暖温带地区主要树种叶片凋落物分解过程中主要元素释放的比较

应用分解网袋法对暖温带落叶阔叶林内分布较为优势的辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis)、五角枫（Acermono)、蒙椴（Tilia mongolica)、糠椴（T.mandshurica)等4种植物叶片凋落物第一年的分解速率损失过程基本符合Olson的指数降解模型。4种凋落物的分解速率（凋落物的年重量损失）依次为五角枫＞糠椴＞蒙椴＞辽乐栎。N、P、Na、Fe、Cu、Mn在几种凋落物残留物中各自有不同程度的富集。C、K含量显著单调下降,其它几种元素含量变化不太规律。可以看出,元素的初始含量对其释放速率有很大影响,当微生物固持作用使C与其它元素比升高到某一阈值时,元素开始释放;初始含量较高的元素则从最初开始释放。高含量的木质素对元素的净释放有一定抑制作用,而在凋落物分解初期影响不大。     

辽东栎叶片凋落物在不同气候带下的分解及其主要元素释放的比较

辽东栎叶片凋落物在不同气候带下的分解及其主要元素释放的比较 王立新 王 瑾 黄建辉     

土壤线虫群落对森林凋落物分解主场效应的作用

以大连西郊国家森林公园作为样地,以黑松和辽东栎两种叶凋落物作为分解基质,采用两种不同网孔的凋落物袋法,从土壤线虫群落组成、凋落物分解速率、凋落物养分释放、土壤线虫群落多样性及其与凋落物理化指标的相关性等几个方面来探究森林凋落物分解的主场效应及土壤线虫群落的作用。结果表明:研究期间共鉴定出4570条土壤线虫,隶属于35个属。0.1mm网袋中共鉴定4407条线虫,远高于0.02mm网袋的163条;而0.02mm网袋控制了土壤线虫参与凋落物分解,可视为仅由微生物参与分解过程。凋落物在主场与客场分解损失率差值(Ph-Pa、Qh-Qa)、元素残留率差值(Pa-Ph、Qa-Qh)总体呈增加趋势,说明土壤线虫对主场凋落物分解作用明显。凋落物质量损失和C、N释放量表现为0.1mm网袋0.02mm网袋,主场客场,主场与客场存在一定差异,表明土壤线虫促进了凋落物分解,且对主场凋落物分解贡献较大。主场线虫数量和种类较多,调控着微生物的群落结构及活动,进而加速了凋落物分解和养分释放,同时主场效应又决定着凋落物的分解速率和养分释放。研究结果可为今后森林凋落物分解的相关研究中主场效应、客场效应以及土壤生物驱动效应研究提供参考。     

酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征

选取缙云山针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林作为研究对象,对4种林分的凋落物储量和营养元素释放量等进行观测,并应用室内模拟酸雨实验对4种林分凋落物进行淋溶模拟。结果表明:缙云山各林分现存凋落物厚度为1.4～4.5 cm,具有明显的分层结构;林分未分解U层、半分解S层和分解D层现存凋落物量分别为1.97～8.59、2.84～10.18和3.58～17.43 t·hm-2,林分年凋落物量为2.17～9.86 t·hm-2·a-1,凋落物总储量为14.21～32.42 t·hm-2,凋落物分解常数为0.15～0.31,林下凋落物分解95%时所需时间针阔混交林和楠竹林均在10年以上,凋落物分解速率比较缓慢;林下凋落物层营养元素含量以Ca、N为主,Fe、K、Mg次之;凋落物总的营养元素释放率表现为常绿阔叶林(0.80)>灌木林(0.72)>针阔混交林(0.50)>楠竹林(-0.17);与叶片相比,凋落物中N、K、Mn 3种营养元素含量明显降低;为探明酸雨影响营养元素循环的作用机理,对模拟酸雨的离子含量与凋落物淋滤液盐基离子含量进行了分析,其相关性大小表现为楠竹林(相关系数0.895)>针阔混交林(0.826)>灌木(0.700)>常绿阔叶林(0.699),楠竹林凋落物营养元素的淋滤受酸雨影响最大,常绿阔叶林受其影响最弱;推测在这一过程中以凋落物的吸附作用为主。     

辽东落叶松人工混交林凋落物混合分解特征

凋落物分解过程中的养分释放对土壤质量、养分平衡和生产力的可持续维持发挥着重要作用。2015年5月,以辽东山区日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)-红松(Pinus koraiensis)和日本落叶松-赤杨(Alnus japonica)人工混交林为研究对象,采用凋落物网袋法将落叶松分别与红松、赤杨叶片凋落物以75∶25、50∶50和25∶75比例混合,研究不同类型、不同比例的混合凋落物对其分解速率以及养分动态变化的影响。结果表明:在单一植物凋落物的分解过程中,赤杨叶片质量损失最高,分解最快;而红松叶片质量损失最低,分解最慢。凋落物混合分解对氮素释放的影响中,3种比例的落叶松与赤杨叶片的混合凋落物均表现出抑制作用,而落叶松与红松叶片混合凋落物(以25∶75比例混合)表现出促进作用。因此,落叶松在与红松、赤杨混合分解时产生了"非加和效应",并且其分解过程中氮和磷的养分释放状况受混合比例影响。     

宁镇山区不同森林土壤生物学特性的研究

对宁镇山区不同森林土壤微生物、土壤酶活性,营养元素的变化及凋落物的分解等生物学特性进行了探讨,结果表明,土壤微生物数量和6种土壤酶的生化活性在不同的季节的不同的林型土壤中均呈现出一定的变化规律,土壤中营养元素的含量随森林的生长周期而发生规律性的变化,并与土壤中微生物数量和土壤酶活性有显著的相关性,不同林地凋落物分解速率与其营养元素归还速率存在一定的时空差异,对次生栎林、毛竹林和杉木林土壤各生物学特性的比较表明,栎林土壤营养元素的含量最丰富,并具有较强的自肥调控能力,因此种植针阔混交林有利于防止针叶纯林的地力衰退现象。     

黄土丘陵区不同森林类型叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,测定了黄土丘陵区主要人工林(刺槐、小叶杨和油松)和天然次生林(辽东栎、麻栎和白桦)中乔叶、凋落物以及土壤的碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,探讨不同森林类型叶片-凋落物-土壤生态化学计量特征差异,旨在进一步了解研究区森林生态系统的养分供求现状。结果表明:1)人工林叶片和凋落物的C含量大于天然次生林,N、P含量均小于天然次生林,叶片和凋落物C∶N和C∶P值均表现为人工林大于天然次生林;2)人工林中土壤的C、N、P含量及化学计量比的显著性差异主要集中在土壤表层(0—10 cm),而天然次生林则集中在10—50 cm的土层,随着土层深度增加,二者的C、N、P含量逐渐减小;3)人工林N含量在叶片与凋落物间为显著正相关,天然次生林N含量在凋落物与土壤间为极显著正相关、C∶P值在叶片与土壤间则为显著负相关,其余各指标无显著相关性。揭示了除刺槐和辽东栎的生长受P限制外,其余各树种均受N限制,人工林凋落物的分解速率较快,且人工林土壤P有效性高于天然次生林,这些研究结果可为我国黄土丘陵区的植被恢复与重建工作提供理论依据。     

元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上植物叶片的元素含量及其重吸收效率

采用盆栽试验,研究元谋干热河谷燥红土和变性土上生长的植物叶片以及凋落叶营养元素含量,并分析养分重吸收效率对土壤类型与物种互作的响应.结果表明: 土壤类型对叶片N、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、N∶P以及凋落叶N、P、Mn、N∶P均有显著影响;燥红土植物叶片与凋落叶N、Mn含量和N∶P显著高于变性土,而燥红土植物叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn和凋落叶P含量显著低于变性土.燥红土植物叶片N含量较变性土高34.8%,而P含量低40.0%;在叶片凋落时,N、P、K表现为重吸收,而其他元素呈富集状态.燥红土凋落叶Ca、Mg、Mn富集系数显著高于变性土.物种仅对叶片N含量有显著影响,物种与土壤交互作用对植物叶片和凋落叶元素含量影响不显著,表明各土壤类型对不同物种元素含量的影响方式较为一致.土壤类型对植物元素含量的影响可进一步作用于干热河谷植物凋落物分解、植物-土壤的养分反馈以及生物地球化学循环.     

云南药山自然保护区黄背栎林和巧家五针松林生态化学计量特征

以云南药山自然保护区黄背栎林和巧家五针松林的4块样地为研究对象,旨在揭示这2种森林生态系统营养元素含量状况和土壤养分的供给能力。通过分析4块样地"叶片-凋落物-土壤"C、N、P含量、生态化学计量特征及其相关性,结果表明:(1)不同样地同一组分的C、N含量差异显著,P含量差异不显著,同一样地各组分间C、N含量差异显著,均为叶片凋落物土壤,P含量则为叶片土壤凋落物;(2)不同样地叶片C∶P、N∶P比值和凋落物与土壤C∶N比值差异不显著,其余指标差异均显著。同一样地叶片、凋落物、土壤的C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比值差异显著,均为凋落物叶片土壤;(3)黄背栎林叶片-土壤C含量、C∶P比值和凋落物-叶片N∶P比值呈极显著或显著相关,巧家五针松林凋落物-叶片C、N含量和叶片-土壤P含量、C∶N、N∶P比值呈极显著或显著相关;(4)土壤N元素缺乏是限制植物生长的主要因素,P元素主要源于土壤矿物风化释放,而非生物小循环。     

森林凋落物动态及其对全球变暖的响应

综述了森林凋落物研究的进展,森林凋落物动态的研究随研究方法的改进而不断深化。制约凋落物分解速率的因素有内在因素即凋落物自身的化学物理性质和外在因素即凋落物分解过程发生的外部环境条件,如参与分解的异养微生物和土壤动物群落的种类、数量、活性（生物类因素）和气候、土壤、大气成分等（非生物类因素）。讨论了全球变暖可能引起的凋落物量和凋落物分解的变化。气温上升可能引发植被分布、物候特征和制约凋落物分解因素的改变,影响森林凋落物动态,最终影响森林生态系统物质循环的功能。     

Tree Species Effect on Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release in Mediterranean Oak Forests Changes Over Time

Tree species can affect the decomposition process through the quality of their leaf fall and through the species-specific conditions that they generate in their environment. We compared the relative importance of these effects in a 2-year experiment. Litterbags containing leaf litter of the winter-deciduous Quercus canariensis, the evergreen Q. suber and mixed litter were incubated beneath distinct plant covers. We measured litter carbon loss, 9 macro- and micronutrients and 18 soil chemical, physical and biological parameters of the incubation environment. Tree species affected decay dynamics through their litter quality and, to a lesser extent, through the induced environmental conditions. The deciduous litter showed a faster initial decomposition but left a larger fraction of slow decomposable biomass compared with the perennial litter; in contrast the deciduous environment impeded early decomposition while promoting further carbon loss in the latter decay stages. The interaction of these effects led to a negative litter–environment interaction contradicting the home-field advantage hypothesis. Leaf litter N, Ca and Mn as well as soil N, P and soil moisture were the best predictors for decomposition rates. Litter N and Ca exerted counteractive effects in early versus late decay stages; Mn was the best predictor for the decomposition limit value, that is, the fraction of slowly decomposable biomass at the later stage of decomposition; P and soil moisture showed a constant and positive relation with carbon loss. The deciduous oak litter had a higher initial nutrient content and released its nutrients faster and in a higher proportion than the perennial oak litter, significantly increasing soil fertility beneath its canopy. Our findings provide further insights into the factors that control the early and late stages of the decomposition process and reveal potential mechanisms underlying tree species influence on litter decay rate, carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.     

Biogeochemical cycles in natural forest and conifer plantations in the high mountains of Colombia

Plant litter production and decomposition are two important processes in forest ecosystems, since they provide the main organic matter input to soil and regulate nutrient cycling. With the aim to study these processes, litterfall, standing litter and nutrient return were studied for three years in an oak forest (Quercus humboldtii), pine (Pinus patula) and cypress (Cupressus lusitanica) plantations, located in highlands of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Evaluation methods included: fine litter collection at fortnightly intervals using litter traps; the litter layer samples at the end of each sampling year and chemical analyses of both litterfall and standing litter. Fine litter fall observed was similar in oak forest (7.5 Mg ha/y) and in pine (7.8 Mg ha/y), but very low in cypress (3.5 Mg ha/y). Litter standing was 1.76, 1.73 and 1.3 Mg ha/y in oak, pine and cypress, respectively. The mean residence time of the standing litter was of 3.3 years for cypress, 2.1 years for pine and 1.8 years for oak forests. In contrast, the total amount of retained elements (N, P, S, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in the standing litter was higher in pine (115 kg/ha), followed by oak (78 kg/ha) and cypress (24 kg/ha). Oak forests showed the lowest mean residence time of nutrients and the highest nutrients return to the soil as a consequence of a faster decomposition. Thus, a higher nutrient supply to soils from oaks than from tree plantations, seems to be an ecological advantage for recovering and maintaining the main ecosystem functioning features, which needs to be taken into account in restoration programs in this highly degraded Andean mountains.     

Increasing Red Maple Leaf Litter Alters Decomposition Rates and Nitrogen Cycling in Historically Oak-Dominated Forests of the Eastern U.S.

Without canopy-opening fire disturbances, shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive species like red maple (Acer rubrum L.) proliferate in many historically oak-dominated forests of the eastern U.S. Here, we evaluate potential implications of increased red maple dominance in upland oak forests of Kentucky on rates of leaf litter decomposition and nitrogen (N) cycling. Over 5 years, we evaluated mass loss of leaf litter and changes in total N and carbon (C) within six leaf litter treatments comprised of scarlet oak, chestnut oak, and red maple, and three mixed treatments of increasing red maple contribution to the leaf litter pool (25, 50, and 75% red maple). Over a 1.5-year period, we conducted a plot-level leaf litter manipulation study using the same treatments plus a control and assessed changes in net nitrification, ammonification, and N mineralization within leaf litter and upper (0–5 cm depth) mineral soil horizons. Red maple leaf litter contained more “fast” decomposing material and initially lost mass faster than either oak species. All litter treatments immobilized N during initial stages of decomposition, but the degree of immobilization decreased with decreasing red maple contribution. The leaf litter plot-level experiment confirmed slower N mineralization rates for red maple only plots compared to chestnut oak plots. As red maple increases, initial leaf litter decomposition rates will increase, leading to lower fuel loads and more N immobilization from the surrounding environment. These changes may reduce forest flammability and resource availability and promote red maple expansion and thereby the “mesophication” of eastern forests of the U.S.     

Release of plant nutrients from decomposing leaf litter in a South Swedish beech forest

Weight loss and dynamics of plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn and Cu) in leaf litter were studied in a mature beech forest in South Sweden, using the litter bag technique. An initial decomposition period of about 12 to 18 months was characterized by an absolute net increase of N, P, and S contents in litter, followed by a period of net release of these elements. This development, which was most obvious for N and P, was interpreted as a change from a phase where decomposer activity was limited by the availability of nutrient elements to an energy-limited phase. A net release of nitrogen did not occur until after two years of decomposition, and a transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus between different litter layers is here proposed to work as a retention mechanism.
Potassium and sodium were quickly leached from the litter, while release of magnesium, calcium, and initially also manganese, was more associated to organic matter weight loss. Iron, zinc and copper were all strongly accumulated in the litter material. This is explained by mineral soil admixture for the former element and by atmospheric fall-out in combination with the chemical complex formation character for the latter two elements.
Finally, the importance of the different release processes in the total nutrient recycling of the forest is discussed.     

三种相思人工林和木荷林凋落叶分解的动态分析

对3种相思（Acacia Mill．）人工林和木荷（Schima superba Gardn．et．Champ．）林凋落叶的分解速率及磷和钾的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,在分解过程中,卷荚相思（A．cincinnata F．Muell．）林、黑木相思（A．melanoxylon R．Br．）林、马占相思（A．magium Willd．）林和木荷林凋落叶干质量残留率分别为24．37％、13．51％、12．49％和41．86％,其中马占相思林的年分解系数最大,木荷林最小。凋落叶的磷含量大多呈上升趋势,其中黑木相思林和马占相思林表现为磷的净释放;卷荚相思林则在分解过程的前180d内表现为净固持,180d后表现为净释放;木荷林基本表现为磷的净固持。凋落叶的钾含量均为单调下降,且各林分均呈现出钾的净释放,分解末期各林分的钾释放率达90．14％～98．72％。与木荷林相比,3种相思人工林对土壤养分含量,特别是磷含量的维持非常有益。     

Mass loss and nitrogen dynamics in decomposing acid forest litter in the Netherlands at increased nitrogen deposition

Litterbag experiments were carried out in five forest ecosystems in the Netherlands to study weight loss and nitrogen dynamics during the first two years of decomposition of leaf and needle litter. All forests were characterized by a relatively high atmospheric nitrogen input by throughfall, ranging from 22–55 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1.Correlation analysis of all seven leaf and needle litters revealed no significant relation between the measured litter quality indices (nitrogen and lignin concentration, lignin-to-nitrogen ratio) and the decomposition rate. A significant linear relation was found between initial lignin-to-nitrogen ratio and critical nitrogen concentration, suggesting an effect of litter quality on nitrogen dynamics.Comparison of the decomposition of oak leaves in a nitrogen-limited and a nitrogen-saturated forest suggested an increased nitrogen availability. The differences in capacities to retain atmospheric nitrogen inputs between these two sites could be explained by differences in net nitrogen immobilization in first year decomposing oak leaves: in the nitrogen-limited oak forest a major part (55%) of the nitrogen input by throughfall was immobilized in the first year oak leaf litter.The three coniferous forests consisted of two monocultures of Douglas fir and a mixed stand of Douglas fir and Scots pine. Despite comparable litter quality in the Douglas fir needles in all sites, completely different nitrogen dynamics were found.     

Decomposition and nitrogen release from the foliage litter of fir (Abies sachalinensis) and oak (Quercus crispula) under different forest canopies in Hokkaido, Japan

When two tree species co-occur, decomposition and nitrogen (N) release from the foliage litter depend on two factors: the forest floor conditions under each canopy type and the species composition of the litter. We conducted an experiment using fir and oak to answer several questions regarding decomposition beneath canopies of the two species and the effects of litter species composition on decomposition. We compared the rates of decomposition and N release from three different litters (fir needle, oak leaf, and a mixture of the two) in 1-mm-mesh litterbags on the forest floor under three different canopies (a 40-year-old fir plantation, large oak trees, and mixed fir and oak trees) in Hokkaido, Japan, over a 2-year period. Beneath each of these canopy types, the litter decomposition rate and percentage of N remaining in the litterbags containing a mixture of fir and oak litter were not significantly different from the expected values calculated for litterbags containing litter from a single tree species. Oak leaf litter decomposed significantly faster than fir needle litter beneath each canopy type. The litter decomposition rate was significantly higher beneath the fir canopy than under the oak canopy, and was intermediate under the mixed canopy of fir and oak. No net N release, that is, a decrease in the total N compared to the original amount, was detected from fir litter under each canopy type or from oak leaf litter beneath the oak canopy. N increased over the original amount in the fir litter beneath the oak canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak, but N was released from the oak litter under the fir canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak. These results suggest that oak leaf litter blown onto fir forest floor enhances nutrient cycling, and this might be a positive effect of a mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees.     

Variations in leaf litter decomposition across contrasting forest stands and controlling factors at local scale

Aims Litter decomposition is a critical pathway linking the above- and belowground processes. However, factors underlying the local spatial variations in forest litter decomposition are still not fully addressed. We investigated leaf litter decomposition across contrasting forest stands in central China, with objective to determine the spatial variations and controlling factors in forest floor leaf litter decomposition in relation to changes in forest stands in a temperate forest ecosystem.Methods Leaf litter decomposition was studied by using litterbag method across several typical forest stand types in Baotianman Nature Reserve, central China, including pure stands of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata and Q. variabilis, respectively, and mixed pine/oak stands dominated by Pinus armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata, as well as stands of pure Q. aliena var. acuteserrata trees ranging in stand age from ~40 to>160 years. Measurements were made on litter mass remaining and changes in litter chemistry during decomposition over a 2-year period, along with data collections on selective biotic and environmental factors. A reciprocal transplant experiment involving Q. aliena var. acuteserrata and Q. variabilis was concurrently carried out to test the occurrence of 'home-field advantage (HFA)' in local forests when only considering contrasting oak tree species. Correlation analyses and path analyses were performed to identify the dominant drivers and their relative contributions to variations in leaf litter decomposition.Important findings Significant variations were found in the rate of leaf litter decomposition among stands of different tree species but not among stand age classes. The values of decay constant, k, varied from 0.62 in Q. aliena var. acuteserrata stands to 0.56 in Q. variabilis stands. The reciprocal litter transplant experiment showed that the rate of leaf litter decomposition was on average 5% slower in home-fields than on reciprocal sites. Path analysis identified litter acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) to N ratio, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC) as most prominent factors controlling the rate of leaf litter decomposition, collectively accounting for 57.8% of the variations; AUR/N had the greatest negative effect on k value, followed by weaker positive effects of SOC and MBC. Our findings suggest that tree species plays a primary role in affecting forest floor leaf litter decomposition by determining the litter quality, with site environment being a secondary factor contributing to the local variations in leaf litter decomposition in this temperate forest ecosystem.