Mixing Languages during Learning? Testing the One Subject—One Language Rule

In bilingual communities, mixing languages is avoided in formal schooling: even if two languages are used on a daily basis for teaching, only one language is used to teach each given academic subject. This tenet known as the one subject-one language rule avoids mixing languages in formal schooling because it may hinder learning. The aim of this study was to test the scientific ground of this assumption by investigating the consequences of acquiring new concepts using a method in which two languages are mixed as compared to a purely monolingual method. Native balanced bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish—adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2)—learnt new concepts by associating two different features to novel objects. Half of the participants completed the learning process in a multilingual context (one feature was described in Basque and the other one in Spanish); while the other half completed the learning phase in a purely monolingual context (both features were described in Spanish). Different measures of learning were taken, as well as direct and indirect indicators of concept consolidation. We found no evidence in favor of the non-mixing method when comparing the results of two groups in either experiment, and thus failed to give scientific support for the educational premise of the one subject—one language rule.     

One For All,All For One? Collective Representation in Healthcare Policy

Healthcare collectives, such as patient organizations, advocacy groups, disability organizations, professional associations, industry advocates, social movements, and health consumer organizations have been increasingly involved in healthcare policymaking. Such collectives are based on the idea that individual interests can be aggregated into collective interests by participation, deliberation, and representation. The topic of collectivity in healthcare, more specifically collective representation, has only rarely been addressed in (Western) bioethics. This symposium, entitled: “Collective Representation in Healthcare Policy” of the Journal of Bioethical Inquiry draws attention to this understudied topic from a variety of disciplines, within a variety of socio-cultural contexts. We draw attention to important ethical, cultural, and social questions, and into the practices, justifications for, and implications of collective representation of patients in healthcare policy.     

A Step Forward in Precision Medicine on “One Belt One Road”

<正>The story started nearly a year ago.On October 13 in 2016,a NewsViews article entitled ‘‘Precision medicine:what challenges are we facing?",written by a group of 21 bioinformaticians in China,who are actively involved in the relevant research,was released online in Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics[1].A month later,an invitation arrived from a Thai col-     

“One Health” or Three? Publication Silos Among the One Health Disciplines

The One Health initiative is a global effort fostering interdisciplinary collaborations to address challenges in human, animal, and environmental health. While One Health has received considerable press, its benefits remain unclear because its effects have not been quantitatively described. We systematically surveyed the published literature and used social network analysis to measure interdisciplinarity in One Health studies constructing dynamic pathogen transmission models. The number of publications fulfilling our search criteria increased by 14.6% per year, which is faster than growth rates for life sciences as a whole and for most biology subdisciplines. Surveyed publications clustered into three communities: one used by ecologists, one used by veterinarians, and a third diverse-authorship community used by population biologists, mathematicians, epidemiologists, and experts in human health. Overlap between these communities increased through time in terms of author number, diversity of co-author affiliations, and diversity of citations. However, communities continue to differ in the systems studied, questions asked, and methods employed. While the infectious disease research community has made significant progress toward integrating its participating disciplines, some segregation—especially along the veterinary/ecological research interface—remains.     

“See One,Sim One,Do One”- A National Pre-Internship Boot-Camp to Ensure a Safer "Student to Doctor" Transition

Introduction

The transition for being a medical student to a full functioning intern is accompanied by considerable stress and sense of unpreparedness. Simulation based workshops were previously reported to be effective in improving the readiness of interns and residents to their daily needed skills but only few programs were implemented on a large scale.

Methods

A nationally endorsed and mandated pre-internship simulation based workshop is reported. We hypothesized that this intervention will have a meaningful and sustained impact on trainees'' perception of their readiness to internship with regard to patient safety and quality of care skills. Main outcome measure was the workshop’s contribution to professional training in general and to critical skills and error prevention in particular, as perceived by participants.

Results

Between 2004 and 2011, 85 workshops were conducted for a total of 4,172 trainees. Eight-hundred and six of the 2,700 participants approached by e-mail, returned feedback evaluation forms, which were analyzed. Eighty five percent of trainees perceived the workshop as an essential component of their professional training, and 87% agreed it should be mandatory. These ratings peaked during internship and were generally sustained 3 years following the workshop. Contribution to emergency care skills was especially highly ranked (83%).

Conclusion

Implementation of a mandatory, simulation-based, pre-internship workshop on a national scale made a significant perceived impact on interns and residents. The sustained impact should encourage adopting this approach to facilitate the student to doctor transition.     

One New Species and One New Record ofJumping Spiders （Araneae： Salticidae） from India

This paper presents the first result of the study on the jumping spiders collected during the India 2002 Expedition held by P. Sipek and M. Fikacek from the Charles University, Prague. Hitherto only 3 species of the genus Curubis were known from Sri Lanka, no females were found (SIMON 1902, ZABKA 1988, PROSZYNSKI 2003). A new species from India, Curubis sipeki sp. nov. (also only in male sex), is described. Bristowia heterospinosa REIMOSER, 1934 is reported for the first time from India.     

One left-handed strand in DNA-oligonucleotide complexes?

A single strand of oligonucleotide can bind to double helical DNA under certain conditions. This must involve some unwinding of the original double helix in a process leading to the formation of a three-stranded region. The free energy for such an entropically unlikely reaction may come from a change in the degree of supercoiling of the original DNA. The conformation of the triple strand is investigated here using computer graphics and molecular mechanics calculations. It is suggested that on binding the oligonucleotide (strand 3) to two paired strands (1 and 2) in a supercoiled DNA molecule, strand 2 might adopt a left-handed conformation whilst strand 1 and strand 3 pair in the normal Watson-Crick B-configuration.     

抗生素耐药防控的One Health策略

抗生素耐药作为威胁公共卫生的巨大挑战已经制约了世界经济发展。我国抗生素使用量大,是世界上抗生素滥用最严重的国家之一。文中对人群、食用动物、环境中抗生素耐药产生的原因以及抗生素耐药现状进行综述,针对我国目前抗生素使用与耐药情况,从One Health理念提出了促进抗生素的科学使用、积极探索新型抗生素研发、建立抗生素立体监测网络系统、推广抗生素耐药教育、预防感染等措施,呼吁建立跨学科、跨部门、跨地域的交流与合作,推进我国抗生素耐药防控工作进一步开展,加强环境保护,维护人类与动物的共同健康。     

Ephrin signaling: One raft to rule them all? One raft to sort them? One raft to spread their call and in signaling bind them?

The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and their membrane-bound ligands, the ephrins, mediate cell-contact-dependent signaling events that control multiple aspects of metazoan embryonic development. The ephrins and their receptors regulate cell movement that is essential for forming and stabilizing the spatial organization of tissues and cell types. This includes the guidance of migrating cells or neuronal growth cones to specific targets. Although the biological responses mediated by the ephrin-Eph system were thought to be imparted by the Eph receptor via 'classical' RTK signaling pathways, there is now accumulating evidence that the ephrins are not merely ligands but have biological activity independent of the kinase activity of their cognate Eph receptor. This activity is commonly referred to as 'reverse' or 'bi-directional' signaling. Furthermore, ephrin-mediated signaling is restricted to specific membrane microdomains known as 'lipid rafts', which we believe imparts specificity to the extracellular signal. This review highlights the current data to support a role for lipid rafts in regulating aspects of ephrin-mediated signaling.     

One gene and one outcome? No way

The world of molecular diagnostics is undergoing major change because of both technical advances and the availability of rapidly expanding genetic databases generated by the study of human genomics. These resources comprise an extraordinary opportunity to decipher the biological importance of genetic aberrations, and link our understanding with clinical utility. The challenge lies in sorting through the information and developing effective strategies to advance molecular diagnostics.     

“One People,One Blood”: Public Health,Political Violence,and HIV in an Ethiopian-Israeli Setting

Between 1984 and 1996, public health authorities in Israel maintained a secret policy of discarding blood donations made by Ethiopian-Israeli citizens and immigrants. Officials later attempted to justify this policy on the grounds that immigrants from Ethiopia were subject to high rates of infectious disease (especially HIV). In 1996, this led to an explosive and violent confrontation between Ethiopian-Israeli protestors and agents of the state, including police and public health authorities. This essay explores the cultural and political context of that confrontation, including the discourse of political violence which it occasioned. The conflict between Ethiopian-Israelis and the state was located within a wider set of political contexts, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which was linked to it through a shared trope of spilled blood common to both. Cultural analyses which ignore this dynamic political context are in danger of seriously misrepresenting the meaning of the Blood Affair to its participants. At the same time, this essay also engages a critical analysis of the public health policies which led to the crisis. Public health and nationalist discourse reinforced one another at the expense of Ethiopian immigrants in general, and so-called Feres Mura Ethiopians in particular.     

Thoughts of a travelling ecologist 17.One biosecurity

The still-untamed SARS-CoV-2 pandemic underlined,again,two important facts that have been known for a long while but conveniently forgotten by humankind.One is that we are profoundly linked to other organisms and nature,and the other is that human-driven distribution chains are global and fast.