粪透明颤菌血红蛋白基因促进转基因矮牵牛在水培条件下生长并增强其抗涝能力

通过PCR程序克隆粪透明颤菌(Vitreoscilla stercoraria Pringsheim)血红蛋白基因(vhb)的编码区,将其置于CaMV 35S启动子的驱动下导入矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm). PCR和Southern杂交分析证明vhb基因已整合到受体基因组中,而RT-PCR检测证实了转基因矮牵牛中vhb基因转录水平的表达.观察了转基因株系在液体培养基中对淹水和缺氧的反应,发现vhb的表达明显促进了水培植物的生长.为进一步研究转基因植物在低氧条件的耐受能力,将上述的转基因株系在静置的液体培养基中进行完全的淹没培养, 结果显示转基因植株具有较强的低氧耐受能力,培养两周后能从淹没状态长出液面,并由此而在液体中较正常地生长,而未转基因的对照不能长出淹没的培养基表面,在4～5周后因缺氧而窒息死亡.另将上述转基因株系在温室中盆栽并进行抗涝分析,在模拟的持续淹水胁迫中,转基因株系比对照表现出较强的忍受能力.这些结果预示vhb基因在抗涝作物培育和提高水培植物缺氧耐受能力的分子育种方面具有较良好的应用前景.     

cry3A和vhb基因在转基因马铃薯中的表达

分别构建了含cry3A和cry3A+vhb基因的植物表达载体pBCry3A和pBC3Vhb,并通过根癌农杆菌介导转化了马铃薯.对转化再生植株进行PCR和DNA印迹分析表明,外源基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中,且连续三代无性繁殖后转基因仍存在.ELISA分析表明cry3A基因在转基因植株中得到了高效表达,在单转cry3A植株中最高表达量达0.1%,转cry3A与vhb双基因株系中为0.065%.水涝试验显示,转双基因且vhb mRNA的RT-PCR呈阳性的马铃薯植株,对低氧胁迫有较好的耐受性,表明获得的上述转双基因马铃薯株系可能会具有很好的抗虫和耐涝性能.     

通过农杆菌介导将番茄铁转运蛋白基因导入八棱海棠

用农杆菌介导法,成功地将番茄铁转运蛋白基因导入了苹果砧木八棱海棠.获得了19个卡那霉素抗性株系,其中有11个株系经PCR鉴定为阳性.Southern杂交结果显示:有9个转基因株系基因组中整合了完整的目的基因.选择其中含有单拷贝和3个拷贝目的基因的各一个株系进行水培试验,结果表明整合了单拷贝目的基因的转基因株系表现出较强的抗缺铁胁迫能力,5周后其植株的鲜重比对照高21%～34%.     

抗冷冻蛋白基因遗传转化草菇的研究

采用RT PCR技术从瑞典的北极云杉卷叶蛾幼虫中扩增出抗冷冻蛋白基因 ,利用基因枪法遗传转化草菇。PCR检测和Southern杂交结果证明 ,抗冷冻蛋白基因已整合进草菇基因组。低温胁迫试验结果表明 ,转基因草菇具有较强的耐低温能力。转基因草菇生物学特性观测结果显示 ,大多数草菇转化子的生长速率明显地慢于对照的宿主菌株 ,多数转化子的菌丝也明显地比宿主菌丝细弱。转化子筛选结果表明 ,采用三轮的转化子筛选程序 ,即第一轮在固体培养基上筛选、第二轮和第三轮在液体培养基中筛选 ,有利于获得真实转化子和淘汰假转化子。转基因草菇一代低温胁迫结果证明 ,转基因草菇后代仍然具有较强的低温耐受能力 ,这说明转基因草菇的耐低温性能在世代之间是稳定的     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用, 使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用, 利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导入烟草基因组, 采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明, 整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因, 也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明, 外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中, 并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明, 转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系, 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化, 表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加, POD活性明显增强, MDA含量明显降低; 而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力, 而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。     

铁蛋白基因表达对烟草耐低铁能力的影响

铁是植物生长发育的必需元素。由于土壤中的三价铁离子不能被植物直接利用。使一些植物经常表现出缺铁症状。为探讨利用铁蛋白基因提高植物耐低铁胁迫的作用,利用农杆菌介导法将大豆铁蛋白基因SoyFer1和内源反义铁蛋白基因NtFer2的cDNA分别导人烟草基因组,采集转基因烟草种子。对T1转基因烟草的卡那霉素抗性分析表明,整合到烟草基因组的外源基因多为单拷贝基因,也有少数为多拷贝基因。对具有卡那霉素抗性的转基因植株进行PCR检测和Northern杂交分析表明,外源基因已整合到烟草基因组中,并且得到了正确表达。将转基因株系移栽到铁离子浓度不同的培养基中生长2个月后进行比较表明,转大豆铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量明显高于非转基因烟草株系,而转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的生长量则明显低于非转基因烟草株系。转大豆铁蛋白基因和转内源反义铁蛋白基因烟草株系的叶绿素含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性等生理性状也发生了明显变化,表现为转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量明显增加,POD活性明显增强,MDA含量明显降低：而转内源反义铁蛋白基因株系的叶绿素含量、POD活性和MDA含量等则表现为与转大豆铁蛋白基因株系的相反。铁蛋白过量表达提高了烟草耐低铁能力,而铁蛋白抑制表达则降低了烟草耐低铁能力。     

转TPSP融合基因小麦的耐旱相关特性

在获得转TPSP基因小麦纯合株系的基础上,对3个转基因株系的耐旱相关生理特性进行了分析。脯氨酸含量测定显示,干旱胁迫过程中小麦叶片中脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,且3个转基因株系叶片中脯氨酸的积累速度和积累量均显著高于非转基因对照;叶绿素荧光参数测定显示,3个转基因株系的Fv/Fm值在胁迫过程中均略高于非转基因对照,转基因株系4-4-4的Fv/Fo值显著高于非转基因对照,表明转基因株系在水分胁迫条件下光合系统II（PSII）的光合效率有所增强;转基因小麦耐旱性鉴定显示：模拟干旱胁迫100h时对照小麦叶片几乎全部萎蔫,而3个转基因株系均表现出较强的耐旱性;复水24h后转基因株系4-9-1、4-4-4和30-1-2的叶片黄化率分别为25.2%、23.3%和27.6%,显著低于非转基因对照（48.8%）。上述研究结果表明转TPSP基因小麦具有较强的耐旱能力,为转基因材料进一步应用于小麦抗旱育种提供了依据。     

利用RNA-seq技术分析淹水胁迫下转BnERF拟南芥差异表达基因

为探究淹水胁迫下BnERF调节的耐淹防御相关途径,应用RNA-seq技术,对淹水6小时后的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)野生型(WT)和转BnERF株系(E33)幼苗进行基因表达分析。结果表明,淹水3天后,E33表现出较强的耐淹性,地上部生长状况和根系发育均明显强于野生型。E33幼苗未淹水处理时相对于野生型单独上调的基因有9个,4个为膜结合蛋白,其中2个参与MAPK级联途径,其它5个参与氧化胁迫及水分调节途径;与未淹水野生型相比,无论是未淹水处理还是淹水6小时后的E33幼苗中缺氧响应、抗氧化防护及细胞、器官发育相关基因的表达量均上调。另外,淹水6小时后E33的差异基因并未完全覆盖淹水6小时后野生型的差异基因;E33幼苗中缺氧响应、氧化胁迫响应、能量的产生与转变、乙醇代谢途径中的基因以及乙烯响应因子基因的表达量都明显高于野生型。上述结果表明,BnERF直接或间接调节植物的淹水胁迫相关生理代谢途径,参与淹水胁迫的防御过程。     

ipt基因促进矮牵牛遗传转化效率及热激启动子驱动基因删除

本研究主要探讨ipt基因对矮牵牛遗传转化不定芽诱导影响及拟南芥热激启动子hsp18.2驱动重组酶基因flp的热诱导外源基因删除表达载体在矮牵牛中的基因删除效果.本研究中将植物表达载体pBin-hsp18.2:flp-35S:ipt及对照载体pBin-hsp18.2:flp遗传转化矮牵牛,以获得转基因植株,分析比较不定芽的诱导和转基因植株进行的热激基因删除.研究结果表明,ipt基因可促进矮牵牛遗传转化过程中不定芽的诱导,其不定芽诱导率为21.5%,显著高于对照的8.7%.在44℃,6 h,热激6次的条件下,转基因矮牵牛植株表型恢复正常,经 GUS蛋白表达分析及PCR、RT-PCR检测,证明外源基因已经被删除.转基因矮牵牛基因删除效率最高可达43.8%.本研究为ipt基因在一些遗传转化困难植物转基因中的应用奠定了基础.     

红豆越桔VviDREB1基因转化烟草的研究

通过构建pVB4215植物双元表达载体,采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草,研究VviDREB1在植物体中的异源表达特性.结果显示,实验获得了25个Hyg抗性株系,经过PCR、RT-PCR和GUS组织化学染色检测及Hyg基因的PCR复检等多点验证,证实表达载体边界内序列完整地整合到2个烟草株系的基因组中.转基因烟草株系在4℃低温处理20 h后,恢复生长5 h,叶片光系统PSⅡ抗寒性分析结果表明,转基因植株的叶片快速叶绿素荧光曲线OJIP各点数值高于对照植株,VviDREB1基因能够显著提高烟草的荧光产量,最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和以吸收光能为基础的性能指数PIABS较对照高,说明VviDREB1对保护植物组织细胞内光合系统PSⅡ有明显的作用,转VviDREB1基因烟草对低温有一定的忍耐能力.     

Effect of the gene for bacterial hemoglobin vhb on the effectiveness of the process of Escherichia coli-Streptomyces interspecies conjugation and production of antibiotics in streptomycetes

The bacterial hemoglobin vhb gene was cloned from sliding bacterium Vitreoscilla sp. as an element of the system ensuring survival of this microorganism in an environment that contains insufficient amount of oxygen. The vhb gene was transferred from Escherichia coli to some Streptomyces strains, producers of antibiotics, by the method of intergeneric conjugation using conjugative-integrative plasmid vectors pIH1 and pCH2. The stability of plasmid DNA inheritance was analyzed in the genomes of exconjugants. A positive effect of the vhb gene on processes of conjugation and antibiotic production in a number of examined strains was shown.     

Vitreoscilla hemoglobin overexpression increases submergence tolerance in cabbage

Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to deliver the vhb gene into cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Cabitata) cv. Xiaguang's parent line, 103. Using hypocotyls and cotyledon petioles as explants for infection, we obtained a transformation efficiency of 3-5% based on the number of transgenic shoots produced from the number of explants used for infection. Molecular analysis indicated that the vhb gene was stably integrated into the cabbage genome and that the vhb gene was expressed at the RNA level. Characterization of the vhb over-expressing transgenic plants revealed that transgenic seeds germinated faster than the wildtype controls. More importantly, the transgenic plants showed tolerance to a prolonged submergence treatment, suggesting that the vhb gene may provide an excellent tool for creation of submergence/flooding-tolerant cultivars of agriculturally important crops.     

Development of flooding-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana by autoregulated cytokinin production

Flooding is one of the most serious environmental stresses that affect plant growth and productivity. Flooding causes premature senescence which results in leaf chlorosis, necrosis, defoliation, cessation of growth and reduced yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects of autoregulated cytokinin production on the flooding tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. A chimeric gene containing the senescence-specific SAG12 promoter and the ipt gene coding for isopentenyl transferase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the cytokinin biosynthesis pathway, was constructed. The chimeric gene was introduced into Arabidopsis plants by Agrobacterium-mediated vacuum infiltration. Four transgenic lines were chosen for flooding tolerance determinations. DNA hybridization analysis and PCR confirmed that all four of the transgenic lines carried the ipt gene. The segregation of kanamycin resistance in the T₂ generation indicated 1 to 3 integration events. GUS expression and RT-PCR of the ipt gene confirmed the senescence-specificity of the SAG12 promoter. Morphologically, the transgenic lines appeared healthy and normal. Transgenic plants began to flower at the same time as wild-type plants, but the period from flowering to senescence was lengthened by 7 to 12 days. Tolerance of the transgenic plants to waterlogging and complete submergence was assayed in three independent experiments. All four transgenic lines were consistently more tolerant to flooding than wild-type plants. The results indicated that endogenously produced cytokinin can regulate senescence caused by flooding stress, thereby, increasing plant tolerance to flooding. This study provides a novel mechanism to improve flooding tolerance in plants.     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在金色链霉菌中的克隆与表达

分别用质粒pJJ699与pUC19(vhb),pIJ702与pBR322(vhb),构建大肠杆菌链霉菌穿梭质粒,将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因转入金色链霉菌。在低溶解氧浓度下,透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达,可提高金色链霉菌氧的利用效率,产物合成比原始菌株提高40%～60%。在局部低氧的环境中,采用四环素抗性基因启动子带动血红蛋白基因表达,可有效发挥透明颤菌血红蛋白的氧传递效率,优于透明颤菌血红蛋白基因受溶解氧调控的天然启动子。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在阿维链霉菌中的表达

将含有自身启动子的透明颤菌血红蛋白基因（ ｖｈｂ） 克隆至大肠杆菌—链霉菌穿梭质粒载体ｐＩＪ６５３ 中构建成表达载体ｐ ＷＹ１０１ 和ｐ ＷＹ１０２ ,用它们转化阿维菌素（ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎｓ） 产生菌———阿维链霉菌（ Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓ ａｖｅｒｍｉｔｉｌｉｓ） ,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ 分析并未检测到ｖｈｂ 基因表达,但用穿梭载体ｐＨＺ１２５２（ 其中的ｖｈｂ 基因位于受硫链丝菌素诱导的链霉菌强启动子ＰｔｉｐＡ之下） 转化阿维链霉菌并经硫链丝菌素诱导,则在该菌中表达出了有活性的ＶＨｂ 蛋白。ｐＨＺ１２５２ 在阿维链霉菌中发生了重组缺失,但缺失的ｐＨＺ１２５２ 上仍含有完整的ｖｈｂ 基因及诱导型强启动子,且可在阿维链霉菌中稳定遗传,却不能再转化大肠杆菌。     

Error-prone PCR of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) to support the growth of microaerobic Escherichia coli

Expression of the gene encoding bacterial hemoglobin (VHb) from Vitreoscilla has been previously used to improve recombinant cell growth and enhance product formation under microaerobic conditions. It is very likely that the properties of VHb are not optimized for foreign hosts; therefore, we used error-prone PCR to generate a number of randomly mutated vhb genes to be expressed and studied in Escherichia coli. In addition, the mutated VHb proteins also contained an extension of eight residues (MTMITPSF) at the amino terminus. VHb mutants were screened for improved growth properties under microaerobic conditions and 15 clones expressing mutated hemoglobin protein were selected for further characterization and cultivated in a microaerobic bioreactor to analyze the physiological effects of novel VHb proteins on cell growth. The expression of four VHb mutants, carried by pVM20, pVM50, pVM104, and pVM134, were able to enhance microaerobic growth of E. coli by approximately 22%, 155%, 50%, and 90%, respectively, with a concomitant decrease of acetate excretion into the culture medium. The vhb gene in pVM20 contains two mutations substituting residues Glu19(A17) and Glu137(H23) to Gly. pVM50 expresses a VHb protein carrying two mutations: His36(C1) to Arg36 and Gln66(E20) to Arg66. pVM104 and pVM134 express VHb proteins carrying the mutations Ala56(E10) to Gly and Ile24(B5) to Thr, respectively. Our experiments also indicate that the positive effects elicited by mutant VHb-expression from pVM20 and pVM50 are linked to the peptide tail. Removal of the N-terminal sequence reduced cell growth approximately 23% and 53%, respectively, relative to wild-type controls. These results clearly demonstrate that it is possible to obtain mutated VHb proteins with improved characteristics for improving microaerobic growth of E. coli by using combined mutation techniques, addition of a peptide tail, and random error-prone PCR.     

通过转PSAG12—IPT基因培育延缓叶片衰老水稻

利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法将PSAG12 _IPT导入籼稻品种明恢 6 3。在获得的 6 1个独立的转基因植株中 ,有一些表现出叶片衰老显著延缓 ,对选择的两个纯合转基因株系的小区试验的结果显示 :(1)转基因植株倒三叶的持绿性极显著延长 ;(2 )两个纯合转基因株系比原品种的结实率极显著提高 ,株高极显著降低 ;(3)两个纯合转基因株系的有效穗数比原品种极显著或显著提高。     

Effect of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">ipt</Emphasis> gene expression on wheat tolerance to root flooding

The effect of enhanced cytokinin synthesis due to expression of the ipt gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens on plant tolerance to root flooding was studied. Transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants carrying the ipt gene were more tolerant to flooding than wild-type plants. The effect of transformation was manifested in the higher yield and less growth inhibition during flooding. The measurements of activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as MDA content during flooding revealed differences between wild-type and transgenic plants that correlated with their tolerance. These results point to the protective role of cytokinins during wheat root flooding.