中国2种归化植物新记录

报道了发现于辽宁省的2种中国归化植物新记录:白毛马鞭草(Verbena stricta Vent.)和向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.),白毛马鞭草穗状花序粗壮而紧凑,单生枝顶或呈简单的聚伞状或圆锥状排列,且花序轴在果期显著延长,叶卵圆形,无柄,与中国有报道的本属其他物种区别明显。该种原产美国西部至中部地区,近来在辽宁省铁岭市发现有归化。向日葵原产于北美地区,被发现广泛归化于辽宁省大连市,营口市鲅鱼圈也有发现。归化种群形态特征与该地区栽培类型完全不同,其花序极多分枝,头状花序直径较小,瘦果极小,表面纹饰多样性很高。     

Horticulture,hybrid cultivars and exotic plant invasion: a case study of Wisteria (Fabaceae)

Exotic Wisteria species are highly favoured for their horticultural qualities and have been cultivated in North America since the early 1800s. This study determines the identity, genetic diversity and hybrid status of 25 Asian Wisteria cultivars using plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data. Fifteen (60%) hybrid cultivars were identified. All of the ‘Wisteria sinensis’ cultivars sampled are hybrids with W. floribunda. Although W. sinensis and W. floribunda are recognized invasive species in the southeastern USA, the relationships of horticultural cultivars to naturalized plants was previously unknown. Haplotype analysis of nuclear data identifies four haplotypes shared between cultivated stock and naturalized populations in the southeastern USA. In addition, US invasive haplotypes are present in New Zealand‐derived cultivars although, to date, naturalized Wisteria has not been documented in New Zealand. Finally, these data are used to make recommendations to horticulturalists of select species cultivars which may be less likely to invade US landscapes. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 593–601.     

782. SALVIA INVOLUCRATA

Salvia involucrata Cav., the Rose‐leaf sage, is a species endemic to east Mexico which has been in cultivation since at least the late 18th century. It is little‐known as a native species but is widely cultivated and various cultivars and cultivated hybrids are also known. Salvia puberula Fern. is treated as belonging to S. involucrata but has been subject to different interpretations over the years.     

745. TROPAEOLUM MINUS

Tropaeolum minus L. was the first nasturtium to appear in European gardens. It was already widespread in the 16th century, and hence it must have been among the first American plants to be cultivated widely in European gardens. It is a smaller species than T. majus L., the well‐known garden nasturtium, and has lost popularity since the latter was introduced. Its cultivation and uses are discussed.     

Associations of leaf miners and leaf gallers with island plants of different residency histories

Aim Introduced plant species are less likely to be attacked by herbivores than are native plant species. Isolated oceanic islands provide an excellent model system for comparing the associations between herbivore species and plant species of different residency histories, namely endemic, indigenous (non‐endemic) or introduced (naturalized or cultivated) species. My aim was to test the prediction that, on isolated oceanic islands, introduced plant species have a lower tendency to have an association with insect herbivores than do endemic and indigenous plant species. Location Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Methods I examined the presence/absence of leaf‐mining and leaf‐galling insect species on 71 endemic, 31 indigenous, 18 naturalized and 31 cultivated (introduced but not naturalized) species of woody plants from 2004 to 2008. Results Leaf‐mining insect species were found on 53.5%, 35.5%, 11.1% and 16.1% and leaf‐galling species were found on 14.1%, 9.7%, 5.6% and 0% of endemic, indigenous, naturalized and cultivated plant species, respectively. Species of Lepidoptera (moths) and Hemiptera (primarily psyllids) comprised the dominant types of leaf miners and leaf gallers, respectively. Main conclusions The incidence of leaf miners and leaf gallers differed as a function of residency history of the plant species. Introduced (naturalized and cultivated) species were less frequently associated with leaf miners and leaf gallers than were native (endemic and indigenous) species, indicating that the leaf‐mining and leaf‐galling insect species, most of which feed on leaves of a particular native plant genus (i.e. they show oligophagy), have not yet begun to utilize most introduced plant species.     

Accommodating scenarios of climate change and management in modelling the distribution of the invasive tree Schinus molle in South Africa

Determining the potential range of invasive alien species under current conditions is important. However, we also need to consider future distributions under scenarios of climate change and different management interventions when formulating effective long‐term intervention strategies. This paper combines niche modelling and fine‐scale process‐based modelling to define regions at high risk of invasion and simulate likely dynamics at the landscape scale. Our study species is Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper tree; Anacardiaceae), a native of central South America, introduced to South Africa in about 1850 where it was widely planted along roads. Localities of planted and naturalized trees were mapped along 5380 km of roads – a transect that effectively samples a large part of western South Africa. Correlative modelling was used to produce profiles of present and future environmental conditions characterizing its planted and naturalized ranges. A cellular‐automata simulation model was used to estimate the dynamics of S. molle under future climates and different management scenarios. The overall potential range of S. molle in the region is predicted to shrink progressively with predicted climate change. Some of the potential range of S. molle defined based on current conditions (including areas where it is currently highly invasive) is likely to become less favourable. The species could persist where it is well established long after conditions for recruitment have deteriorated. Some areas where the species is not widely naturalized now (notably the fynbos biome) are likely to become more favourable. Our modelling approach allows for the delineation of areas likely to be invaded in future by considering a range of factors at different scales that mediate the interplay of climatic variables and other drivers that define the dimensions of human intervention such as distance from planted trees and the density of planted plants, both of which affect propagule pressure.     

Native and naturalized range size in Pinus: relative importance of biogeography,introduction effort and species traits

Aim Pine trees (genus Pinus) represent an ancient lineage, naturally occurring almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere, but introduced and widely naturalized in both hemispheres. As large trees of interest to forestry, they attract much attention and their distribution is well documented in both indigenous and naturalized ranges. This creates an opportunity to analyse the relationship between indigenous and naturalized range sizes in the context of different levels of human usage, biological traits and the characteristics of the environments of origin. Location Global. Methods We combined and expanded pre‐existing data sets for pine species distributions and pine species traits, and used a variety of regression techniques (including generalized additive models and zero‐inflated Poisson models) to assess which variables explained naturalized and indigenous range sizes. Results Indigenous and naturalized range sizes are positively correlated but there are many notable exceptions. Some species have large indigenous ranges but small or no naturalized ranges, whereas others have small indigenous ranges, but have naturalized in many regions. Indigenous range is correlated to factors such as seed size (?), age at first reproduction (?), and latitude (+, supporting Rapoport's rule), but also to the extent of coverage of species in the forestry literature (+). Naturalized range size is strongly influenced by the extent of coverage of species in the forestry literature (+), a proxy for propagule pressure. Naturalization was also influenced by average elevation in the indigenous range (?) and age at first reproduction (?). Main conclusions The macroecological and evolutionary pressures facing plant groups are not directly transferable between indigenous and naturalized ranges. In particular, there are strong biases in species naturalization and expansion in invasive ranges that are unrelated to factors determining indigenous range size. At least for Pinus, a new set of macroecological patterns are emerging which are profoundly influenced by humans.     

Naturalized Orchid Bee Pollinates Resin‐reward Flowers in Florida: Novel and Known Mutualisms

Females of an orchid bee, Euglossa viridissima, recently naturalized in southern Florida, routinely collect resin to construct their brood cells from the flowers of two Clusia (Clusiaceae) and two Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) species. We demonstrated that the bee pollinates three of these species including: (1) the newly naturalized D. scandens, which it pollinates in Mexico; (2) the ornamental D. aristolochiifolia native to Peru; and (3) the ornamental C. lanceolata native to Brazil, but not the apomictic Clusia rosea native to Florida. Field observations indicated that the bee promotes outcrossing in a naturalized D. scandens population. Comparisons of fruit set between unmanipulated control flowers and flowers supplemented with additional pollen indicated that the presence of bee eliminates pollen limitation for cultivated C. lanceolata. The orchid bee's pollination of ornamental resin‐reward plants may promote their naturalization.     

914. CENTAUREA AFRICANA

Centaurea africana L. (Compositae: Cardueae: Centaureinae) is illustrated and described. The species has a long history of cultivation that probably exceeds 350 years, although it is apparently rarely available from commercial sources as seed or plant material. Other than the tribal name to use when placing this species, its more recent recognition as a species of Rhaponticoides Vaill. is not accepted; the issue of Vaillant names is once again raised. The capitula of C. africana are considered heterogamous and disciform, not radiant, with the few marginal florets possessing equal length, certainly non‐showy, corolla lobes, and usually containing staminodes. A number of synonyms, appearing in a couple of well‐known databases, are excluded; one belongs to a purple‐flowered species endemic to northern Morocco, the other to a yellow‐flowered, pinnatisect‐leaved plant of northern Spain. A potentially exciting use of one flavonoid extracted from flowering parts of the plant, algerianin, in combatting human myeloid leukaemia, is highlighted.     

Introgression between native and prehistorically naturalized (archaeophytic) wild pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus</Emphasis> spp.) populations in Northern Tohoku,Northeast Japan

Hybridization between native and cultivated species is a concern in conservation biology. However, detecting such hybridization and distinguishing true natives from prehistorically naturalized species based on phenotypic characteristics is difficult. Here, we report on introgression between native and prehistorically introduced pear (Pyrus) species in Northern Tohoku (northern end of Honshu Island), Japan. We analyzed 20 microsatellites in 226 wild, seemingly wild, or cultivated materials. Phenetic analysis showed that wild Japanese populations of P. ussuriensis var. ussuriensis in Northern Tohoku, previously considered true natives based on morphology and phytogeography, differed from those in continental Asia, confirming their nativeness. However, Bayesian inference of population structures showed that Japanese P. ussuriensis was genetically admixed with two genetic clusters: true native P. ussuriensis var. ussuriensis and prehistorically introduced P. pyrifolia. Even in the Kitakami Mountains, where true native populations of var. ussuriensis are believed to persist, most wild trees were at least somewhat admixed. Prehistorically introduced then naturalized plants are treated as natives in Japan’s conservation management, and some are considered endangered. However, introgression of prehistorically naturalized P. pyrifolia into threatened native P. ussuriensis var. ussuriensis has occurred. This paper examines the implications for conservation management.     

Allozymic variation in the widespread and cultivated Viola odorata (Violaceae) in western Eurasia

Viola odorata has been cultivated for cosmetics and medicine in Europe since antiquity. The spread by humans has expanded its distribution considerably beyond its original range in parts of the Mediterranean region, south‐western Europe, and western Asia. One hundred and sixty‐five plants of V. odorata from 52 collection sites from throughout most of its native range were analysed for seven isoenzyme systems. Twenty‐eight allozymic markers were obtained, twenty‐five of which were geographically variable. A profound east–west differentiation separating Anatolian and Caucasian populations from European populations was detected, with Greek and Sicilian populations somewhat intermediate. Western European populations were rather homogeneous, suggesting a common origin, which also included the Canarian var. maderensis and the naturalized Scandinavian (and British?) populations. Cretan and Cypriot populations were apparently recruited from more westward stations. The possibility that the two allozymic groups of V. odorata reflect isolated Pleistocene refugia is discussed. V. odorata appears to possess more geographically structured variation than has been found in other cultivated and human‐spread species in southern Europe. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151 , 563–571.     

Genetic diversity of wild grapevine populations in Spain and their genetic relationships with cultivated grapevines

The wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, considered as the ancestor of the cultivated grapevine, is native from Eurasia. In Spain, natural populations of V. vinifera ssp. sylvestris can still be found along river banks. In this work, we have performed a wide search of wild grapevine populations in Spain and characterized the amount and distribution of their genetic diversity using 25 nuclear SSR loci. We have also analysed the possible coexistence in the natural habitat of wild grapevines with naturalized grapevine cultivars and rootstocks. In this way, phenotypic and genetic analyses identified 19% of the collected samples as derived from cultivated genotypes, being either naturalized cultivars or hybrid genotypes derived from spontaneous crosses between wild and cultivated grapevines. The genetic diversity of wild grapevine populations was similar than that observed in the cultivated group. The molecular analysis showed that cultivated germplasm and wild germplasm are genetically divergent with low level of introgression. Using a model‐based approach implemented in the software structure , we identified four genetic groups, with two of them fundamentally represented among cultivated genotypes and two among wild accessions. The analyses of genetic relationships between wild and cultivated grapevines could suggest a genetic contribution of wild accessions from Spain to current Western cultivars.     

Characterisation of flower colouration in 30 Rhododendron species via anthocyanin and flavonol identification and quantitative traits

• Floral colour is a key reproductive character, often associated with environmental adaptation, and subject to human intervention. A large number of Rhododendron species differ widely in flower colour, providing a good model for flower colouration. The chromatic features and anthocyanin compositions of 30 species from seven subgenera were systematically analysed.
• The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart and CIE L*a*b* system were employed to describe and investigate flower colours. The UPLC‐PDA/ESI‐MSⁿ system was used to identify and quantify anthocyanins in petal extracts.
• The flower colours of 30 Rhododendron species were categorised into four groups – red, purplish pink, purple and white. Seven anthocyanins were identified and quantified in petals: delphinidin, cyanidin and malvidin 3‐O‐arabinoside‐5‐O‐glucosides, cyanidin 3,5‐di‐O‐glucoside, 3‐O‐galactoside and 3‐O‐arabinoside, and delphinidin 3‐O‐glucoside. The red‐flowered species mainly contained cyanidin monoglycosides and had much higher total anthocyanin content than purplish pink‐ and purple‐flowered species. Purplish pink‐ and purple‐flowered species had similar anthocyanin types and content. The chromatic differences were significant among groups, except the purplish pink and purple groups. Statistical analysis showed that Cy3Gal and Cy3Arb are characteristic for red‐flowered species, and Mv3Arb5G and Dp3Arb5G play important roles in purple colouration; their contents were major components that greatly affected the chromatic parameters. In total, 21 flavonol derivates were identified. However, total flavonol content and co‐pigmentation index showed no significant difference or correlation among/with colour groups, suggesting that flavonols might not play a major role in colouration.
• These results enhance our knowledge of the biochemical basis of flower colouration in Rhododendron species, and provide a foundation for genetic variation studies and aid in breeding cultivars with novel flower colours.

     

Corydalis pseudohemsleyana sp. nov. (Papaveraceae) from Hubei,China

Corydalis pseudohemsleyana (Papaveraceae), a new species from western Hubei, central China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to C. hemsleyana, but differs by its racemes 13–26‐flowered (vs 4–8‐flowered), outer petals truncate to emarginate at apex, with a short mucro in notch (vs obtuse to subacute), and the spurs cylindric (vs conical).     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms for assessing genetic diversity in castor bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ricinus communis</Emphasis>)

Background  

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is an agricultural crop and garden ornamental that is widely cultivated and has been introduced worldwide. Understanding population structure and the distribution of castor bean cultivars has been challenging because of limited genetic variability. We analyzed the population genetics of R. communis in a worldwide collection of plants from germplasm and from naturalized populations in Florida, U.S. To assess genetic diversity we conducted survey sequencing of the genomes of seven diverse cultivars and compared the data to a reference genome assembly of a widespread cultivar (Hale). We determined the population genetic structure of 676 samples using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 48 loci.     

Rubia austrozhejiangensis sp. nov. (Rubiaceae) from Zhejiang,China

Rubia austrozhejiangensis Z. P. Lei, Y. Y. Zhou & R. W. Wang, a new species of Rubiaceae from China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to R. ovatifolia Z. Ying Zhang and R. argyi (H. Lév. & Vaniot) H. Hara ex Lauener, but differs from the former in having stems and branches cylindrical, not quadrate‐angled, long‐ovate to ovate‐lanceolate leaf blades, many‐flowered inflorescence, and smaller mericarps, 3–4 mm in diameter. In R. ovatifolia, stems and branches are quadrate‐angled, leaf blades ovate, ovate‐cordate to rounded cordate, and the inflorescences are sparsely flowered. Compared to R. argyi, the new species has cylindrical, not quadrate‐angled stems and branches, leaf blades that are long‐ovate to ovate‐lanceolate, 3–5‐veined, and slightly reflexed corolla lobes. In R. argyi, stems and branches are quadrate‐angled or winged, the corolla lobes are spreading, and the mericarps are 5–7 mm in diameter.     

Medicinal plant conservation and management: distribution of wild and cultivated species in eight countries

In order to understand the particular challenges that medicinal plant conservation and management raise at the global level, it is necessary to address issues pertaining their distribution and the environments where they grow. When reviewing medicinal plant studies from eight countries in four regions we found that a high proportion of the reported medicinal plants had wide distributions across countries and continents. Most plants are found wild (40.5%) or naturalized (33.9%), while only 3.3% are cultivated. Since many species are distributed in wild conditions, cultivated and naturalized in several continents, conservation and management interventions would be best served through collaboration between host countries.     

Zygia nubigena sp. nov. (Leguminosae–Mimosoideae) from a submontane cloud forest in western Ecuador

A new species, Zygia nubigena Ståhl, L. Rico & G. P. Lewis (Leguminosae–Mimosoideae), is described from western Ecuador. It is characterized by large and very thick‐walled fruits with coarsely alveolate‐reticulate surfaces, spicate inflorescences, one (less common) or two pairs of pinnae per leaf and 4 or 5 pairs of petiolulate leaflets per pinna. In leaf features, Z. nubigena is similar to Z. steyermarkii (Schery) Barneby & J. W. Grimes from montane forest in southern Ecuador, but differs by having somewhat smaller flowers borne in long, many‐flowered racemes (not 25–30‐flowered capitulae). The fruits of Z. nubigena resemble those of Z. rhytidocarpa L. Rico (Honduras, Guatemala) and Z. megistocarpa (Barbosa) L. Rico (northern Peru), but Z. nubigena differs from both in vegetative and floral characters.     

Role of Proanthocyanidins in Resistance of the Legume Swainsona formosa to Phytophthora cinnamomi

Reduced flower pigmentation in the legume Swainsona formosa is associated with increased susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi and other soil‐borne pathogens. This study aimed to identify the mechanism for these differences in susceptibility. Chemical analyses of stem tissues that had been previously inoculated with P. cinnamomi revealed that neither anthocyanin nor total phenolic content increased with infection. Such results suggested that observed differences in susceptibility, as indicated by flower colour, were related to preformed rather than induced stem chemistry. Acetone extracts from healthy, uninfected stem tissues of a red‐flowered line were highly toxic to the fungus, while extracts from a white‐flowered line were non‐toxic and those from a pink‐flowered line were intermediate in toxicity and this was correlated with the total phenolic and proanthocyanidin concentration of the extracts. Precipitation of proanthocyanidins with bovine serum albumen removed the toxicity of the extracts. It was concluded that differences in the proanthocyanidin content of tissues contributed to the differences in disease susceptibility of plants with different flower colours.     

白花猫儿菊和黄果龙葵——中国大陆两种新归化植物

该文报道了中国大陆新发现的两种归化植物:菊科的白花猫儿菊 [Hypochaeris albiflora (Kuntze)Azevêdo-Gonç. & Matzenb.]和茄科的黄果龙葵(Solanum diphyllum Linn.)。白花猫儿菊原产于南美洲,在中国的云南省昆明市盘龙区发现归化,其与同属种类的区别在于基生叶全缘或有尖齿,有时羽状浅裂至深裂,茎生叶线形,头状花序圆筒形或狭钟状,小花白色,瘦果有4棱。黄果龙葵原产于墨西哥和中美洲,在中国的云南省勐腊县发现归化,其主要识别特征为多年生常绿小灌木,上部叶常双生,大小显著不相等,成熟浆果呈亮黄色。此外,该文还简要评估了这两种归化植物的危害和入侵风险。