促卵泡刺激素对小鼠卵巢玻璃化冻存的抗凋亡作用

目的：观察小鼠卵巢组织促卵泡刺激素（FSH）在小鼠卵巢组织玻璃化冻存过程中的抗凋亡作用。方法：将4周龄C57BL/6J雌性小鼠卵巢组织,分为新鲜对照组（CG）、玻璃化冻存对照组（VCG）、0.3 IU/ml FSH全程干预玻璃化冻存组（OG-FSH）,玻璃化冻存条件为小鼠卵巢入培养液在37℃二氧化碳培养箱培养60 min,接着入1.5 mol/L乙二醇中预渗透平衡8 min,再移入EG5.5-30玻璃化液渗透平衡3.5 min,之后投入-196℃的液氮罐中保存1 d,全过程在22~24℃下进行。每组20枚卵巢,10枚进行HE染色后的正常卵泡百分比计数,10枚进行免疫组织化学法观察。结果：与对照组（CG）比较,玻璃化冻存对照组（VCG）正常卵泡百分比显著降低,active caspase-3的表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;与玻璃化冻存对照组（VCG）比较,0.3 IU/ml FSH全程干预玻璃化冻存组（OG-FSH）组的正常卵泡百分比明显升高,active caspase-3的表达量显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：小鼠卵巢玻璃化冻存全程添加FSH干预可有效抵抗凋亡执行蛋白active caspase-3的表达,有利于卵巢组织形态结构的保护。     

出生后小鼠卵巢可再生卵母细胞

传统的观点认为 ,女性和绝大多数雌性哺乳动物出生后其卵巢中的卵母细胞数目不再增加反而逐年减少。在绝经期前 ,除很少一部分卵母细胞发育成熟并完成排卵外 ,大部分是以细胞凋亡的形式消失于机体的不同生长阶段 ;绝经期后的卵巢则不具备排卵能力。最近 ,Tilly领导的研究小组在     

小鼠移植卵巢的生长及功能初探

实验对小鼠单侧和双侧自体异位移植的卵巢,运用组织学、组织化学和放射免疫技术,探讨其生长规律。结果表明：移植卵巢的生长可分三个阶段：（１）坏死期：移植第２～４天,卵巢的原有组织处于退化状态,仅边缘可见原始卵泡和窦前卵泡;（２）恢复期：移植第７～１４天,卵巢逐渐恢复正常结构,血清孕酮水平开始上升,大多数动物出现动情周期;（３）发育成熟期：移植第１４天以后,卵巢内含发育不同阶段的卵泡、黄体和大量间质腺,孕酮水平接近正常。单侧移植卵巢的生长比双侧推迟约７天。本研究显示自体异位移植卵巢能够生长发育并分泌雌性激素     

新生小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冻存、移植及分离卵泡的体外成熟培养初步研究

目的:系统地探索新生小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冻存建立卵巢库,移植和分离卵泡以及体外成熟培养的实验方法。方法:对1日龄小鼠卵巢组织进行冻存,解冻复苏和同种肾包膜下移植,从卵巢移植物种中进行卵泡分离和体外成熟培养。结果:①采用平衡液(ES)处理25min,玻璃化液(VS)处理3min方案冻存的卵巢组织具有更高比例的形态完整卵泡,其完整原始卵泡率均值达96.6%,显著性高于实验中其它四组方案(P0.05);②在分别移植2周和4周后回收卵巢移植物,发现二者的卵巢回收率无显著差异(P0.05),但移植4周组的卵泡回收数目要明显高于2周组(P0.05);③在培养基中添加适量的自体血清(10%,V/V)能显著提高卵子的体外成熟率,培养12h后对照组中生发泡破裂(GVBD)发生率为(34.74±4.26)%,添加血清后提高至(54.60±3.37)%,成熟的MⅡ期卵子获得率从(43.17±1.31)%升高至(57.75±5.31)%,有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:通过该实验较好地建立了卵巢组织的玻璃化冻存、移植和卵泡分离以及体外成熟培养的实验方法。     

多囊卵巢综合征的小鼠模型

多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)是育龄女性最常见的生殖内分泌紊乱性疾病之一,其主要的临床特征包括多毛、不排卵或稀发排卵、高雄激素血症、多囊化卵巢、肥胖、血脂紊乱和胰岛素抵抗等生殖和代谢异常两方面。理想的PCOS动物模型应同时具有类PCOS患者的生殖和代谢异常表型,从而为更好地理解PCOS的病理机制提供研究工具。本文综述了目前常用的PCOS小鼠模型,并总结了不同模型的生殖与代谢特征。     

新生小鼠卵巢移植雄鼠肾囊下卵泡的生长发育

将1日龄小鼠卵巢移植入成年雄鼠肾囊下,分别于移植后18d、36d回收移植卵巢进行形态学、组织学观察,以评价卵巢移植体在成年雄性受体小鼠体内生长及卵泡发育潜能。结果表明:移植体生长增大,有各级生长卵泡发育;18日龄移植体平均直径为1881.1μm±204.7μm,与1日龄卵巢相比差异极显著(P<0.01),卵泡发育到有腔卵泡阶段;36日龄移植体平均直径达2575.3μm±466.4μm,显著大于18日龄移植体(P<0.01),有成熟卵泡出现,未观察到黄体;从移植体分离到GV期卵母细胞和卵丘卵母细胞复合体。研究表明1日龄小鼠卵巢移植体在雄性受体生理环境中具有正常生长发育和形成成熟卵泡的潜能。     

卵巢移植技术应用于胰腺癌转基因小鼠模型繁殖传代研究

目的研究卵巢移植在胰腺癌转基因小鼠模型保种传代中的应用。方法通过显微手术将SV40T阳性转基因小鼠的卵巢原位移植给相同背景品系去除卵巢的正常FVB雌鼠体内。移植后与正常FVB雄鼠配种,后代以PCR检测确定阳性,统计后代发病情况。并对移植受体鼠进行卵巢的组织切片观察。结果实验中移植用供体鼠19只。成功移植给32只受体。其中有21只移植受体怀孕产子,得到后代159只,存活96只,PCR检测阳性34只,阳性率约为25.4%。结论卵巢移植可被用于转基因小鼠的传代繁殖保种。     

雄性受体小鼠性腺对移植卵巢卵母细胞生长发育的影响

目的探索雄性受体性腺对移植卵巢卵母细胞生长发育的影响。方法将1日龄小鼠卵巢移植入成年雄鼠肾囊下,将雄性受体小鼠分为性腺摘除组和性腺在位组,于21d回收移植卵巢,以评价雄性小鼠性腺对新生小鼠卵巢移植体卵母细胞生长发育的影响。结果移植后21d,性腺摘除组和性腺在位组卵巢回收率分别为80.0%和92.9%,移植体生长增大;每个卵巢平均回收卵母细胞数分别为(30.4±4.3)和(42.4±11.1)个,两者差异不显著(P0.05);性腺摘除组回收的均为GV期卵母细胞,性腺在位组大部分为GV期卵母细胞,有的达到MII期。结论雄性受体小鼠能够支持移植卵巢卵母细胞的生长发育,雄性受体的性腺对其影响不明显。     

小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的超微结构及其吸收功能

为研究小鼠卵巢囊及卵巢囊淋巴孔的超微结构 ,探讨其吸收功能 ,本实验用常规扫描电镜和透射电镜观察小鼠卵巢囊组织 ,应用Elscope软件对卵巢囊淋巴孔进行定量处理。并通过曲利本蓝吸收实验 ,测定其吸收功能。本实验首次发现小鼠卵巢囊上皮的立方细胞和扁平细胞之间存在淋巴孔 ,淋巴孔直径为 3 6 12± 1 132μm ,周长为 10 86 2± 3 4 15 μm。同时也发现小鼠卵巢囊上存在闭合淋巴孔。小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔能吸收曲利本蓝 ,并随着时间的延长 ,曲利本蓝吸收增多。本实验的结果提示 :小鼠卵巢囊淋巴孔的大小、分布都与金仓鼠、豚鼠的卵巢囊淋巴孔有一定的差异 ,其淋巴孔的物质吸收功能具有时间依赖性。同时 ,闭合淋巴孔的发现表明淋巴孔的可调控性。卵巢囊淋巴孔使卵巢囊腔、卵巢囊淋巴系和腹膜腔沟通 ,在维持卵巢正常发育所需的体液环境方面发挥了重要作用     

平衡时间、冷冻方法及解冻程序对马精液冷冻效果的影响

精液平衡、冷冻及解冻是冻精制作过程中三个必不可少的环节,对精液冷冻效果起着决定性作用。在马(Equus caballus)精子冷冻中针对这三个过程的研究较少,为进一步优化马精液冷冻方法,提高精液冻后质量,本研究比较不同平衡时间、冷冻方法及解冻程序对冻融后精子运动参数、质膜完整性及线粒体膜电势的影响。平衡120 min、180 min和240 min组冻融后精液活力及质膜完整性明显高于平衡0 min、45 min、90 min及8 h平衡组;距离液氮面2 cm和4 cm高度熏蒸冷冻获得了与程序冷冻仪冷冻法相似的冷冻效果;采用高温瞬时解冻法(75℃7 s和46℃20 s)比常规方法(37℃30 s)获得了更高的冻后精液活力(P0.05)。综合上述结果,在马精液冷冻过程中综合采用120~240 min平衡,距离液氮面2~4 cm熏蒸法和高温瞬时解冻法(75℃7s和46℃20 s)可获得更好的精液冷冻效果。     

一种简单快速植物组织冰冻切片方法

比较不同冷冻方法对植物细胞超微结构的影响,结果表明:直接包埋法处理的植物细胞超微结构保存较好,而液氮冷冻处理的植物细胞内膜系统损伤严重.建立了一种直接包埋冷冻和适当回温相结合的方法,不仅可以制作出植物细胞基本结构保存完整的组织切片,而且避免了使用冰冻保护剂的弊端.其操作程序是:样品固定→冰冻与包埋→适当回温→快速切片→展片→染色.此法制作的切片可进行不同的染色和组织细胞化学测定,具有操作简便,易于推广的特点.     

Cryopreservation of Bovine Ovarian Tissue: Structural Normality of Follicles after Thawing and Culturein Vitro

The recovery of viable follicles from cryopreserved ovarian tissue would be of benefit in many areas of assisted reproduction. Structural integrity needs to be maintained following cryopreservation of ovarian tissue in order to retrieve healthy follicles which can then be cultured in vitro to produce viable oocytes. We have assessed the effect of in vitro culture of bovine tissue for 0, 1, 4, 24, or 48 h after exposure to, or cryopreservation in, dimethylsulphoxide. Immediately after freezing, normality of primary and preantral follicles within the tissue was significantly lower than for tissue exposed to the cryoprotectant without freezing or for control tissue. After 4 h in culture, cryopreserved tissue appeared to have recovered from damage caused by freezing, although the percentage of tissue with normal morphology declined after 24 and 48 h of culture. There was no significant difference between percentage normality in control tissue and tissue exposed to the cryoprotectant without freezing for any of the culture times studied. These data indicate that it is possible to freeze/thaw bovine ovarian tissue while retaining a reasonable yield of morphologically intact follicles and that a short period of post-thaw culture may enhance follicle recovery.     

A Simplified Method for Three-Dimensional (3-D) Ovarian Tissue Culture Yielding Oocytes Competent to Produce Full-Term Offspring in Mice

In vitro growth of follicles is a promising technology to generate large quantities of competent oocytes from immature follicles and could expand the potential of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Isolated follicle culture is currently the primary method used to develop and mature follicles in vitro. However, this procedure typically requires complicated, time-consuming procedures, as well as destruction of the normal ovarian microenvironment. Here we describe a simplified 3-D ovarian culture system that can be used to mature multilayered secondary follicles into antral follicles, generating developmentally competent oocytes in vitro. Ovaries recovered from mice at 14 days of age were cut into 8 pieces and placed onto a thick Matrigel drop (3-D culture) for 10 days of culture. As a control, ovarian pieces were cultured on a membrane filter without any Matrigel drop (Membrane culture). We also evaluated the effect of activin A treatment on follicle growth within the ovarian pieces with or without Matrigel support. Thus we tested four different culture conditions: C (Membrane/activin-), A (Membrane/activin+), M (Matrigel/activin-), and M+A (Matrigel/activin+). We found that the cultured follicles and oocytes steadily increased in size regardless of the culture condition used. However, antral cavity formation occurred only in the follicles grown in the 3-D culture system (M, M+A). Following ovarian tissue culture, full-grown GV oocytes were isolated from the larger follicles to evaluate their developmental competence by subjecting them to in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Maturation and fertilization rates were higher using oocytes grown in 3-D culture (M, M+A) than with those grown in membrane culture (C, A). In particular, activin A treatment further improved 3-D culture (M+A) success. Following IVF, two-cell embryos were transferred to recipients to generate full-term offspring. In summary, this simple and easy 3-D ovarian culture system using a Matrigel drop and activin A supplementation (M+A) provides optimal and convenient conditions to support growth of developmentally competent oocytes in vitro.     

Beige-Nude小鼠免疫学特性研究概况

免疫缺陷动物是研究免疫相关疾病的良好动物模型。Beige-Nude小鼠是T淋巴细胞和NK细胞同时缺陷的小鼠,其T细胞和NK细胞活性很低,最初为肿瘤的研究而培育。从上世纪七十年代起,学者们对其免疫学特性进行了广泛而深入的研究,为其在其他领域的应用奠定了免疫学基础。     

小鼠低剂量辐射损伤模型的初步研究

目的:对小鼠低剂量辐射损伤模型进行初步研究并筛选敏感检测指标.方法:实验分7组,1组为正常组,其余6组用XHA600直线加速器射线照射,每组取一部分小鼠于照射后2、4、8、16h测定红细胞(RBC)、白细胞(WBC)、血小板(PLT)和血红蛋白(HGB)含量;测定小鼠肝脏和脾脏重量及其组织中的超氧化合物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;剩余小鼠于4周后观察骨髓切片中血细胞变化.结果:照射后4h测定血常规,发现累积辐射0.4Gy组小鼠RBC有降低趋势,WBC、HGB显著降低,PLT显著升高;肝脏、脾脏的湿质量显著降低;小鼠肝脏组织中MDA的含量显著升高、SOD的活力显著降低;4周后小鼠骨髓细胞的病理改变与单次照射剂量相关,单次较大剂量(如0.6Gy)照射对骨髓细胞影响较大,在4周观察期不能自身恢复,而多次累积照射对骨髓细胞病理改变较小.结论:小鼠低剂量辐射损伤模型的最佳造模剂量为累积照射0.4Gy即每次照射100mGy,间隔一天,连续照射4次.     

Cisplatin Effects on Rhythmic Functions of Mice: Strain and Tissue Dependence

The competence to preserve the optimal timing relationships between rhythmic variables enables adaptation of mammals to alternate environmental conditions. The capability to re-entrain depends on genetic factors and the nature of imposed time cues. In the present study, the authors examined in rodent models, following a cancer chronochemotherapy, cisplatin (CP), the rhythm patterns of locomotor activity and of a few biochemical variables (alkaline phosphatase and creatinine phosphokinase in kidney tissue and plasma, kidney urea nitrogen, and white blood cell count). Males of two inbred mice strains, BALB/c and c57Bl/6J, received 10 consecutive daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of either saline or CP at zeitgeber time 22 (ZT22). CP administration altered the rhythms of each examined function in both strains. The type and extent of the changes varied among variables, tissues/plasma, and mouse strain. Yet, the effect of CP was not detected on all parameters, but only in ～60% of them. In addition, in the majority of the studied parameters, BALB/c and c57Bl/6J mice differed in their response to CP. The temporal parameters of period and peak time were more affected by CP than were the level ones of mesor (time series mean) and amplitude of variation. This observation may indicate the involvement of independent pathways of action upon each of the rhythm parameter sets. As a result, the rhythm phenotype of each function was modified and novel timing relationships were shaped. The results show that the circadian systems of BALB/c and c57Bl/6J mice failed to re-entrain after cessation of CP injections (tested on the first day following the 10 d course of CP administration), pointing to a direct effect of the medication on the tissues. The findings imply that optimal chemotherapeutic protocols should be tailored individually, according to the current temporal order rather than administered at a fixed predetermined circadian time. Further studies are necessary to determine which variables and rhythmic parameters could be useful to determine the optimal timing of chronochemotherapy. (Author correspondence: lpeleg@sheba.health.gov.il)     

高脂饮食诱导的C57BL／6J肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140基因表达水平的研究

目的：探讨高脂饮食致肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140mRNA表达水平的变化及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：将C57BL／6J雄性小鼠随机分为正常饮食（NFD）组、高脂饮食（HFD）纽分别喂养14周后,测量两组小鼠体重,以NFD组小鼠体重作为对照,选取HFD组中体重大于对照组小鼠平均体重20％的小鼠作为肥胖组小鼠。对照组和肥胖组小鼠取血测甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素水平（FIns）,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）;采用RT—PCR技术检测两组小鼠附睾脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA的表达水平,并进行统计学分析。结果：HDF组小鼠中有12只符合标准计入肥胖组。肥胖组小鼠TG、TC、FBG、Fins（P〈0．05）,HOMA-1R（P〈0．01）均明显高于对照组;肥胖组小鼠脂肪组织RIP140mRNA的表达高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;相关分析显示小鼠脂肪组织R1P140 mRNA表达水平与TG水平呈正相关（r=0．536,P〈0．05）,与胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关（r=0．465,P〈0．05）,而与TC、FBG、Fins水平相关分析无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪组织RIP140 mRNA表达增加,并与胰岛素抵抗程度呈正相关。     

The free energy of a liquid when viewed as a population of overlapping clusters

The expression of the free energy of a liquid in terms of an explicit decomposition of the particle configurations into local coordination clusters is examined. We argue that the major contribution to the entropy associated with structural fluctuations arises from the local athermal constraints imposed by the overlap of adjacent coordination shells. In the context of the recently developed Favoured Local Structure model [Soft Matt. 11, 3322 (2015)], we derive explicit expressions for the structural energy and entropy in the high-temperature limit, compare this approximation with simulation data and consider the extension of this free energy to the case of spatial inhomogeneity in the distribution of local structures.     

B(a)P暴露干扰细胞周期调控蛋白影响孕早期小鼠卵巢黄体功能

该研究旨在探讨苯并(a)芘[Benzo(a)pyrene,B(a)P]对孕早期小鼠卵巢黄体功能的影响及机制.体内模型:将昆明小鼠每晚按雌雄3∶1的比例合笼,次晨查得阴栓记为孕第1天(d1);将其随机分为对照组和B(a)P处理组,每日早晨称重后以0.1 mL/10 g动物体质量灌胃给予0.2 mg/(kg·d)的B(a)...