡的释放、回收以及可立即释放库（RRP）的恢复动力学。并且利用纤维刺激在轴突给予5~200 Hz的刺激,诱发突触后EPSC,记录突触后短时程抑制（STD）。结果 100 μmol/L槲皮素不影响突触后mEPSC的振幅、频率以及AMPA受体的动力学特征。在突触前神经末梢,槲皮素不改变钙内流或囊泡的释放,但显著抑制胞吐后的网格蛋白依赖的慢速胞吞。抑制胞吞会导致突触前囊泡动员的减慢,降低RRP的补充速率,并且增强高频刺激下的短时程可塑性STD。结论 本研究为槲皮素调控中枢神经突触传递提供全新的突触前神经机制,槲皮素有助于抑制中枢神经过度兴奋,进而发挥神经保护作用。     

Mutations in palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 alter exocytosis and endocytosis at synapses in Drosophila larvae

Infantile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a severe pediatric neurodegenerative disorder produced by mutations in the gene encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (Ppt1). This enzyme is responsible for the removal of a palmitate group from its substrate proteins, which may include presynaptic proteins like SNAP-25, cysteine string protein (CSP), dynamin, and synaptotagmin. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been a powerful model system for studying the functions of these proteins and the molecular basis of neurological disorders like the NCLs. Genetic modifier screens and tracer uptake studies in Ppt1 mutant larval garland cells have suggested that Ppt1 plays a role in endocytic trafficking. We have extended this analysis to examine the involvement of Ppt1 in synaptic function at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Mutations in Ppt1 genetically interact with temperature sensitive mutations in the Drosophila dynamin gene shibire, accelerating the paralytic behavior of shibire mutants at 27 °C. Electrophysiological work in NMJs of Ppt1-deficient larvae has revealed an increase in miniature excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) and a significant depression of evoked EJPs in response to repetitive (10 hz) stimulation. Endocytosis was further examined in Ppt1-mutant larvae using FM1–43 uptake assays, demonstrating a significant decrease in FM1–43 uptake at the mutant NMJs. Finally, Ppt1-deficient and Ppt1 point mutant larvae display defects in locomotion that are consistent with alterations in synaptic function. Taken together, our genetic, cellular, and electrophysiological analyses suggest a direct role for Ppt1 in synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis at motor nerve terminals of the Drosophila NMJ.     

Visualization of cargo concentration by COPII minimal machinery in a planar lipid membrane

Selective protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by COPII vesicles. Here, we investigated the dynamics of fluorescently labelled cargo and non‐cargo proteins during COPII vesicle formation using single‐molecule microscopy combined with an artificial planar lipid bilayer. Single‐molecule analysis showed that the Sar1p–Sec23/24p‐cargo complex, but not the Sar1p–Sec23/24p complex, undergoes partial dimerization before Sec13/31p recruitment. On addition of a complete COPII mixture, cargo molecules start to assemble into fluorescent spots and clusters followed by vesicle release from the planar membrane. We show that continuous GTPase cycles of Sar1p facilitate cargo concentration into COPII vesicle buds, and at the same time, non‐cargo proteins are excluded from cargo clusters. We propose that the minimal set of COPII components is required not only to concentrate cargo molecules, but also to mediate exclusion of non‐cargo proteins from the COPII vesicles.     

Structural and Functional Analysis of the CAPS SNARE-Binding Domain Required for SNARE Complex Formation and Exocytosis

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囊泡胞吐机制及与其相关的神经元可塑性

突触前囊泡释放神经递质经历了磷酸化synapsin I使囊泡脱离细胞骨架,Rab3A导引囊泡进入突触前膜激活区,Rab3A与RIMl结合介导的囊泡锚定,Munc-13—1引燃SNARE中心复合体装配,最后Ca^2 结合到Ca^2 传感器synaptotagmin触发囊泡融合,融合后的囊泡通过SNAP和NSF的作用,使SNARE复合体解体后经内吞机制形成新的囊泡参与再循环。研究表明,参与囊泡融合的分子元件在神经元可塑性中发挥重要作用。     

Trafficking of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in SN56 cells: a dynamin-sensitive step and interaction with the AP-2 adaptor complex

The pathways by which synaptic vesicle proteins reach their destination are not completely defined. Here we investigated the traffic of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged version of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in cholinergic SN56 cells, a model system for neuronal processing of this cargo. GFP-VAChT accumulates in small vesicular compartments in varicosities, but perturbation of endocytosis with a dominant negative mutant of dynamin I-K44A impaired GFP-VAChT trafficking to these processes. The protein in this condition accumulated in the cell body plasma membrane and in large vesicular patches therein. A VAChT endocytic mutant (L485A/L486A) was also located at the plasma membrane, however, the protein was not sorted to dynamin I-K44A generated vesicles. A fusion protein containing the VAChT C-terminal tail precipitated the AP-2 adaptor protein complex from rat brain, suggesting that VAChT directly interacts with the endocytic complex. In addition, yeast two hybrid experiments indicated that the C-terminal tail of VAChT interacts with the micro subunit of AP-2 in a di-leucine (L485A/L486A) dependent fashion. These observations suggest that the di-leucine motif regulates sorting of VAChT from the soma plasma membrane through a clathrin dependent mechanism prior to the targeting of the transporter to varicosities.     

Emerging functions of the calpain superfamily of cysteine proteases in neuroendocrine secretory pathways

The first calpain protease was discovered over 40 years ago now, yet despite the vast amount of literature that has subsequently emerged detailing their involvement in the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases, it is only in the last decade that calpain-mediated actions along the secretory pathway have begun to emerge. However, the number of secretory pathway substrates identified and their diversity of function continues to grow. This review summarizes our current knowledge of calpain-mediated mechanisms of action that are pertinent to synaptic vesicle assembly and budding, cytoskeletal organization, endosomal recycling, and exocytotic membrane fusion.