Interactions between Papilionidae and ancient Australian Angiosperms: evolutionary specialization or ecological monophagy?

The evolution of host range for insect herbivores involves many behavioral, physiological, and biochemical adaptations that often lead to locally specialized populations or species. Such specialization may be constrained by ecological factors (e.g., local host availability) or by evolutionary factors (e.g., phylogenetic divergence in behavioral, physiological, or biochemical detoxification enzymes; and potential inabilities to return to ancestral hosts). While insect adaptations to new hosts can be rapid, ancient detoxification systems may persist in some lineages of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) for millions of years. Here, we test various species of specialized species/populations of Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) from North America and from Australia on an array of Australian host plant families in order to determine whether the current feeding constraints reflect loss of capabilities to recognize and use hosts other than their current (local) favorites. We selected two species of Lauraceae specialists (Papilio troilus L. and Papilio palamedes Drury) from North America and one locally specialized population of Papilio glaucus L. that only uses one plant species in the Magnoliaceae in Florida. We also examined three species/populations of Australian swallowtails for comparison, including the Monimiaceae‐specialized Graphium macleayanum moggana L. E. Couchman, the Rutaceae‐specialized Papilio aegeus Donovan, and the Annonaceae‐specialized Graphium eurypylus L. Our aim was to determine whether neonate larvae of these six specialists could survive on any plants other than their currently favored species. While the Lauraceae specialists could use nothing else and were thus evolutionarily constrained, the Magnoliaceae‐, Rutaceae‐, and Monimiaceae specialists all had common abilities to accept, feed, and grow on plants in the Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Rutaceae families. Even the Annonaceae specialist was discovered using Magnoliaceae in the field, suggesting existence here also of both flexiblity in preferences and detoxification abilities and ‘ecological monophagy’.     

Ecological monophagy in Tasmanian Graphium macleayanum moggana with evolutionary reflections of ancient angiosperm hosts

Local host plant specialization in an insect herbivore may be caused by numerous factors, including host-specific natural enemy pressures or a local lack of suitable host-plant choices that are available elsewhere in its range. Such local specialization or ＂ecological monophagy＇, for whatever reason, may reflect reduced ability to behaviourally accept or physiologically utilize other allopatric hosts that are naturally used elsewhere by the species. We tested this feeding specialization hypothesis using the Tasmanian subspecies of Macleay＇s swallowtail butterfly, Graphium macleayanum moggana （Papilionidae）, which uses only a single host-plant species, Antherosperma moschatum （southern sassafras, of the Monlmiaceae）. Further north, this same butterfly species （G. m. macleayanum） uses at least 13 host-plant species from seven genera and four families （Lauraceae, Rutaceae, Winteraceae, and Monlmiaceae）. Our larval feeding assays with G. m. moggana from Tasmania showed that certain Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae could support some larval growth to pupation. However, such growth was slower and survival was lower than observed on their normal southern sassafras host （Monimiaceae）. We also found that toxicity of particular plant species varied tremendously within plant families （for both the Magnoliceae and the Monlmiaceae）.     

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE RANALES

Comparative morphological studies of woody Ranales have established the primitive status of the group and hence their key place in angiosperm phylogeny. Significant advances in our knowledge of some ranalian families have been made in recent years. An attempt is made in the present review to bring together a range of morphological data (vegetative and floral anatomy, palynology and embryology) on the Ranales (sensu lato), with particular reference to research work published after the publication of Eames's (1961) book, and to discuss the relationships of the families. Recent ontogenetic studies have shown that the carpel of Drimys is ascidial and not conduplicate as earlier suggested. The inclusion of Degeneria in the Winteraceae is not supported by morphological data. Melville's gonophyll theory has been shown to be inapplicable to the magnoliaceous flower. The pollen of Schisandra is interpreted as derived and specialized rather than primitive as previously supposed. The removal of Schisandra from Magnoliaceae is upheld by morphological evidence. Recent morphological studies do not support a close relationship between Schisandraceae and Illiciaceae suggested by earlier authors. The Canellaceae shows similarities to Winteraceae, Magnoliaceae, Illiciaceae, Eupteleaceae and Myristicaceae. Transitional types of division of pollen mother cells found in Winteraceae, Schisandraceae and Annonaceae and their probable phylogenetic significance have been discussed. The Annonaceae, Winteraceae, Degeneriaceae, Magnoliaceae, Schisandraceae and Cercidiphyllaceae share several embryological features in addition to similarities in floral structure. Ruminate endosperm is regarded either as an archaic feature retained in some taxa or as a later and parallel development in others. Thus its value in assessing relationships seems to be doubtful. Myristicaceae has been shown to be closely related neither to the the Annonaceae nor to the Lauraceae. The suggested relationship of Eupomatiaceae to Annonaceae is not supported by palynology. Floral cortical vascular systems in Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae, Calycanthaceae and Myristicaceae have been compared and it is concluded that they may be vestigial structures. A great deal of similarity has been found between Lauraceae and Calycanthaceae in wood, node, flower structure and embryology. Further floral anatomical evidence has been adduced to support the removal of Scyphostegia from Monimiaceae. The Hernandiaceae show similarities to some members of Monimiaceae while the Gyrocarpaceae resemble the Lauraceae, Gomortegaceae and certain other genera of Monimiaceae. Available evidence from wood and floral anatomy and embryology indicates close relationships among Lauraceae, Monimiaceae and Hernandiaceae. Vegetative and floral anatomical and embryological data seem to indicate a place for the Chloranthaceae in the ranalian complex. Recent anatomical studies in the Nymphaeaceae show that the floral structure is of a primitive type with similarities to the woody Ranales. Available morphological evidence is considered inadequate to express an opinion on the splitting of the family. Ceratophyllaceae is regarded as a highly reduced ranalian family derived most probably from a nymphaeaceous stock. The gynoecium in Berberidaceae is interpreted as monocarpellate. No evidence has been found to support the tricarpellate view. Berberidaceae, Lardizabalaceae and Menispermaceae share several embryological features, while at the same time showing evidence of specialization, each in its own way. Thus they might have arisen from a common stock and early diverged along different lines. The occurrence of several types of embryo sac in Ranunculaceae may well be an indication of specialization, but their probable taxonomic value, if any, is not yet clear. The occurrence of numerous primitive features in Paeonia has been suggested as an argument for its retention in the Ranales. No evidence has been found to preclude the inclusion of Dilleniaceae in the Ranales. On the other hand, as opposed to similarities in wood and pollen characters between Dilleniaceae and Theaceae, floral anatomical and embryological features offer a sharp contrast between the two. The Ranales are believed to be polyphyletic. It has been tentatively suggested that two major phyletic lines may be recognized in each of the woody and herbaceous series: the magnolialian and lauralian lines in the former and the nymphaealian and berberidalian lines in the latter.     

Significance of a new field oviposition record for Graphium eurypylus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) on Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae)

Abstract  Phytochemical similarities among ancient Angiosperms presumably played a role in the ecological and evolutionary diversification of the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae). Host family feeding specialisation is typical of most Papilionidae species, but field records of oviposition are rare for most swallowtail butterflies. It is even more uncommon to witness oviposition and larval feeding on new host plant species, especially in plant families not previously reported for the butterfly species. Oviposition by a female on a new host, or even on a toxic plant, may represent ancestral behaviour (with a loss of larval acceptance, detoxification or processing abilities) or novel behaviour (providing genetic variation for a potential expansion of host range, or host shift). We document the oviposition, larval use and pupation of the Annonaceae specialised and geographically widespread Graphium eurypylus on a Magnoliaceae species, all under field conditions in Queensland, Australia. This is the first time such field observations of oviposition and larval feeding on Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae) have been documented anywhere for this species.     

New host plant records for the Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) across its natural and introduced distribution

Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) species complex are one of the few ambrosia beetles that infest healthy plants and are a potential phytosanitary threat as it causes considerable damage to many tree species in its native and introduced distribution. We updated the list to 412 plant species in 75 families that are known hosts for the E. fornicatus species complex, including 27 new host records, 20 of which are reproductive hosts, in the families Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Caricaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Rubiaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, and Sapotaceae.     

Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Magnoliales and winteroids

Carpel and ovule structure was compared in representatives of all 11 families of the Magnoliales (Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaccae, Himantandraceae, Magnoliaceae, Myristicaceae) and winteroids (Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, Sehisandraceae, Winteraceae). Special attention was paid to features that are constant at family level. Bisexual flowers are always protogynous. In all representatives studied the carpels are closed at anthesis. Caipel closure is attained in three different ways: (1) postgenital fusion of inner surfaces (Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaccae. Winteraceae), or (2) occlusion by secretion (Austrobaileyaceae, Sehisandraceae), or (3) a combination of (1) and (2): in Annonaceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae there is a conspicuous secretory canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; in Illiciaceae and Magnoliaceae there is a narrow canal in the innermost part of the ventral slit; and in Himantandraceae the ventral slit is postgenilally fused in the style but completely open in the ovary. In most families the carpels have a double stigmalic crest or they have two tips in the transversal symmetry plane (i.e. at right angles to the median plane). Stigmas are unicellular papillate in most families but the papillae are bi-to multicellular (uniseriate) in Degeneriaceae and Eupomatiaceae. An unusual cryptic exlracarpellary compitum was found in Himantandraceae and Sehisandraceae. Intrusive oil cells were found in the carpel epidermis of Illiciaceae and Sehisandraceae. Mature ovules vary in length between 0.15 and 1.1 mm. The outer integument is fully annular (not semiannular) in Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Canellaceae, Myristicaceae, and Illiciaceae. A rudimentary aril occurs in Canellaceae, and originates at the same site as in arillate Annonaceae and Myristicaceae. The results most strongly support an Annonaceae-Myristicaceae-Canellaceae alliance, to some degree also an Eupomatiaccac-Degeneriaceae-Himantandraceae-Magnoliaceae alliance, and an Illiciaceae-Schisandraceae-Winteraccae-Austrobaileyaceae alliance.     

THE COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MAGNOLIACEAE. III. CARPELS

Canright , James E. (Indiana U., Bloomington.) The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. III. Carpels. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2): 145—155. Illus. 1960.–The morphology and vascular anatomy of the carpels of 49 species in 9 of the 10 genera of the Magnoliaceae are described. Assuming that the conduplicate carpel of Australasian species of Drimys (Winteraceae) represents the primitive condition, various carpellary modifications are indicated for the Magnoliaceae. These evolutionary spcializations from the basic type include: basal adnation, lateral concrescence, reduction in number of ovules, closure of the ventral suture, and localization of stigmatic areas. Among the examined species it was determined that carpels of the genera Elmerrillia and Manglietia retain the most primitive features, whereas those of the genus Liriodendron possess the most advanced. Comparisons are made with the gynoecia of related ranalean families, viz., Himantandraceae, Degeneriaceae and Annonaceae.     

Forest use at the pacific coast of chocó, colombia: A quantitative approach

Forest use by Afro-American people on the Pacific coast of Chocó, Colombia, was investigated using a quantitative methodology based upon informant consensus. Information was obtained for all species ≥ cm dbh in three plots totaling 1.8 ha. Eighty-nine uses were recorded; 62.8% of the species, 74% of the families and 83.3% of the individuals have some use. Most uses involve subsistence activities The most important uses were selective extraction of wood for construction, firewood, and materials for technological application. Use values for species and families were dependent on their abundance. For some particularly useful species and families (Lauraceae, Annonaceae, and Sapotaceae), however, use value was higher than expected from their abundance. This may suggest overexploitation of those species and families. Demographic studies of those species are recommended. All recorded uses are listed and information on the use values of the species is provided.     

Aristolochiaceae‐ and Asteraceae‐feeding by larvae of Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Japan: A review

Our recent observations of Aristolochiaceae‐ and Asteraceae‐feeding by larvae of Papilio xuthus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), which is generally a typical Rutaceae‐feeding swallowtail, inspired us to survey published works describing its host range and aspects of its chemical ecology. Papilio xuthus larvae have been observed feeding on a total of 22 plant species other than members of Rutaceae, including those of Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) and Cosmos (Asteraceae). Most observation records and our current study indicated that Aristolochiaceae‐feeding by P. xuthus larvae was not due to oviposition error, but to larval movement to Asarum from adjacent rutaceous hosts after they had become unsustaining. Many larvae developed on Asarum to further stadia but we confirmed that some did not, indicating that Asarum was unsuitable for some individuals. According to previous and current observations, P. xuthus females oviposit directly on Cosmos and their larvae can develop to adults although, again, their performance on these plants is not always favorable. Host choice by swallowtail butterflies is determined both at the egg‐laying and larval‐feeding stages. Although adult P. xuthus use a mixture of unique secondary metabolites as their host‐location cue, larvae use primary nutrients as their major phagostimulants. Larval feeding on Asarum could suggest a reversion triggered by vestigial chemosensitivity to ancestral olfactory and/or gustatory cues, because several major clades of Papilionidae feed on Aristolochiaceae. Further studies on the phytochemical/chemosensory bases for these associations are needed if we are to understand the evolutionary pathway of host selection in P. xuthus, as indicated by these relatively unusual host‐seeking behaviors.     

广东惠州芳香植物资源调查

经调查,广东省惠州市共有芳香植物52科120属177种,其中裸子植物4科10属12种,双子叶植物43科101属150种,单子叶植物5科9属15种。该地区芳香植物主要集中于木兰科、樟科、桃金娘科、芸香科、菊科、唇形科和姜科等7科共88种,占该地区芳香植物总种数的49.7%。结合惠州地区气候及地理特点,认为山苍子、黄樟、樟树、土沉香、檀香、栀子、黄花蒿、蔓荆、毛麝香等9种植物可作为该地区重点开发的芳香植物。     

Integrating Early Cretaceous fossils into the phylogeny of living angiosperms: Magnoliidae and eudicots

Over the past 25 years, discoveries of Early Cretaceous fossil flowers, often associated with pollen and sometimes with vegetative parts, have revolutionized our understanding of the morphology and diversity of early angiosperms. However, few of these fossils have been integrated into the increasingly robust phylogeny of living angiosperms based primarily on molecular data. To remedy this situation, we have used a morphological data set for living basal angiosperms (including basal eudicots and monocots) to assess the most parsimonious positions of early angiosperm fossils on cladograms of Recent plants, using constraint trees that represent the current range of hypotheses on higher-level relationships, and concentrating on Magnoliidae (the clade including Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, and Piperales) and eudicots. In magnoliids, our results confirm proposed relationships of Archaeanthus (latest Albian?) to Magnoliaceae, Endressinia (late Aptian) to Magnoliales (the clade comprising Degeneria, Galbulimima, Eupomatia, and Annonaceae), and Walkeripollis pollen tetrads (late Barremian?) to Winteraceae, but they indicate that Mauldinia (early Cenomanian) was sister to both Lauraceae and Hernandiaceae rather than to Lauraceae alone. Among middle Albian to early Cenomanian eudicots, we confirm relationships of Nelumbites to Nelumbo, platanoid inflorescences and Sapindopsis to Platanaceae, and Spanomera to Buxaceae. With the possible exception of Archaeanthus, these fossils are apparently not crown group members of living families but rather stem relatives of one or more families.     

广东中山市芳香植物调查

中山市共有芳香植物39科64属90种,其中裸子植物3科5属6种,双子叶植物31科52属74种,单子叶植物5科7属10种。主要集中于木兰科、樟科、桃金娘科、芸香科、菊科、马鞭草科和姜科等,本文详细介绍了樟树、山苍子、黄栀子、山姜和鱼腥草等重要的芳香植物,并结合其特点及加工方法就合理开发利用提出建议。     

Structure and occurrence of unusual fatty acids in minor seed oils

This review deals with the literature survey of the structure and occurrence of unusual and novel fatty acids in minor seed oils belonging to 37-botanical plant families. The plant families include—Anacardiaceae, Apocyanaceae, Araliaceae, Asclepediaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bombacaceae, Celastraceae, Chailletaceae, Compositae, Connaraceae, Coriaraceae, Cruciferae, Eleocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Labiateae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Lythraceae, Malphighiaceae, Malvaceae, Olacaceae, Papaveraceae, Polygonaceae Protaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Simarubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Thymalaceae, Ulmaceae, Umbelliferae and Valerianaceae.     

Variation and similarities in pollen features in some basal angiosperms, with some taxonomic implications

Species within three families of basal angiosperms (Trimeniaceae, Winteraceae, Monimiaceae) illustrate differences and similarities in pollen within a species, between species and between genera. Trimenia papuana (Trimeniaceae) has dimorphic pollen (inaperturate, polyforate), each confined to different individual plants. Other species have either disulculate or polyforate pollen. Evolution seems to be from disulculate to inaperturate to polyforate. Present-day Winteraceae have pollen in permanent tetrads except four species of Zygogynum with monads. Why? Did such monads appear as fossils before tetrads in Winteraceae? Molecular studies of Takhtajania perrieri indicate it is basal but its unique bicarpellate unilocular gynoecium seems derived. Although Hedycarya arborea and Kibaropsis caledonica have near-identical permanent pollen tetrads, many other features are very different. Hedycarya species have permanent tetrads or inaperturate monads with spinulose, `starry' or other sculpturing, and it is suggested this and recent molecular data indicate further studies are needed to determine generic limits.     

贵州省黔南州古树资源特征分析

对黔南州56科122属213种5571株古树资源的数量分布、种类组成及区系成分特征进行分析。结果表明：黔南州古树资源以三级古树为主,占古树总量的79.7%,胸径多在2 m以下,最大胸径4.9 m;城镇、单位庭院、农村宅院及寺庙分布极少,95.7%的资源分布在乡村,且多为散状分布;以壳斗科Fagaceae、樟科Lauraceae、木兰科Magnoliaceae、榆科Ulmaceae、松科Pinaceae等为种类组成优势科,以金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae、榆科、柏科Cupressaceae、樟科、银杏科Ginkgoaceae等为数量组成优势科,优势种有枫香Liquidambar formosona、柏木Cupressus funebris、榉木Zelkova schneideriana、香樟Cinnamomum camphora和银杏Ginkgo biloba等;有较多的孑遗种、中国特有种和保护树种;科、属、种分布区类型及变型多样,科和种的热带性质较为明显,而在属的层面上,温带成分与热带成分比重无明显差异,科的热带性质偏向于泛热带分布,属和种则以泛热带分布和热带亚洲分布为重;科的温带性质偏向于北温带和南温带间断分布变型,属以北温带分布、东亚和北美洲间断分布、东亚分布为重,种则以北温带分布为重。     

木兰科及其近缘科种子内种皮合点区形态

对木兰科、林仙科、八角科、五味子科的种子进行了详细观察,结果发现,木兰科种子为Endotestal型,且合点区具孔或管的特殊形态。其余三科为Extotestal型。由此说明它们与木兰科的亲缘关系较远,木兰科植物是一个自然的组合。     

西双版纳片断热带雨林植物区系成分及变化趋势

本文以西双版纳地区的6个“龙山”片断热带雨林的植物物种多样性编目为基础,通过与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较,探讨了片断热带雨林植物区系成分的变化。随着热带雨林的片断化,森林边缘效应和人为干扰加剧,阳性先锋植物和藤本植物等的侵入,导致这些先锋植物和藤本植物所属的科属在群落中的种数增多,优势度增大。而一些含喜荫湿的荫生植物、群落顶极树种及附生植物较多的科属则在群落中的种数减小了,优势度下降。在植物属的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中全热带分布和热带亚洲—热带非洲分布成分比例相对增高,而热带亚洲成分相对减少。在种的地理成分构成上,片断热带雨林中广域分布种比例相对增高,显示了与属的地理成分类似的变化。这也是森林片断化后,由于边缘效应和林内生境在一定程度上干暖化,喜光的先锋成分增多,而先锋成分大多为一些广域分布属种所致。     

The diversity of stamen structures and dehiscence patterns among Magnoliidae

ENDRESS, P. K. & HUFFORD, L. D., 1989. The diversity of stamen structures and dehiscence patterns among Magnoliidae . Structure of stamens, particularly the patterns of anther dehiscence were studied over a wide range of families of the Magnoliidae with emphasis on the Magnoliales and Laurales as the most conservative orders of the angiosperms. Valvate dehiscence by proximal and distal stomial bifurcation was found (in addition to the already known Sarcandra and Polyalthia) for the first time in Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Eupomatiaceae, in some additional Annonaceae, and in Peumus of the Monimioideae sensu lata. At least proximal bifurcations of the stomia occur in some Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae. An endothecial-like connective hypodermis was found (in addition to the already known Chloranthaceae and Magnoliaceae) in some Annonaceae, in Pseudowintera (Winteraceae), and in Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae). In the Annonaceae an endothecial-like connective hypodermis is partly correlated with valvate dehiscence by stomial bifurcations (as in many Hamamelididae). However, in many Magnoliidae stamens with this valvate pattern the anther is massive, especially in ‘laminar’ stamens, and the counterforce to the opening valves is therefore provided on the morphological and not on the histological level. Concomitant with valvate dehiscence by circular or elliptic flaps in the Laurales is often structural and functional dissocation of the two pollen sacs of a thcca, which is expressed by: (1) independent opening of each pollen sac, (2) lack of disruption of the interlocular zone of a theca, (3) frequent occurrence of asymmetry of the two pollen sacs of the theca, (4) frequent loss of one pollen sac per theca. In Berberidaceae with similar flaps asymmetry of the two pollen sacs of a theca is also common. These finds, together with the detection by paleobotanists of valvate anthers from the Lower Cretaceous, point to the probability that valvate anthers were more common in primitive angiosperms than previously thought.     

Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Laurales

Carpel and ovule structure was comparatively studied in representatives of all eight families of the Laurales: Amborellaceae, Calycanthaceae, Chloranthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, and Trimeniaceae. In all representatives the carpels are closed at anthesis. As in Magnoliales/winteroids, closure takes place in three different modes: (1) by postgenital fusion of the stylar (and ovarial) ventral slit (Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae); (2) by occlusion of the inner space by secretion (Amborellaceae, Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Mollinedioideae of Monimiaceae), all having extremely ascidiate carpels; (3) by a combination of (1) and (2), whereby the ventral slit in the style is postgenitally fused but a central canal remains open, which is filled by secretion (Monimiaceae except Mollinedioideae). The carpels have a single ovule in ventral median placentation; only Calycanthaceae have two lateral ovules, although the upper ovule degenerates. In contrast to Magnoliales/winteroids, several representatives have orthotropous or almost orthotropous ovules (Amborellaceae, Chloranthaceae, Gomortegaceae). Mature ovules vary in length between 425 μm (some Monimiaceae) and 1500 urn (some Calycanthaceae, Trimeniaceae). Although all ovules are crassinucellar, nucellus breadth varies between 60 μm (Chimonanthus, Calycanthaceae) and 500 μm (Hemandia, Hernandiaceae). In almost all representatives the single ovule (two in Calycanthaceae) tightly fills out the ovarial cavity. The micropyle is mostly formed by the inner integument. In a few cases there is no micropyle and the nucellar apex makes direct contact with the inner ovary surface or the funicle (Lauraceae p.p., Calycanthaceae p.p., Hernandiaceae p.p., Monimiaceae p.p.). The ovule is pachychalazal (or perichalazal) in Lauraceae, some Hernandiaceae, and Gomortegaceae. Both integuments are variously lobed or unlobed. The outer integument is semiannular or annular, and this may vary within a family (Calycanthaceae, Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae); it is also exceedingly diverse in thickness (2–23 cell layers). Gynoecial traits support the association of Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, and Amborellaceae, and also separately Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, and Lauraceae. In addition, affinities of the first group with Schisandraceae, Illiciaceae and Austrobaileyaceae may also be supported.     

福建九阜山野生芳香植物资源及其开发利用

对福建省尤溪县九阜山省级自然保护区野生芳香植物资源进行调查,结果表明,该区共有野生芳香植物47科91属132种,占福建省芳香植物89科306属758种的52.8%、29.7%和17.4%。优势科有樟科(22种)、蔷薇科(10种)、兰科(10种)、唇形科(9种)、菊科(7种)、木兰科(5种)、木犀科(4种)、芸香科(3种)、报春花科(3种)、桑科(3种)、金镂梅科(3种);优势属有山胡椒属(6种)、樟属(4种)、润楠属(4种)、蔷薇属(4种)、蒿属(4种)、木姜子属(3种)、石楠属(3种)、珍珠菜属(3种)。开发利用价值较大的种类有马尾松、草珊瑚、鱼腥草、山苍子、樟树、黄绒润楠、刨花润楠、乌药、黄丹木姜子、胡颓子、石荠苎、枫香、金樱子、黄栀子、金银花与艾蒿等。对该区野生芳香植物的种类组成、芳香部位、生活型、分布以及开发利用途径进行了分析,并提出开发利用对策。