巴西橡胶树初生乳管黄色体微纤维蛋白质与67 kD蛋白质的关系

在古铜期的巴西橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg.)幼茎初生乳管黄色体中存在丰富的微纤维蛋白质.在电子显微镜下,微纤维蛋白质呈两种不同的形态,分别存在于不同的黄色体中.SDS-PAGE分析表明,经等电点纯化的微纤维蛋白质的主要成分是59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质.使用67 kD蛋白质的抗血清的免疫印迹表明,59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质与积累在贮藏蛋白质细胞中的67 kD蛋白质具有一定程度的免疫相关性,且在苗生长发育过程中互为消长.59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中最丰富,当新梢茎停止伸长及叶片刚成熟时,其含量略有降低,但在第二和第三伸长单位中明显消失,同时在黄色体中大量积累3～5种低分子量蛋白质.这种季节变化模式表明,59.5 kD和63.5 kD蛋白质的消失与新梢的伸长生长无关,与初生乳管的发育关系密切.67 kD蛋白质在古铜期的幼茎中不存在.随着新梢的成熟,该蛋白质不断积累,表现为典型的营养贮藏蛋白质.     

杨树新梢积累营养贮藏蛋白质的细胞学研究

采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,对杨树新梢中的营养贮藏蛋白质进行了细胞学鉴定。在用戊二醛固定的标本中,营养贮藏蛋白质呈颗粒状,积累在中央大液泡里。在新梢伸长生长时期,新梢茎的基部已积累了营养贮藏蛋白质,在伸长生长刚停止,中上部的叶片近成熟时,整个新梢的茎都有营养贮藏蛋白质的积累,其中,以新梢基部的茎最为丰富。营养贮藏蛋白质优先在次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮射线薄壁细胞中积累,在新梢伸长生长停止后,新梢基部茎的木质部中也积累了相当数量的营养贮藏蛋白质,主要分布在初生木质部和内侧次生木质部的各种生活的薄壁细胞中。新梢较早地积累营养贮藏蛋白质是热带树木和温带树木的一个共同特点,对于树木的氮代谢和树木当年的生长发育可能具有重要的调控作用。     

巴西橡胶树乳管分化的超微结构研究

用电子显微镜技术研究了巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Mnll.Arg.)幼苗初生乳管分化的早期阶段,着重研究了乳管特有的结构成分的形成。最初可辨认的橡胶粒子出现在细胞质中,直径40—60nm,呈均匀的电子致密体;随着橡胶粒子的增大,粒子的中央区变为电子透明的,而周缘保持有电子致密物质,有时看到充满电子致密物的突起。观察到黄色体(本质为分散的溶酶体液泡)可由内质网膨大形成。在乳管发育过程中出现三种具有不同内含物的黄色体:最初的黄体含有染色很深的呈束状的微纤维,它们随后被含有浅色微纤维的黄色体所代替,成熟乳管的黄色体则含有杂乱的细纤维。在乳管分化初期,乳管细胞中不存在具有特殊结构的 F-w 复合体,只有许多与分生组织中的原质体相同的质体。观察到一些发育异常的乳管,它们似乎停留在发育的早期阶段,而不能继续发育成为典型的成熟乳管。     

不同状态银杏愈伤组织蛋白质电泳分析及电镜观察

通过对同一来源3种银杏愈伤组织中蛋白质、黄酮含量测定,蛋白质SDS-PAGE电泳分析,细胞超微结构观察等研究银杏不同状态愈伤组织的生长情况。结果表明,银杏的这3种愈伤组织代表愈伤组织细胞生长的3个阶段。绿色愈伤组织处于分生组织状态,细胞生长旺盛,蛋白质较多,蛋白质条带宽,细胞内物质丰富,但黄酮的含量并不是最高;微黄色愈伤组织细胞处于初生代谢向次生代谢转化的阶段,蛋白质含量开始减少,45.7、38.4、33.4kD的蛋白质开始减少,核膜不完整,淀粉含量较高,其黄酮含量高于绿色愈伤,属次生代谢的阶段;褐色愈伤组织蛋白质含量很低,条带数减少,有5条蛋白质条带消失,且黄酮的含量最低,细胞结构发生质壁分离现象,内含物解体,细胞核解体,是衰亡的主要特征。微黄色愈伤组织是获取高黄酮含量的最好材料。     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究.结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内.银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡.液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在.贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用.随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质.     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银枵（Ginkgo biloba L.）枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明：银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

PENG Fang-Ren银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位(英文)

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(GinkgobilobaL.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

橡胶蛋白——种与胶乳凝固有关的具有抗真菌活性的植物凝集素

 橡胶蛋白(Hevein)是一种存在于巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)乳管细胞特化的液泡——黄色体(lutoid)内、与几丁质结合的小分子(4.7kD)单链蛋白质,在橡胶粒子的凝絮和胶乳的凝固过程中表现出极为重要的作用,是一类具有抗真菌活性的植物凝集素。     

荞麦糊粉层和子叶中贮藏蛋白质积累过程的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术对荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum)子叶和糊粉层细胞中贮藏蛋白质的积累过程进行了研究.荞麦开花后15天,胚乳最外层细胞的液泡中开始积累蛋白质.开花后25天,最外层胚乳细胞中积累较多的糊粉粒(直径1-2μm)形成糊粉层.开花后20天,子叶细胞中蛋白质开始在液泡和细胞质中积累,同时液泡通过膜的向内生长和缢裂两种方式形成体积较小的液泡.开花后25天,成熟的子叶细胞中含有丰富的蛋白质,贮藏蛋白质主要积累在液泡中形成体积较大的蛋白质贮藏液泡(PSVs,protein storage vacuoles,直径1-3μm).在荞麦子叶积累蛋白质的各个阶段,细胞质中都有一些来源于高尔基体、含蛋白质的电子不透明小泡(直径0.1-0 7μm)存在,观察到有些小泡正进入液泡,推断这种来自于高尔基体膜囊的小泡不仅有将蛋白质运输到液泡形成PSVs的作用,也可能是荞麦成熟子叶积累贮藏蛋白质的一种结构.     

荞麦糊粉层和子叶中贮藏蛋白质积累过程的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术对荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum)子叶和糊粉层细胞中贮藏蛋白质的积累过程进行了研究。荞麦开花后15天,胚乳最外细胞的液泡中开始积累蛋白质。开花后25天,最外层胚乳细胞中积累较多的糊粉粒（直径1－2μm)形成糊粉层。开花后20天,子叶细胞中蛋白质开始在液泡和细胞质中积累,同时液泡通过膜的向内生长和缢裂两种方式形成体积较小的液泡。开花后25天,成熟的子叶细胞中含有丰富的蛋白质,贮藏蛋白质主要积累在液泡中形成体积较大的蛋白质贮藏液泡（PSVs,protein storage vacuoles,直径1－3μm）。在荞麦子叶积累蛋白质的各个阶段,细胞质中都有一些来源于高尔基体,含蛋白质的电子不透明小泡（直径0.1-0.7μm)存在,观察到有些小泡正进入液泡,推断这种来自高尔基体膜囊的小泡不仅将蛋白质运输到液泡形成PSVs的作用,也可能是荞麦成熟子叶积累贮藏蛋白质的一种结构。     

Fluctuation of Vegetative Storage Proteins in the Seedlings of Swietenia macrophylla, Analogous to the Seasonal Changes of Those in the Shoot of the Adult Tree

In order to Identify appropriate plant materials for studying the gene expression and biological function of vegetative storage proteins （VSPs） in woody plants, the VSPs in the seedlings of Swietenla rnacrophylla King were investigated by using light microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE） and Western.blotting. The seed of S. macrophylla was rich in storage proteins that accumulated In the vacuoles of cotyledon parenchyma cells in appearance of compact spherical grains. The growth and development of S. macrophylla seedlings were characterized by an obvious growth rhythm. The storage proteins In seeds disappeared during seedling growth while VSPs appeared in the stem 2 weeks after seedling leaves matured. Thereafter, the VSPs In the seedling stem almost exhausted during new shoot growth, and when the leaves of new shoot Just matured, both the stem beneath the new shoot of seedlings and the stem of new shoot started to accumulate VSPs. Nitrogen application dramatically Increased the level of VSPs, but had little influence on the dynamics of VSP consumption and accumulation in seedling stem. Together with these data, the fluctuation of VSPs in seedlings was very similar to that in the branches of the adult trees. In addition, seedlings are easy to be treated due to their small size. Our results suggested that S. rnacrophylla seedlings were suitable for Investigating the biological roles of VSPs and the mechanism of nitrogen storage in trees.     

渗透胁迫下水杨酸对玉米幼苗根系63.5 kD热稳定蛋白的调控作用

以抗旱性较强的玉米品种‘鲁单50’幼苗为材料,采用等渗的离子胁迫(0.8%NaCl,-0.6 MPa)和非离子胁迫(20%PEG)进行渗透胁迫处理,从受胁迫的玉米幼苗根系中分离出63.5 kD热稳定蛋白。用水杨酸(SA)处理幼苗96 h,取材进行SDS-PAGE电泳,发现63.5 kD热稳定蛋白既可被渗透胁迫诱导,也可被SA诱导产生,且SA对非离子渗透胁迫和离子渗透胁迫下诱导的该蛋白的表达表现出不同的作用,SA对非离子渗透胁迫下该蛋白的表达有抑制作用,而对离子渗透胁迫下该蛋白的表达有促进作用。SA对非离子渗透胁迫或离子渗透胁迫 ABA处理下的该蛋白的表达都表现出促进作用。研究表明,63.5 kD热稳定蛋白受SA信号途径的调控,并且在不同条件下,SA在参与和影响代谢过程的信号途径及其对代谢调控的机理可能存在差异。     

干旱对小麦幼苗诱导蛋白表达与某些生理特性的初步探讨

试验以－１．２ＭＰａＰＥＧ６０００处理动小麦种子（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｌｉｖｕｍＬ．）．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱分析表明,水分胁迫诱导幼芽及整株均产生４８．４ｋＤ、４１．５ｋＤ二个蛋白质亚基。在幼根中未出现以上二个蛋白亚基。胁迫４８ｈ后,根干重／芽干重比呈上升趋势,幼芽细胞膜楔对透性增大和相对含水量降幅度均大于幼根。     

Analyses of Soluble Protein,Total and Free Amino Acids in Leaves of Different Ecotypes of Phragmites communis Growing in the Hexi Corridor

The difference of total and free amino acids and protein extracted from the leaves of four different reed ecotypes growing in Hexi corridor of Gansu Province were investigated. In all of the different reed ecotypes, the content of Asp, Glu, Gly, Leu and Ala in total amino acids were high, while the contents of Ala, Phe, Met and Thr, Pro in total amino acids varied among different reed ecotypes. Albeit Ala, Glu, Asp, Gly and Ser were the chief composition of free amino acids in leaves of all reed ecotypes, but temarkble difference was found in the content of each free amino acid from different reed ecotypes. The content of free Pro in leaves of salt meadow and salt meadow-sand dune transitional zone reed were 3.5 and 1.6 times respectively as much as in leaves of swamp reed. Swamp reed had 11 soluble proteins whereas other three reed ecotypes show that each has 13 soluble proteins. Three “salt adaptation proteins” (66 kD, 40.3 kD, 16.5 kD) were found in leaves of three reed ecotypes with varying degree of salt stress, however, the contents of 3 “salt adaptation protens” showed a negative correlation with the degree of salt stress. There was a large amount of “special protein” (11.7 kD) in leaves of sand dune reeds. These results suggest that the difference in cytogene expression takes a priority basis of adaptation of reed plants to different habitats, while a closer relationship of reeds tolerance to salt or drought stress with Pro accumulation in cells is seen than with the of accumulation stress adaptation protein.     

Electromicrographic Analysis Storage Protein Accumulation in Endosperms of Maize with Qualified Protein

The characteristics of storage protein accumulation of maize with qualified protein (MQP) and 02 maize were analysed basing on the genetical and biochemical point of views. The 22 kD and 20 kD zeins in the developing endosperms of maize accumulated 15 days after pollination. The structural genes encoding 22 kD and 20 kD zeins in the developing endosperms were simutaneously expressed. In the endosperms of MPQ and o2 maize the synthesis of 22 kD and 20 kD zeins was suppressed. That is to say, o2 gene negatively regulated the synthesis of 22 kD and 20 kD zeins. Two-dimentional electrophoretic analysis of zeins in the maize endosperms further revealed the effects of o2 gene and its modifiers on the synthesis of zeins. In Mol7 and Mo17/o2 endosperms the synthesis of 27 kD, 22 kD, 20 kD and 15 kD zeins was severely suppressed. In 041/oz and 040/o2 endosperms little difference existed SDS-PAGE analysis of the soluble proteins of Mol 7 and Mo17/o2 endosperms revealted that two bands with molecular weight (MW) of 38.7 kD and 26.7 kD were present in wild type but absent in o2 mutant, while two bands with MW 27.2 kD and 26.1 kD were present in o2 mutant but absent in wild type. These differences were resulted from the effect of o2 gene. In 040/02 and 041/o2 endosperms two bands with MW 18.6 kD and 17.6 kD were present in 041/o2 but absent in 040/02 while one band with MW 40. 2 kD was present in 040/02 and absent in 041/o2, which was closely related to the effects of the modifiers of o2 gene.     

Protein pattern changes in tomato under in vitro salt stress

The investigation of salt-induced changes in the proteome would highlight important genes because of a high resolution of protein separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and protein identification by mass spectrometry and database search. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a model plant for studying the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance. Seeds of tomato cv. Shirazy were germinated on water-agar medium. After germination, seedlings were transferred to Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium supplemented with 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mM NaCl. After 24 days, leaf and root samples were collected for protein extraction and shoot dry weight measurement. Alterations induced in leaf and root proteins under salt stress treatments were studied by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Leaf proteins were also analyzed by 2-DE. With increasing salt concentration in the medium, shoot dry weight decreased. SDS-PAGE showed induction of at least five proteins with mol wts of 30, 62, and 75 kD in roots and 38 and 46 kD in leaves. On the 2-DE gel, more than 400 protein spots were reproducibly detected. At least 18 spots showed significant changes under salt stress. Three of them corresponded to new proteins, while six proteins were up-regulated and five proteins were down-regulated by salt stress. In addition, salinity inhibited the synthesis of four leaf proteins. Ten spots were analyzed by matrix-assistant laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), which led to the identification of some proteins, which could play a physiological role under salt stress. The expression of new proteins(enoyl-CoA hydratase, EGF receptor-like protein, salt tolerance protein, phosphoglycerate mutase-like protein, and M2D3.3 protein) under salt stress indicates that tomato leaf cells respond to salt stress by changes in different physiological processes. All identified proteins are somehow related to various salt stress responses, such as cell proliferation. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2007, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 526–533. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Role of roots in regulating the growth rate and cytokinin content in leaves

The role of roots in the enhancement of cytokinin content and leaf growth of Phaseolus vulgaris plants after decapitation and partial defoliation was investigated. Partial excision of the roots of plants which were decapitated above the primary leaf node resulted in a reduction of leaf growth and soluble proteins accumulation in the primary leaves. Roots excision was done at time of decapitation and repeated 8 days later. Endogenous cytokinins, known to be involved in enhancing shoot growth, accumulated in the leaves and stems of decapitated and partially defoliated plants. Lower levels of cytokinins were detected in the leaves of decapitated plants with only a partial root system. The level of cytokinins in the roots of decapitated plants was reduced by partial root excision. The growth and accumulation of cytokinins in leaves were, however, not totally suppressed by removing a large proportion of the roots. At the commencement of the experiment the stem had a higher cytokinin content than both the leaves and roots. This suggests that the stem could be an alternative source of cytokinins to the leaves. The cytokinin complement in the leaves of decapitated plants is not identical to that in the roots. It appears that cytokinins supplied by the roots are metabolized in the leaves, or that alternatively certain cytokinins are synthesized in the leaves themselves.     

Age-Dependent Modifications and Further Localization of the CX 26-like Protein from Vicia faba L.

A strong age dependency together with alterations in the cellular distribution of CX 26 immunorelated protein(s) was found for differently developed leaves of Vicia faba L. With increasing age, an immunoreactive 40 kD band was observed in the soluble and microsomal fraction. In the cell wall protein preparation of young and fully differentiated leaves the 40 kD band was the minor constituent. A 33 kD polypeptide was dominantly localized in the microsomal fractions of all developmental stages and in SDS-extracts of total cell proteins of young leaves. A 21 kD protein together with a 16 kD polypeptide was associated with the cell wall fraction. The 21 kD protein, assumed to represent a plasmodesmatal constituent, was reduced with age. In SDS extracts, prepared from the different developmental stages of the leaves and of mesophyll protoplasts, the age-dependent appearance of the several immunostained bands was most obvious. A correlation of the 16, 33, and 40 kD bands to a turnover of the 21 kD protein is suggested. The reduced amount of the 21 kD protein with increasing age may be contemplated as an indication for a relative decrease of symplastic connections between cells of maturing leaves. This is in agreement with the results obtained by immunofluorescence studies using guard cell protoplasts. Here, observations pointed also to a reduction and final loss of CX 26-related protein at the protoplast surfaces.     

苹果一个锌指蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及其表达特性分析(英文)

A cDNA library was created from stem apex tissue from Jonathan apples (Malus domestica Borkh.), harvested in June to August, during which the plant transitions from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. From this library, we isolated an expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence containing a zinc finger motif, using this sequence, a 779 bp cDNA fragment was obtained by using 5‘ RACE, and a final full-length cDNA encoding an apple zinc finger protein (named MdZF1; GenBank accession number AB116545) was obtained by further PCR. This zinc finger motif of MdZF1 has high homology with INOETERMINATE1 (ID1) gene from maize which seemed to be involved in the transition to flowering. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the MdZF1 expressed in the root, stem, leaves, shoot apex and floral organs of the apple, with expression levels higher in root, stem, leaves and floral shoot apex than that in floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens and pistils). Genomic Southern analysis showed that there was a single copy gene in apple genome.     

苹果一个锌指蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及其表达特性分析

采集了处于营养生长向生殖行长转化期(6~8月)的红玉苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)茎顶,构建了其cDNA文库,并从中分离得到了一个具有锌指结构的EST序列,又通过5`RACE的方法,从cDNA文库中找到了其上游779bp的cDNA片段.最后用PCR的方法获得了苹果锌指蛋白的全长cDNA,并命为MdZF1.该cDNA序列已在GenBank登录,登录号为AB116545.MdZF1的锌指结构域与玉米的开花转换基因ID1有高度同源性.通过对苹果不同组织、器官的Northem和RT-PCR分析表明MdZF1在根、茎、叶、顶芽以及花器官(萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊)中都有表达.Southern分析表明MdZF1的基因组中是以单拷贝存在的.