用RAPD技术对特化等级裂腹鱼类新缘关系的探讨

为确定特化等级裂腹鱼类的遗传分化关系,对７种２２个裂腹鱿个体进行随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）研究。从所使用的４０个随机引物中,选择了３７个扩增带谱清晰的引物进行分析。根据构建的分子系统树显示,特化等级裂腹鱼类划分为３个属级分类单元较为合适,这与采用形态学特征进行系统分析所得出的结论一致。在２２个个体之间遗传距离矩阵中,最大的跗距离指数达到了９０．３８％,此外,还有较多的跗距离指数也在６０％￣９０     

乌羊和小香羊的RAPD分析

用40条多态引物对乌羊、小香羊、南江黄羊、黑山羊、川东白山羊、波尔山羊和马头山羊7个品种（或群体）进行RAPD分析,其中28条引物扩增出多态性普带,并用于进一步对12只乌羊个体和12只小香羊个体基因组进行扩增。扩增产物以1．5％琼脂糖凝胶（含0．5μg/ml溴化乙锭）电泳分离。Nei氏计算品种间的遗传距离指数和品种内的遗传相似指数。NJ法构建系统聚类图。结果表明：乌羊和川东白山羊间的遗传距离最小,亲缘关系较近,而小香羊与品种间的遗传距离都较大,亲缘关系较远。乌羊群体及小香羊品种都具有一定的遗传稳定性。     

运用RAPD技术对棺头蟋属昆虫亲缘关系的研究

用RAPD技术研究了棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus 9个种的亲缘关系。研究中每种使用了3个标本,试验所用的54种随机引物中,有9种引物能扩增出清晰而稳定的多态性片断,多态性片断共计193条。根据扩增结果,计算了个体间及种间扩增片断共享度和遗传距离,用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,构建系统树。每个种均各自聚为一类,聚类结果所呈现的属内种间关系与传统分类研究基本一致。     

三种紫球藻亲缘关系RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对铜绿紫球藻（Porphyridium aerugineum 755）,淡色紫球藻（Porphyridium purpureum 806）和紫球藻（Porphyridium cruentum）的亲缘关系进行分析。从50个随机引物中筛选出25个种间多态性较强,重复性较好的引物。检测到233个位点。在233个条带中有186个多态性位点。多态位点比率为79.73%,平均每个引物扩增9个条带,多态性条带7个。聚类分析结果表明：铜绿紫球藻、淡色紫球藻和紫球藻之间的平均遗传距离为0.455,其中铜绿紫球藻和淡色紫球藻之间的遗传距离为0.413,铜绿紫球藻和紫球藻之间的遗传距离为0.556,淡色紫球藻和紫球藻之间的遗传距离最小为0.396。所以由RAPD试验的分析结果可以得出:三种紫球藻为独立的种, 其中淡色紫球藻和紫球藻是亲缘关系较近的两个不同种。紫球藻属种间个体DNA多态性比较丰富,因此利用RAPD技术可以从DNA水平上检测紫球藻属种间差异。     

三种紫球藻亲缘关系RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对铜绿紫球藻（Porphyridium aerugineum 755）,淡色紫球藻（Porphyridium purpureum 806）和紫球藻（Porphyridium cruentum）的亲缘关系进行分析。从50个随机引物中筛选出25个种间多态性较强,重复性较好的引物。检测到233个位点。在233个条带中有186个多态性位点。多态位点比率为79．73％,平均每个引物扩增9个条带,多态性条带7个。聚类分析结果表明：铜绿紫球藻、淡色紫球藻和紫球藻之间的平均遗传距离为0．455,其中铜绿紫球藻和淡色紫球藻之间的遗传距离为0．413,铜绿紫球藻和紫球藻之间的遗传距离为0．556,淡色紫球藻和紫球藻之间的遗传距离最小为0．396。所以由RAPD试验的分析结果可以得出：三种紫球藻为独立的种,其中淡色紫球藻和紫球藻是亲缘关系较近的两个不同种。紫球藻属种间个体DNA多态性比较丰富,因此利用RAPD技术可以从DNA水平上检测紫球藻属种间差异。     

网翅蝗科四种蝗虫的RAPD多态性研究

运用RAPD技术对网翅蝗科Arcypteridae 4种蝗虫24个个体的基因组DNA进行了多态性分析.在试用的24条随机引物中,筛选出11条引物用于4种蝗虫的随机引物扩增,共得到128条清晰稳定的扩增片段,每条引物的扩增片段数为10～13条,片段长度在100～2 000bp之间.根据扩增出的RAPD图谱,用UPGMA和NJ法对Nei's 遗传距离作聚类分析,构建分子系统树.聚类结果显示:同属的物种首先聚在一起;网翅蝗科4种蝗虫分为两支,竹蝗属Ceracris Walker的贺氏竹蝗Ceracris hoffmanni Uvrov、黑翅竹蝗Ceracris fasciata fsaciata(Br.-W.)优先聚为一支,隆额网翅蝗Arcyptera coreana Shiraki和宽翅曲背蝗Pararcyptera microptera meridionalis(Ikonn)聚为另一支.基于RAPD图谱的分子系统树所展示的物种间亲缘关系与传统的形态分类结果基本一致,此结果表明RAPD在科下不同属间亲缘关系的研究方面具有一定的可行性.     

五种索科线虫RAPD亲缘关系分析

采用RAPD技术构建了索科线虫4属5种的指纹图谱。从47个引物中筛选出12个稳定性好、多态性高的引物,共扩增出161条谱带,其中150条谱带具遗传多态性,占93·17%。所获片段长度大小为200~3200bp,单个引物扩增的条带数在11~16之间,平均为13·42条。采用RAPDistance软件及MEGA程序,计算Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离,建立UPGMA和NJ聚类图,两个聚类图拓扑结构相同,将5种索科线虫分为两大分支:同属于蚊幼寄生罗索属线虫的食蚊罗索线虫(Romanomermisculicivorax)与武昌罗索线虫(R.wuchangensis)亲缘关系最近,先聚在一起,再与同翅目(Homoptera)寄生长沙多索线虫(Agamermischang-shaensis)聚为一支;鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)寄生中华卵索线虫(Ovomermissinensis)和同翅目寄生两索属线虫(Amphimermissp·)亲缘关系较近,两者聚为一支。5种索线虫属内种间的遗传距离较小,食蚊罗索线虫与武昌罗索线虫之间遗传距离仅为0·1789;而属间遗传距离较大,在0·4471~0·5488之间。上述结果表明:RAPD技术可以应用于索科线虫亲缘关系的分析,能够反映出不同线虫间的遗传差距,从而成功地进行属、种的分类及进化问题研究。     

七种蟋蟀基因组DNA的RAPD多态性研究（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

应用10种随机引物,对西北地区常见的3属7种蟋蟀进行RAPD多态性检测,共筛选出2种引物S142,S8可以对7个种扩增出清晰稳定的多态性片段,多态性片段共计58条,相对分子质量在320bp-2400bp之间。应用UPGMA（非加权配对算术平均法）对多态性片段进行聚类分析,构建树状图,推测系统发生关系。每一种蟋蟀均先各自聚为一类,棺头蟋属与油葫芦属间的遗传距离最小,亲缘关系最近,斗蟋属4个种间的亲缘关系较为复杂,明显分为2个支系,与传统分类并不一致。     

8个禾本科草坪草品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,对禾本科4属4种8个品种的草坪草进行遗传多样性分析。15个有效引物用于PCR扩增,共获得RAPD谱带144条带,多态性带占63.2%。8个草坪草品种间的遗传距离在0.0857~0.2928之间,脱壳狗牙根与普通狗牙根间的遗传距离最小,交战2号与爱神特之间的遗传距离最大。用UPGMA和邻接法进行聚类分析,得到2个拓扑结构基本一致的树系图。同一种不同品种间的亲缘关系最近;不同属种间的遗传距离加大,同族不同属的草坪草基本构成一支;4个暖季型草坪草品种构成一个单系类群,但属于冷季型草种的黑麦草(爱神特)单独构成一支,并未与同族的其它3个冷季型草坪草品种(高羊茅)聚在一起。本研究不支持将黑麦草属与羊茅属放在同一族内的分类处理,并建议将高羊茅划分为过渡类型的草坪草。     

用RAPD技术探讨冬青属苦丁茶的遗传差异、亲缘关系与分类地位

利用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)技术对 2 2份冬青属苦丁茶不同种质材料的遗传变异进行了研究。 4 0个 10 bp的引物用于多态性检测 ,从中筛选出了 2 7个多态性良好的引物。用该 2 7个引物对上述 2 2份种质材料进行PCR扩增 ,共得到 4 45条DNA谱带 ,其中多态性带4 32条 ,占 97 0 8%。根据扩增结果计算了各份材料之间的遗传距离 ,并用UPGMA构建了聚类树状图。分析结果表明 :2 2份供试材料分成 4类 5组 ,第Ⅰ类为Ilexpentagona (分为A、B两组 :A组为新变种var mashanensisG .M .L .;B组为原变种var pentagona) ,第Ⅱ类为I kudingcha,第Ⅲ类为I latifolia ,第Ⅳ类为I cornuta ;第Ⅱ ,Ⅲ ,Ⅳ三类各有一组材料组成。物种的差异、亲缘关系以及同一物种内不同种质材料在起源地域上的差异均可从系统树中反映出来。RAPD分子标记的结果可作为判断冬青属苦丁茶种质资源材料的起源地域、遗传差异、亲缘关系以及种级水平和种下分类鉴定的重要参考依据     

Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Schizothoracinae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes

The schizothoracine fishes, members of the Teleost order Cypriniformes, are one of the most diverse group of cyprinids in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and surrounding regions. However, taxonomy and phylogeny of these species remain unclear. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Schizopygopsis malacanthus. We also used the newly obtained sequence, together with 31 published schizothoracine mitochondrial genomes that represent eight schizothoracine genera and six outgroup taxa to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Schizothoracinae by different partitioned maximum likelihood and partitioned Bayesian inference at nucleotide and amino acid levels. The schizothoracine fishes sampled form a strongly supported monophyletic group that is the sister taxon to Barbus barbus. A sister group relationship between the primitive schizothoracine group and the specialized schizothoracine group + the highly specialized schizothoracine group was supported. Moreover, members of the specialized schizothoracine group and the genera Schizothorax, Schizopygopsis, and Gymnocypris were found to be paraphyletic.     

Mitochondrial cytochrome b Sequence Variation and Phylogenetics of the Highly Specialized Schizothoracine Fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The complete 1140 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences were obtained from 39 individuals representing five species of all four genera of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene was surveyed among the 39 individuals as well as three primitive schizothoracines and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the group assignment based on 1140 bp of the cytochrome b sequence is obviously different from previous assignments, and the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Schizopygopsis pylzovi, Gymnocypris przewalskii, G. eckloni, Chuanchia labiosa, and Platypharodon extremus) form a monophyletic group that is sister to the clade formed by the primitive schizothoracine fishes (Schizothorax prenanti, S. pseudaksaiensis, and S. argentatus). The haplotypes of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and G. przewalskii were paraphyletic based on cytochrome b data, which most likely reflected incomplete sorting of mitochondrial DNA lineages. The diploid chromosome numbers of Schizothoracinae were considered in phylogenetic analysis and provided a clear pattern of relationships. Molecular dating estimated for highly specialized schizothoracine fishes suggested that the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes diverged in the late Miocene Pliocene to Pleistocene (4.5 × 10⁴–4.05 × 10⁶ years BP). The relationship between the cladogenesis of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes and geographical events of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is discussed.     

南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的分类学地位——形态趋同进化实例

受高原抬升所致的水系变迁及人类活动的影响,分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类与黄河干支流种群间的基因交流受到长期限制。作为孤立小群体,探讨其分类学地位及其在小生境中的进化机制对了解青藏高原鱼类多样性和物种的形成、进化具有重要意义。本文采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序方法获得了南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类(n=29)及其近缘种(n=19)共48个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(cytb)基因的全序列(1140bp),并以厚唇裸重鱼和尖裸鲤为外群构建了MP和Bayesian系统进化树。南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类29个个体的序列经排序后,发现有100个(8·77%)多态性位点,共定义了16个单倍型,在系统进化树上分布于截然不同的两个族群中。其中5个单倍型(NMX3、6、7、13、15)与其近缘种花斑裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤形成单系群(MP99%,Bayesian98%),而其余11个单倍型(NMX1、2、4、5、8、9、10、11、12、14、16)与黄河干支流的黄河裸裂尻鱼形成另一个单系群(MP99%,Bayesian99%)。序列差异分析显示,分布于不同族群的南门峡裂腹鱼亚科鱼类之间存在较大的碱基差异(平均为7·42%),显示出种间差异水平,表明分布于南门峡河流的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类可能是花斑裸鲤和黄河裸裂尻鱼形态相似种的复合体。结合青藏高原隆升所致的气候环境变化和高原北部水系变迁的事件,推断形态趋同进化可能导致了南门峡河流裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形态相似种的共存,而小生境自然选择压力是引发适应性形态趋同进化的主要原因。     

A molecular phylogeny of the Percidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence

The family Percidae is among the most speciose families of northern hemisphere fishes with > 178 178 North American species and 14 Eurasian species. Previous phylogenetic studies have been hampered by a lack of informative characters, inadequate taxonomic sampling, and conflicting data. We estimated phylogenetic relationships among 54 percid species (9 of 10 genera and all but one subgenus of darters) and four outgroup taxa using mitochondrial DNA data from the 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes. Four primary evolutionary lineages were consistently recovered: Etheostomatinae (Ammocrypta, Crystallaria, Etheostoma, and Percina), Perca, Luciopercinae (Romanichthys, Sander, and Zingel), and Gymnocephalus. Except Etheostoma and Zingel, all polytypic genera were monophyletic. The Etheostoma subgenus Nothonotus failed to resolve with other members of the genus resulting in a paraphyletic Etheostoma. The subfamily Percinae (Gymnocephalus and Perca) was not recovered in phylogenetic analyses with Gymnocephalus sister to Luciopercinae. Etheostomatinae and Romanichthyini were never resolved as sister groups supporting convergent evolution as the cause of small, benthic, stream-inhabiting percids in North American and Eurasian waters.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的优茧蜂亚科系统发育研究

本研究选取优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae(膜翅目Hymenoptera:茧蜂科Braconidae)的8族19属23种作为内群,茧蜂其它6个亚科的8属8种作外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和41个形态学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用"圆口类"的内茧蜂亚科Rogadinae、茧蜂亚科Braconinae、矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae的3个亚科为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯法对优茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了分析;并以PAUP*4.0对优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列的片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明:优茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC%含量在40.00%~49.25%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,优茧蜂亚科各个成员间序列变异位点上颠换(transversion)大于转换(transition);不同的分析和算法所产生的系统发育树都表明目前根据形态定义出的优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae不是一个单系群,而是一个与蚁茧蜂亚科Neoneurinae和高腹茧蜂亚科Cenocoelinae混杂在一起的并系群;在优茧蜂亚科内部,悬茧蜂族Meterorini和食甲茧蜂族Microctonini(排除猎户茧蜂属Orionis)为单系群,而宽鞘茧蜂族Centistini、大颚茧蜂族Cosmophorini、优茧蜂族Euphorini、瓢虫茧蜂族Dinocampini为并系群;悬茧蜂族Meterorini在优茧蜂亚科Euphorinae内位于基部位置的观点得到部分的支持,同时食甲茧蜂族Microctonini被判定为相对进化的类群。此外对于优茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得到的系统发育属的结果不完全一致,这表明优茧蜂亚科内(属及族)的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

基于28S rDNA D2基因片段与形态特征的矛茧蜂亚科系统发育研究（膜翅目：茧蜂科）

本研究选取矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae（昆虫纲Insecta：膜翅目Hymenoptera：茧蜂科Braconidae）的6族15属18种做内群,茧蜂科其它7亚科11属11种做外群,首次结合同源核糖体28S rDNA D2基因序列片段和100个形态学和解剖学特征对该亚科进行了系统发育学研究。利用“非圆口类"的小腹茧蜂亚科Microgastrinae为根,以PAUP*4.0和MrBayes 3.0B4软件分别应用最大简约法（MP）和贝叶斯法对矛茧蜂亚科的分子数据和分子数据与非分子数据的结合体进行了运算分析;并以PAUP*4.0对矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的碱基组成与碱基替代情况进行了分析。结果表明：矛茧蜂亚科的28S rDNA D2基因序列片段的GC含量在39.33%～48.28%之间变动,而对于碱基替代情况来讲,矛茧蜂亚科各成员间序列变异位点上颠换（transversion）大于转换（transition）。不同的分析算法所产生的系统发育树都表明矛茧蜂亚科是一个界限分明的单系群;在矛茧蜂亚科内,除了吉丁茧蜂族Siragrini为单系群外,其他族（矛茧蜂族Doryctini和方头茧蜂族Hecabolini）都是并系群。对于矛茧蜂亚科内各属之间的相互亲缘关系,不同算法所得的系统发育树的拓扑结构不完全一致,表明矛茧蜂亚科内（属及族）的系统发育关系还有待于进一步研究。     

Convergent, parallel and correlated evolution of trophic morphologies in the subfamily schizothoracinae from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

Schizothoracine fishes distributed in the water system of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) and adjacent areas are characterized by being highly adaptive to the cold and hypoxic environment of the plateau, as well as by a high degree of diversity in trophic morphology due to resource polymorphisms. Although convergent and parallel evolution are prevalent in the organisms of the QTP, it remains unknown whether similar evolutionary patterns have occurred in the schizothoracine fishes. Here, we constructed for the first time a tentative molecular phylogeny of the schizothoracine fishes based on the complete sequences of the cytochrome b gene. We employed this molecular phylogenetic framework to examine the evolution of trophic morphologies. We used Pagel's maximum likelihood method to estimate the evolutionary associations of trophic morphologies and food resource use. Our results showed that the molecular and published morphological phylogenies of Schizothoracinae are partially incongruent with respect to some intergeneric relationships. The phylogenetic results revealed that four character states of five trophic morphologies and of food resource use evolved at least twice during the diversification of the subfamily. State transitions are the result of evolutionary patterns including either convergence or parallelism or both. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that some characters of trophic morphologies in the Schizothoracinae have undergone correlated evolution, which are somewhat correlated with different food resource uses. Collectively, our results reveal new examples of convergent and parallel evolution in the organisms of the QTP. The adaptation to different trophic niches through the modification of trophic morphologies and feeding behaviour as found in the schizothoracine fishes may account for the formation and maintenance of the high degree of diversity and radiations in fish communities endemic to QTP.     

盔唇瓢虫族(鞘翅目：瓢虫科)系统分类研究进展

盔唇瓢虫族昆虫是瓢虫科中一类重要的捕食性天敌,主要捕食介壳虫,是该类害虫的重要生物防治天敌。盔唇瓢虫族昆虫研究历史悠久,目前世界盔唇瓢虫族包括22属超过280种,其中有9属42种分布在中国。该族许多属建立时间早,鉴别特征的原始描述不够详细,导致属间界定模糊,属的地位时常受到质疑且变动频繁。一些种类丰富,形态多变、且分布广泛的属如盔唇瓢虫属、光缘瓢虫属仍缺少世界性的订正研究。随着瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的开展,瓢虫科经典分类系统受到了较大的挑战,而盔唇瓢虫亚科已被证实为非单系起源的类群。目前,将盔唇瓢虫族归入瓢虫亚科得到绝大多数瓢虫科分子系统发育研究的支持,但与其它类群的亲缘关系仍存争议。尽管已有研究对盔唇瓢虫族现存所有属的系统发育关系进行了分析,但部分类群缺少分子数据,导致这些类群在该族系统发育关系中的位置并不明确。本文回顾了国内外盔唇瓢虫族的分类历史,记述了目前该族在瓢虫科的分类地位以及族下系统发育关系进展,最后对盔唇瓢虫族分类研究存在的问题及未来研究进行了展望。     

基于COⅡ基因序列的斑腿蝗科部分亚科的分子系统学研究

采用PCR产物直接测序法测定了斑腿蝗科10个亚科16属22种的COⅡ基因585 bp的片段, 对序列的碱基组成进行了分析,并评估了数据集的系统发育信号;最后,以癞蝗科的肃南 短鼻蝗作为外群,采用NJ法、MP法、ML法以及贝叶斯推论法构建了系统树,以解决这些物种所代表的亚科之间的系统发育关系。结果表明：22种斑腿蝗科昆虫的COⅡ基因序列碱基组成表现强烈的A+T含量偏向性。对COⅡ基因585 bp序列片段构成的全数据组和根据密码子不同位点划分的密码子第一、第二和第三位点数据组的系统发育信号分析显示,所有数据组都具有一定的系统发育信息。在4种方法得到的合一树中发现： （1）星翅蝗亚科、刺胸蝗亚科、黑背蝗亚科、斑腿蝗亚科的亲缘关系较近;（2）卵翅蝗亚科与稻蝗亚科亲缘关系较近,建议卵翅蝗亚科似乎应归入稻蝗亚科中,板胸蝗亚科与这两个亚科的关系较近;（3）黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科似乎应合并为一个亚科;（4）切翅蝗亚科的4个属未聚在一起,表明这些属的区别较大,不是一个单系群;（5）黑蝗亚科和秃蝗亚科关系较近,且与本研究中其他几个亚科的亲缘关系相对较远。研究结果表明COⅡ基因在解决斑腿蝗科的亚科以下属种间的系统发育关系时是一个有效的分子标记。     

Suitability of cuticular pores and sensilla for harpacticoid copepod species delineation and phylogenetic reconstruction

Cuticular organs have not been described systematically in harpacticoids until recently, and they have never been used as characters for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in any crustacean group. We survey cuticular pores and sensilla on somites in ten Miraciidae species, belonging to six genera, from Korea, Australia, and Russia. Nine species belong to the subfamily Stenheliinae, while the outgroup belongs to the subfamily Diosaccinae. We aim to compare phylogenetic trees reconstructed for these harpactioids based on: 1) cuticular organs (with 76 characters scored, 71% of them phylogenetically informative); 2) traditionally used macro-morphological characters (66 scored, 77% of them informative); and 3) mtCOI DNA data. All analyses suggest that cuticular organs are useful characters for harpacticoid species delineation, although not as sensitive as some fast-evolving molecular markers. Reconstructed cladograms based on all three datasets show very high bootstrap values for clades representing distinct genera, suggesting that cuticular organs are suitable characters for studying phylogenetic relationships. Bootstrap values for the more basal nodes differ among the different cladograms, as do the sister-group relationships they suggest, indicating that cuticular organs probably have different evolutionary constraints from macro-morphological characters. Cuticular organs could be quite useful in the study of old museum specimens and fossil crustaceans.