A new gene for resistance to green leafhopperNephotettix virescens (Distant) in rice

The mode of inheritance of resistance to green leafhopper in 12 cultivars of riceOryza saliva L. was studied. Seedlings of parent and hybrid populations were artificially infested with second- and third-instar virus-free green leafhopper nymphs. Seedling reaction was scored when TNI, the susceptible check, was completely killed. The results revealed that single dominant genes confer resistance in six varieties, two independent dominant genes in four varieties, and single recessive genes in two varieties. The single dominant genes in Sri Gaya, ARC 7320, and T23 and one of the two genes in Aswina and Bhura Rata 2 are allelic toGlh-1; while Bhawalia hasGlh-5 gene. The second gene of Bhura Rata 2 is allelic to IR28 gene. Resistance in Chamar is controlled by two independent genes one of which is allelic toGlh-5 and the other allelic to IR28 gene. Bazal hasGlh-2 andGlh-5. The single recessive gene in ARC 7012 is allelic toglh-4 but the single recessive gene in DV85 is nonallelic to and independent ofglh-4. This new recessive gene is designated asglh-8. The single dominant genes of Dumai, Gadur, and the second gene of Aswina are nonallelic to all the known genes for resistance.     

Genetics of resistance of rice cultivar ARC10550 to Bangladesh brown pianthopper teletype

Resistance to brown planthopper in rice cultivar ARC 10550 was found to be governed by a single recessive gene which was designatedbph 5. It conveys resistance to brown planthopper populations in South Asia but not to the populations in East and Southeast Asia. This gene segregated independently of four other known genes for brown planthopper resistance. It should be possible to combine this gene with any of the other four genes to develop rice cultivars with a broad spectrum of resistance.     

Identification and fine mapping of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pi33</Emphasis>, the rice resistance gene corresponding to the Magnaporthe grisea avirulence gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">ACE1</Emphasis>

Rice blast disease is a major constraint for rice breeding. Nevertheless, the genetic basis of resistance remains poorly understood for most rice varieties, and new resistance genes remain to be identified. We identified the resistance gene corresponding to the cloned avirulence gene ACE1 using pairs of isogenic strains of Magnaporthe grisea differing only by their ACE1 allele. This resistance gene was mapped on the short arm of rice chromosome 8 using progenies from the crosses IR64 (resistant) × Azucena (susceptible) and Azucena × Bala (resistant). The isogenic strains also permitted the detection of this resistance gene in several rice varieties, including the differential isogenic line C101LAC. Allelism tests permitted us to distinguish this gene from two other resistance genes [Pi11 and Pi-29(t)] that are present on the short arm of chromosome 8. Segregation analysis in F₂ populations was in agreement with the existence of a single dominant gene, designated as Pi33. Finally, Pi33 was finely mapped between two molecular markers of the rice genetic map that are separated by a distance of 1.6 cM. Detection of Pi33 in different semi-dwarf indica varieties indicated that this gene could originate from either one or a few varieties.Communicated by D.J. Mackill     

Genetic Diversity for Resistance to Heterodera glycines Race 5 in Soybean

Heterodera glycines is a serious pest of soybean in the United States. Plant introductions 90763 and 424595 are reported to be resistant to H. glycines race 5; however their genetic relationship for resistance is unknown. Crosses between these two lines and the susceptible cultivar Essex were studied in the F₁, F₂, and F₃ generations to determine the number of genes involved in inheritance of resistance. The plants were screened using conventional techniques based on the index of parasitism. The data were subjected to analyses using chi-square test to determine goodness of fit between observed and expected genetic ratios. The cross PI 424595 x Essex segregated 1 resistant:63 susceptible in the F₂ generation, which indicated the presence of three recessive genes controlling resistance to race 5. In the cross PI 90763 x Essex, resistance was conditioned by one dominant and two recessive genes. The cross between PI 424595 and PI 90763 segregated into 13 resistant:3 susceptible. The data fit a four-gene model with two recessive and two dominant genes with epistasis. PI 90763 has a dominant gene, whereas PI 424595 has a recessive gene; both share two additional recessive genes for resistance to race 5. This information is important to geneticists and soybean breeders for the development of cultivars resistant to H. glycines.     

An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats

Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, Agra Local) and F2 progenies from the backcross to Agra Local. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance.A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene.The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.     

Genetic analysis of bacterial blight resistance in seventy-four cultivars of rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary The genetics of resistance to bacterial blight, Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson, for 74 cultivars of rice, Oryza sativa L., was studied. The PX061 isolate of bacterial blight from the Philippines was used for inoculation of parental and hybrid populations. Single dominant genes at the Xa 4 locus convey resistance in 38 cultivars. Of these, 18 are resistant at all stages of plant growth and thus have the Xa 4 ^aallele for resistance. However, 20 are susceptible up to maximum tillering stage but are resistant at booting and flowering stages. These cultivars have the Xa 4 ^ballele for resistance. Thirty-two cultivars have single recessive genes for resistance which are allelic to xa 5.The resistance in DV85, DV86 and DZ78 is conditioned by two genes. At maximum tillering stage xa 5 conveys resistance. However, at later growth stages an additional dominant gene, designated Xa 7 in DZ78, also gives resistance. The dominant genes of DV85 and DV86 are probably allelic to Xa 7. Xa 7 segregates independently of Xa 4, xa 5 and Xa 6, however like Xa 6, it conveys resistance at booting and post-booting stages only.The resistance in PI 231129 is conditioned by a single recessive gene, designated xa 8. It also segregates independently of Xa 4, xa 5 and Xa 6.     

Hypersensitive reaction and induced resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae

Rice seedlings of the resistant variety Phalguna showed premature tillering, browning of central leaf, and tissue necrosis at the apical meristem following artificial infestation with avirulent biotype 1 of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tissue necrosis representing a typical hypersensitive reaction (HR), accompanied by maggot mortality, was observed within 4 days after infestation. However, reinfestation of secondary tillers subsequent to HR in primary tiller, did not lead to HR in secondary tillers though maggot mortality was seen. Artificial infestation with the weed gall midge O. fluvialis did not result in HR either in gall midge susceptible TN 1 or resistant Phalguna rice varieties. Resistance in Phalguna against the virulent biotype 4 could be induced by either prior, simultaneous, or subsequent infestation with the avirulent biotype 1. The duration of effectiveness of such induced resistance varied with the sequence and time lag between infestations.     

A paralog of the MtN3/saliva family recessively confers race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae in rice

Approximately one third of the identified 34 rice major disease resistance (R) genes conferring race-specific resistance to different strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes rice bacterial blight disease, are recessive genes. However, only two of the recessive resistance genes have been characterized thus far. Here we report the characterization of another recessive resistance gene, xa25, for Xoo resistance. The xa25, localized in the centromeric region of chromosome 12, mediates race-specific resistance to Xoo strain PXO339 at both seedling and adult stages by inhibiting Xoo growth. It encodes a protein of the MtN3/saliva family, which is prevalent in eukaryotes, including mammals. Transformation of the dominant Xa25 into a resistant rice line carrying the recessive xa25 abolished its resistance to PXO339. The encoding proteins of recessive xa25 and its dominant allele Xa25 have eight amino acid differences. The expression of dominant Xa25 but not recessive xa25 was rapidly induced by PXO339 but not other Xoo strain infections. The nature of xa25-encoding protein and its expression pattern in comparison with its susceptible allele in rice-Xoo interaction indicate that the mechanism of xa25-mediated resistance appears to be different from that conferred by most of the characterized R proteins.     

Inheritance of resistance to the cowpea aphid in cowpea

Summary Inheritance of resistance to cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, in three resistant cultivars of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, was studied. The parents, F₁ and F₂ population were grown in an insect-proof screenhouse. Each 3-day-old seedling was infested with 10 apterous adult aphids. Seedling reaction was recorded when the susceptible check was killed. The segregation data revealed that the resistance of ICV11 and TVU310 is governed by single dominant genes. All the F₂ seedlings of the cross ICV10xTVU310 were resistant, indicating that they have the same gene for resistance. However, the F₂ populations from the crosses ICV10xICV11 and ICV11xTVU310 segregated in a ratio of 151, indicating that the dominant genes in ICV11 and TVU310 are non-allelic and independent of each other. The resistance gene of ICV10 and TVU310 is designated as Ac₁ and that of ICV11 as Ac₂.     

水稻品种对美国稻瘟病小种IB-33、IB-45和IE-1的抗性遗传

1995年10月至1997年11月,在美国阿肯色大学水稻研究推广中心,用水稻品种LA110和Jasmine-85与水稻品种Teqing、Katy、Mars、LaGrue和Newbonnet进行不完全双列杂交,对其杂交后代和亲本用美国3个主要稻瘟病菌小种(以下简称小种)IB-33、IB-45和IE-1进行接种鉴定和遗传分析研究.结果表明:亲本LA110、Jasmine-85、Teqing抗所有3个小种.Katy抗小种IB-45和IE-1,感小种IB-33.Mars抗小种IE-1,感小种IB-33和IB-45.LaGrue感所有3个小种.Newbonnet抗小种IB-45,感小种IB-33和IE-1.所有抗病亲本的抗病基因,其F1分别对相应小种呈现显性抗病性.抗病亲本杂交,LA110与Jasmine-85对小种IB-33,LA110与Teqing、Jasmine-85对小种IE-1,及Jasmine-85与Teqing对小种IE-1,是等位的抗病基因.LA110与Teqing对小种IB-33,及Jasmine-85与Teqing对小种IB-33,分别存在三对独立遗传的显性抗病基因.LA110与Teqing、Katy、Newbonnet、Jasmine-85对小种IB-45,Jasmine-85与Teqing、Katy、Newbonnet对小种IB-45,LA110与Katy、Mars对小种IE-1,Jasmine-85与Katy、Mars对小种IE-1,分别存在两对独立遗传的显性抗性基因.抗病亲本LA110或Jasmine-85与感病亲本Mars对小种IB-33,抗病亲本LA110与感病亲本Mars对小种IB-45,具有两对显性互补抗病基因,当两对显性抗病基因同时存在时,表现出抗性.抗病亲本LA110或Jasmine-85与感病亲本Katy、LaGrue、Newbonnet对小种IB-33,抗病亲本LA110与感病亲本LaGrue对小种IB-45,抗病亲本Jasmine-85与感病亲本Mars、LaGrue对小种IB-45,抗病亲本LA110或Jasmine-85与感病亲本LaGrue、Newbonnet对小种IE-1,分别存在一对显性抗病基因.两个亲本正、反交的遗传表现一致.本文也讨论了LA110、Teqing和Jasmine-85三个抗病品种在美国水稻抗病育种中利用的可能性.     

Inheritance of Resistance to Meloidoygne incognita in Primitive Cotton Accessions from Mexico

Few sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) have been utilized to develop resistant cultivars, making this resistance vulnerable to virulence in the pathogen population. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of resistance in five primitive accessions of G. hirsutum (TX1174, TX1440, TX2076, TX2079, and TX2107) and to determine allelic relations with the genes for resistance in the genotypes Clevewilt-6 (CW) and Wild Mexico Jack Jones (WMJJ). A half-diallel experimental design was used to create 28 populations from crosses among these seven sources of resistance and the susceptible cultivar DeltaPine 90 (DP90). Resistance to M. incognita was measured as eggs per g roots in the parents, F(1) and F(2) generations of each cross. The resistance in CW and WMJJ was inherited as recessive traits, as reported previously for CW, whereas the resistance in the TX accessions was inherited as a dominant trait. Chi square analysis of segregation of resistance in the F(2) was used to estimate the numbers of genes that conditioned resistance. Resistance in CW and WMJJ appeared to be a multigenic trait whereas the resistance in the TX accessions best fit either a one or two gene model. The TX accessions were screened with nine SSR markers linked to resistance loci in other cotton genotypes. The TX accessions lacked the allele amplified by SSR marker CR316 and linked to resistance in CW and other resistant genotypes derived from this source. Four of five TX genotypes lacked the amplification products from the marker BNL1231 that is also associated with the resistant allele on Chromosome 11 in WMJJ, CW, NemX, M120 RNR and Auburn 634 RNR. However, all five TX genotypes produced the same amplification products from three SSR markers linked to the resistant allele on Chromosome 14 in M120 RNR and M240 RNR. The TX accessions have unique resistance genes that are likely to be useful in efforts to develop resistant cotton cultivars with increased durability.     

High-resolution mapping, cloning and molecular characterization of the Pi-k h gene of rice, which confers resistance to Magnaporthe grisea

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the gene-for-gene type of pathogen resistance, high-resolution genetic and physical mapping of resistance loci is required to facilitate map-based cloning of resistance genes. Here, we report the molecular mapping and cloning of a dominant gene (Pi-k ^h ) present in the rice line Tetep, which is associated with resistance to rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. This gene is effective against M. grisea populations prevalent in the Northwestern Himalayan region of India. Using 178 sequence tagged microsatellite, sequence-tagged site, expressed sequence tag and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to genotype a population of 208 F₂ individuals, we mapped the Pi-k ^h gene between two SSR markers (TRS26 and TRS33) which are 0.7 and 0.5 cM away, respectively, and can be used in marker-assisted-selection for blast-resistant rice cultivars. We used the markers to identify the homologous region in the genomic sequence of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare, and a physical map consisting of two overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome and P1 artificial chromosome clones was assembled, spanning a region of 143,537 bp on the long arm of chromosome 11. Using bioinformatic analyses, we then identified a candidate blast-resistance gene in the region, and cloned the homologous sequence from Tetep. The putative Pi-k ^h gene cloned from Tetep is 1.5 kbp long with a single ORF, and belongs to the nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat class of disease resistance genes. Structural and expression analysis of the Pi-k ^h gene revealed that its expression is pathogen inducible.     

小粒野生稻导入系对稻飞虱的抗性鉴定与分析

稻飞虱是水稻生产最严重的害虫之一。野生稻拥有丰富的抗虫基因资源,导入系是鉴定和利用野生稻有利基因的有效途径。本研究通过对371份小粒野生稻导入系进行抗褐飞虱和白背飞虱接虫鉴定,分别筛选出了11份抗、72份中抗褐飞虱的材料和7份抗、45份中抗白背飞虱的材料,其中有5份材料兼抗褐飞虱和白背飞虱,这是从小粒野生稻中鉴定出抗白背飞虱材料的首次报道。通过对2份抗性导入系材料与感虫亲本杂交构建的F1和F2群体的抗虫鉴定和分析表明:K41对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性受2对显性抗虫基因通过互补作用所控制;P114对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性都是由1对主效的隐性基因控制。这些结果必将有利于小粒野生稻抗稻飞虱的基因定位和育种利用。     

Inheritance of resistance to watermelon mosaic virus in the cucumber line TMG-1: tissue-specific expression and relationship to zucchini yellow mosaic virus resistance

The inbred cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) line TMG-1 is resistant to three potyviruses:zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and the watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W). The genetics of resistance to WMV and the relationship of WMV resistance to ZYMV resistance were examined. TMG-1 was crossed with WI-2757, a susceptible inbred line. F₁, F₂ and backcross progeny populations were screened for resistance to WMV and/or ZYMV. Two independently assorting factors conferred resistance to WMV. One resistance was conferred by a single recessive gene from TMG-1 (wmv-2). The second resistance was conferred by an epistatic interaction between a second recessive gene from TMG-1 (wmv-3) and either a dominant gene from WI-2757 (Wmv-4) or a third recessive gene from TMG-1 (wmv-4) located 20–30 cM from wmv-3. The two resistances exhibited tissue-specific expression. Resistance conferred by wmv-2 was expressed in the cotyledons and throughout the plant. Resistance conferred by wmv-3 + Wmv-4 (or wmv-4) was expressed only in true leaves. The gene conferring resistance to ZYMV appeared to be the same as, or tightly linked to one of the WMV resistance genes, wmv-3.     

Genetic,physiological and molecular interactions of rice and its major dipteran pest,gall midge

The gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, is a major dipteran pest of rice affecting most rice growing regions in Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa. Chemical and other cultural methods for control of this pest are neither very effective nor environmentally safe. The gall midge problem is further compounded by the fact that there are many biotypes of this insect and new biotypes are continuously evolving. However, resistance to this pest is found in the rice germ plasm. Resistance is generally governed by single dominant genes and a number of non-allelic resistance genes that confer resistance to different biotypes have been identified. Genetic studies have revealed that there is a gene-for-gene interaction between the different biotypes of gall midge and the various resistance genes found in rice. This review discusses different aspects of the process of infestation by the rice gall midge and its interaction with its host. Identification of the gall midge biotypes by conventional methods is a long and tedious process. The review discusses the PCR-based molecular markers that have been developed recently to speed up the identification process. Similarly, molecular markers have been developed for two gall midge resistance genes in rice – Gm2 and Gm4t – and these markers are now being used for marker-assisted selection. The mapping, tagging and map-based gene cloning of one of these genes – Gm2 – has also been discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genome-wide analysis of defense-responsive genes in bacterial blight resistance of rice mediated by the recessive<Emphasis Type="Italic"> R</Emphasis> gene<Emphasis Type="Italic"> xa13</Emphasis>

Defense responses triggered by dominant and recessive disease resistance ( R) genes are presumed to be regulated by different molecular mechanisms. In order to characterize the genes activated in defense responses against bacterial blight mediated by the recessive R gene xa13, two pathogen-induced subtraction cDNA libraries were constructed using the resistant rice line IRBB13—which carries xa13 —and its susceptible, near-isogenic, parental line IR24. Clustering analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) identified 702 unique expressed sequences as being involved in the defense responses triggered by xa13; 16% of these are new rice ESTs. These sequences define 702 genes, putatively encoding a wide range of products, including defense-responsive genes commonly involved in different host-pathogen interactions, genes that have not previously been reported to be associated with pathogen-induced defense responses, and genes (38%) with no homology to previously described functional genes. In addition, R -like genes putatively encoding nucleotide-binding site/leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) and LRR receptor kinase proteins were observed to be induced in the disease resistance activated by xa13. A total of 568 defense-responsive ESTs were mapped to 588 loci on the rice molecular linkage map through bioinformatic analysis. About 48% of the mapped ESTs co-localized with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to various rice diseases, including bacterial blight, rice blast, sheath blight and yellow mottle virus. Furthermore, some defense-responsive sequences were conserved at similar locations on different chromosomes. These results reveal the complexity of xa13 -mediated resistance. The information obtained in this study provides a large source of candidate genes for understanding the molecular bases of defense responses activated by recessive R genes and of quantitative disease resistance.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at The first two authors contributed equally to this workCommunicated by R. Hagemann     

RFLP mapping of I1, a new locus in tomato conferring resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1

Summary The inheritance and linkage relationships of a gene for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 were analyzed. An interspecific hybrid between a resistant Lycopersicon pennellii and a susceptible L. esculentum was backcrossed to L. esculentum. The genotype of each backcross-1 (BC₁) plant with respect to its Fusarium response was determined by means of backcross-2 progeny tests. Resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, I1, which was not allelic to I, the traditional gene for resistance against the same fungal pathogen that was derived from L. pimpinellifolium. Linkage analysis of 154 molecular markers that segregated in the BC₁ population placed I1 between the RFLP markers TG20 and TG128 on chromosome 7. The flanking markers were used to verify the assignment of the I1 genotype in the segregating population. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility of cloning Fusarium resistance genes in tomato.     

Association of Dominant and Recessive Genes Confers Anthracnose Resistance in Stem and Leaves of Common Bean

Different genes might be involved in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum resistance in leaves and stem of common bean. This work aimed to study the genetic mechanisms of the resistance in the leaf and stem in segregating populations from backcrosses involving resistant cultivar AN 910408 and susceptible cultivar Rudá inoculated with spore suspensions of C. lindemuthianum race 83. Our results indicate that two genes which interact epistatically, one dominant and one recessive, are involved in the genetic control of leaf anthracnose resistance. As for stem anthracnose resistance, two genes also epistatic, one dominant and one recessive, explain the resistance to C. lindemuthianum race 83. The recessive gene is the same for leaf and stem resistance; however, the dominant genes are distinct and independent from each other. The three independent resistance genes of AN 910408 observed in this work could be derived from Guanajuato 31.