四川森林土壤有机碳储量的空间分布特征

利用森林土壤实测数据与GIS相结合的研究方法估算了四川森林土壤有机碳密度和碳储量,研究了四川森林土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征.四川森林土壤有机碳储量为(2394.26 ±514.15) TgC,平均碳密度为190.45 Mg·hm-2;四川不同森林类型土壤有机碳储量和碳密度差异较大,分别介于(5.05±0.37)～(1101.74±205.40) TgC、(102.69±21.09)～(264.41±49.24) Mg·hm-2之间,其有机碳含量、碳密度和碳储量都随土层厚度的增加而降低.四川森林土壤有机碳密度空间分布特征明显,总体上表现出随纬度、海拔高度的增加而增加,随经度的增加而减小.从森林土壤生态系统水平监测森林土壤有机碳储量有助于提高其估算精度.     

亚热带不同林分土壤表层有机碳组成及其稳定性

在浙江临安玲珑山选取了常绿阔叶林、马尾松林、板栗林和雷竹林4种林分,采用传统的化学方法与固态13C核磁共振(NMR)技术研究其土壤有机碳在不同粒径土壤颗粒中的分布规律和结构特征,探讨林分类别和管理措施对土壤有机碳含量及其结构的影响,为亚热带地区森林固碳和土壤碳库管理提供科学依据。结果显示:(1)土壤表层(0—20 cm)有机碳含量按以下次序递减:雷竹林>常绿阔叶林>马尾松林>板栗林,且板栗林以粉黏粒结合态碳为主,其他林分土壤则以粗砂结合态碳为主;(2)13C NMR结果表明,阔叶林和马尾松林土壤有机碳中烷基碳所占比例最大,而雷竹林和板栗林则是烷氧碳比例最大,表明人工经营措施改变了土壤有机碳的成分组成;(3)随着土壤颗粒变细,有机碳中烷基碳比例增加,烷氧碳比例减少,A/O-A值和疏水碳/亲水碳值逐渐增大,表明颗粒越细,其结合的有机碳结构稳定性越高。     

不同林型树倒林隙内微立地类型的土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林和云冷杉红松林两种林型下树倒林隙内丘坑微立地类型(丘顶和坑底)土壤微团聚体组成及其分形特征。结果表明: 两种林型的土壤微团聚体0.25～2 mm和0.05～0.25 mm粒级含量较高,分别为25.7%～50.7%和27.0%～42.8%,<0.002 mm粒级含量最小,为4.4%～8.9%。在两种林型的树倒林隙内,坑底和丘顶的土壤容重较大,且丘顶土壤养分含量均高于坑底。阔叶红松林树倒林隙内丘顶和坑底的土壤养分含量均高于云冷杉红松林。<0.002 mm土壤微团聚体与土壤物理和化学性质均无相关性,0.25～2 mm和0.002～0.02 mm土壤微团聚体分别与土壤非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、通气度、有机质、全磷、全氮和有机碳之间呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关。整体来看,阔叶红松林的土壤分形维数(D)和土壤特征微团聚体组成比例(PCM)大于云冷杉红松林。两种林型下,丘顶和坑底的土壤特征微团聚体粒级比值(RMD)均增高。土壤D和PCM与各土壤理化性质均无显著相关性,土壤RMD与土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、土壤容重和通气度呈显著负相关。丘顶和坑底微立地的形成会导致土壤较大粒级微团聚体减少,土壤微团聚体稳定性降低,土壤D和PCM增加,RMD显著增加;土壤RMD可作为定量化描述不同林型下丘坑微立地内土壤理化性质的指标。     

小兴安岭两种森林类型土壤有机碳库及周转

采用室内培养法测定了不同温度下(8、18、28 ℃)小兴安岭原始阔叶红松林和阔叶次生林土壤有机碳的矿化速率和矿化量,并用三库一级动力学模型对有机碳各库进行拟合.结果表明： 基于单位干土质量的阔叶次生林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累计矿化量均大于原始红松林,但有机碳累计矿化量占总有机碳的比率小于原始红松林.2种森林类型土壤活性碳库和缓效碳库随土层加深而减小,其占总有机碳的比例增加.尽管阔叶次生林土壤活性和缓效碳库均大于原始红松林,但其占总有机碳的比例却小于原始红松林,而土壤惰性碳库及其比例均大于原始红松林,表明阔叶次生林土壤有机碳整体上更稳定.土壤活性碳库平均驻留时间(MRT)为9～24 d,且随土层加深而缩短,而缓效碳库MRT为7～42 a,且随土层加深而延长.土壤活性碳库及其占总有机碳的比例随温度升高而线性增加,缓效碳库则降低;原始红松林土壤活性碳随温度的增速大于阔叶次生林,表明原始红松林土壤有机碳库对温度变化反应更敏感.     

The relationship of respiration in organic and mineral soil layers to soil chemical properties

Summary Respiration rates of the forest floor, exclusive of the L layer, and of the mineral horizons from three soils developed under pine and hardwoods in the North Carolina Piedmont were measured with a Warburg respirometer. Respiration, based on carbon content of the soil, decreased with depth through the A1 horizon, but subdivisions of the A2 showed no difference. When all soil layers were considered, there were no significant differences in respiration between cover type or soil series. However, in the least decomposed organic layer, the F1, respiration of pine litter was 77 per cent of that of hardwood litter, and respiration of Georgeville or Colfax soils was only 58 per cent of that of Iredell soil. Regression analyses, primarily with inorganic soil nutrient factors, accounted for over 90 per cent of the variation in respiration in the organic layers but for less than 50 per cent in the mineral soil under hardwoods. Up to 15 factors were included in equations, but four factors explained at least 70 per cent of the variation accounted for by regression.Principal Soil Scientists, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, South-eastern Forest Experiment Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, N. C. Mention of commercial products in this paper does not constitute endorsement by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Diversity of fungi in organic soils under a moorland--Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) gradient

The conservation and regeneration of native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woodlands is being actively encouraged by conservation agencies in the UK because of their high biodiversity value. In the present study, the consequences of regeneration on terrestrial fungal communities was determined in three parallel transects running from open moorland, through an intermediate zone showing seedling colonization, into a mature Scots pine forest at Abernethy Forest, Cairngorm, Scotland. Soil cores were taken at 18 m intervals along each 180 m transect, and the diversity of the soil fungal community was investigated by DGGE and sequence analysis of ITS fragments PCR-amplified from DNA extracted from soil. Analysis of DGGE profiles generated for two of the three transects indicates a clear shift in the community from the moorland region of the transects to the forest region. Whereas a few bands were present at all sampling points across the transects, the majority of bands were unique to either the moorland or forest samples. FASTA database searches of ITS sequence data generated from excised DGGE bands revealed the closest species match for each band. In some cases, the similarity of ITS sequences to database sequences was poor, but the remaining sequences were most closely related to ITS sequences of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi. The data are discussed in relation to the effect of native pine woodland expansion on the soil fungal community.     

小兴安岭原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林土壤有机碳库比较研究

土壤有机碳含量是全球生态系统碳储量变化的重要指标之一,本研究以空间替代时间序列的方法,分别选取了小兴安岭地区原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林并测定土壤有机碳库、土壤全氮含量、土壤微生物量碳及土壤相关理化性质,结果表明,土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、土壤全氮含量(TN)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤含水率等指标随着土壤层的深度增加而逐渐减少最后趋于稳定,而土壤容重随着土壤层的加深而增大。在原始林中0~10和10~20cm层的SOC、TN含量差异不显著,而次生林则差异显著。原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)分别为21.46和21.3 kg·m^-2,差异不显著。原始林和次生林的平均有机碳含量分别为35.79,28.6 g·kg^-1,土壤全氮含量分别为2.86,1.83 g·kg^-1,枫桦次生林MBC与SOC的线性相关性高于原始林。结果表明原始林土壤肥力高于次生林,在今后次生林的管理中应适当混栽针叶树种,原始林中应适当间伐使地下碳储量增加。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复格局下土壤微生物群落结构

针对典型黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西延安羊圈沟小流域坡面上单一刺槐林、单一撂荒草地以及林草搭配的草地-林地-草地及林地-草地-林地4种不同植被格局,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)谱图分析法对土壤微生物群落结构进行监测研究,旨在揭示坡面上不同的植被恢复格局对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。研究发现4种不同植被格局下,2种林草搭配的植被格局磷脂脂肪酸的结构比较相似,与单一植被格局相比,表层土壤中表征真菌的特征脂肪酸所占的比例有所提高。主成分分析显示4种植被格局0—10 cm土壤微生物群落结构存在差异,差异主要存在于2种林草搭配的植被格局与2种单一的植被格局之间,其中草地-林地-草地的植被格局与刺槐林和撂荒草地之间土壤微生物群落结构的差异均达到了显著水平。不同微生物菌群的量在4种植被格局土壤间显著性差异主要存在于表层土壤中的细菌菌群和革兰氏阳性菌,革兰氏阴性菌和真菌在4种植被格局土壤之间无显著差异。总之,4种不同植被恢复格局的土壤微生物群落结构存在差异且差异主要存在于表层土壤,坡面上人工林的种植及林草搭配的恢复模式较直接撂荒更有利于提高微生物菌群的生物量。     

The Contrasting Effects of Aspen and Jack Pine on Soil Nutritional Properties Depend on Parent Material

Abstract The influence of forest stand composition on soil was investigated by comparing the forest floor (FH) and upper mineral soil (0–20 cm) nutritional properties of jack pine and aspen stands on two soil types of contrasting fertility, a coarse-textured and a fine-textured deposit, in a replicated design. The studied tree species are pioneers that are found after major disturbances in the southern boreal forest of western Quebec and that differ in their nutrient requirements but not in their growth rate. Soil organic matter as well as total and available N, P, K, Ca, Mg contents were determined and the relationships with nutrient accumulation in tree biomass were studied. On both soil types a greater total and available nutrient accumulation in the forest floor layer was observed in aspen than in jack pine whereas such differences between stand types could not be detected in the mineral soil. Differences in FH nutrient content between stand types were larger on coarse deposits than on fine-textured soils. These results support the hypothesis that tree species with greater nutrient requirements cause an enrichment of the surface soil at least in the short term. The modulation of tree species effect by soil type was contrary to the pattern observed in other studies since a greater expression of this effect was observed on poorer soils. Differences in soil nutrient content were related to levels of organic matter accumulation.     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表CH4通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型-季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林-的地表CH₄通量进行了为期一年的原位观测和研究,结果表明:3种林型地表吸收CH₄通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林,不同林型间的CH₄通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,即土壤容重越小、有机质含量与土壤温度和湿度都没有明显的相关性,但在旱季土壤温度成为控制地表CH₄通量的主要因子.     

秦岭典型林分土壤活性有机碳及碳储量垂直分布特征

采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,2013年8月分析了秦岭典型林分锐齿栎(马头滩林区,Ⅰ)、油松(Ⅱ)、华山松(Ⅲ)、松栎混交林(Ⅳ)、云杉(Ⅴ)、锐齿栎(辛家山林区,Ⅵ)土壤剖面上活性有机碳及碳储量的分布规律.结果表明: 研究区各林分土壤的有机碳、微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而不断减小;在整个土壤剖面(0～60 cm)上,云杉和松栎混交林的土壤有机碳和水溶性碳含量明显高于其余林分,不同林分的土壤有机碳和水溶性碳含量的平均值大小均为Ⅴ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ;各林分不同土层的微生物生物量碳在71.25～710.05 mg·kg^-1,不同林分的土壤微生物生物量碳大小依次为Ⅰ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅵ;整个土壤剖面上,松栎混交林的土壤易氧化态碳含量降幅最大,不同林分土壤易氧化态碳含量的平均值大小为Ⅳ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ.3种活性有机碳占有机碳的比例在不同林分类型中没有表现出一致的规律性.各林分0～60 cm土层的有机碳储量大小为Ⅴ＞Ⅰ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ＞Ⅱ.各林分的土壤微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳两两之间均表现为极显著相关,各林分的土壤微生物生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化态碳与土壤有机碳、全氮之间的相关性均表现为显著或极显著水平,与碳氮比、pH、土壤水分、土壤容重的相关关系不显著.     

The nature of three ancient woodland soils in southern England

Abstract. Despite a wealth of published research on the nature of woodland soils, little is known about the nature of soils on sites that have supported woodland for many hundreds of years, namely ancient woodland. The properties and variability of soils in three ancient woods; one in the New Forest, Hampshire and two in Berkshire, were compared with those under recent woods. The acidity of ancient and recent woodland soils was high and remarkably similar. Only where cultivation of soils had preceded woodland establishment was soil acidity lower. The quantity of carbon in the soils studied was inversely related to soil acidity and the ancient woods had accumulated larger quantities of carbon than their recent counterparts. The quantities of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ were larger in the ancient woods except where prior cultivation had taken place. Total and organic phosphate contents of the ancient woodland soils were also consistently larger. The nature and pattern of soil variability in ancient woodland soils was quite distinct from that found in recent woods. Overall, the variability of soil acidity, carbon content and organic phosphate was larger in the ancient woodland soils but the pattern of variability differed between the soil properties. No clear association existed between the pattern of soil acidity and individual trees. At the surface of some of the woodland soils, however, carbon distribution appeared to be associated with individual trees. At depth in the ancient woodland soils, the association with the existing vegetation cover was not so clear. It is probable that the ancient woodland soils retained relict features of previous vegetation cover. Organic phosphate distribution was very strongly associated with the present vegetation cover. The pattern of distribution of organic phosphate appeared to be stronger than that of soil acidity and carbon content.     

东灵山油松林和辽东栎林下土壤资源和光资源的空间特征

油松林和辽东栎林是中国暖温带具有代表性的森林植被林型。为揭示油松林和辽东栎林下土壤资源和光资源的空间特征,在东灵山相应植被下各设置一条100 m样线,利用HH 2高精度土壤水分仪(美国生产)沿样线每隔1 m测定土壤水分含量,并分析相应点土壤有机质含量;利用H em iV iew林冠分析系统每隔10 m测定森林的叶面积指数、林冠覆盖度、林冠均匀性、光资源状况;采用半方差方法分析土壤水分和有机质的空间异质性。(1)油松林与辽东栎林的叶面积指数、林冠覆盖度、辐射因子和林下光资源没有显著差异,但油松林林冠均匀性显著小于辽东栎林。(2)辽东栎林的间接辐射因子与林下总辐射呈显著正相关(R2=0.466,p=0.030),而油松林的间接辐射因子与总辐射无显著相关(R2=0.203,p=0.191)。(3)光资源的数量及其组成在油松林和辽东栎林下的变化非常相似,但光资源的组成与林冠特征的关系在两种森林间存在差异。(4)油松林下土壤水分和土壤有机质含量低于辽东栎林,但异质性恰好相反;油松林下这两种因子不具有显著的空间自相关性,而辽东栎林下具有显著的空间自相关性。(5)自然条件下,10 m尺度的林下辐射强弱与土壤水分之间并不存在显著负相关。     

Surface soil chemical and physical patterns in a brigalow–Dawson gum forest,central Queensland

Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla)–Dawson gum (Eucalyptus cambageana) open forests are predominantly supported by solodic soils in central Queensland. This report describes relations between some physical, chemical and morphological properties of surface soils (0–0.10 m) within a virgin brigalow–Dawson gum forest. Soil property gradients were found to radiate horizontally from tree-dominated to non-vegetated areas, indicative of a vegetation-induction process. These reflect the importance of litterfall organic matter in determining soil fertility and soil physical conditions at this site. The decomposition of litterfall is probably responsible for significant increases in soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and total sulphur (S) concentrations with increasing vegetation canopy cover. The composition of soil organic matter appears constant across the study area, as similar soil C:N:S ratios were recorded across all vegetation canopy classes. Soil salinity, total phosphorus, mineral nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable potassium levels also increased with increasing vegetation canopy cover. Surface soil physical properties were also related to vegetation canopy cover. Bulk density and the < 20 μm dispersion ratio decreased while soil micro-relief and A hor?izon depth increased with increasing vegetation canopy cover. Organic C, through inverse relations with bulk density and the < 20 μm dispersion ratio, appears to enhance soil porosity and aggregate stability, indicating the role of organic matter in the stabilization of larger virgin soil aggregates. The close association between virgin forest and surface soil fertility is seen to have implications for changes in land-use, with a decline in nutrient availability, soil aggregate stability and productivity following forest clearing.     

冻融期去根处理对小兴安岭6种林型土壤微生物量的影响

春季冻融期,在小兴安岭的阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、谷地云冷杉(Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis)林、阔叶红松择伐林、白桦(Betula platyphylla)次生林、红松人工林、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林的去根处理样地和对照样地进行野外取土实验,分析了根去除对上述林型土壤微生物量的影响以及与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:冻融循环期间对照样地和去根处理样地的林型、土壤层次、取样时间均显著地影响土壤微生物量碳(MBC)(P0.05),对照样地中各林型的土壤微生物量氮(MBN)差异显著,而去根处理样地中各林型的MBN没有显著差异(P0.05);冻融循环期间去根处理显著地减少了大部分林型及土层(谷地云冷杉林0—10 cm及择伐林外)的MBC,而去根处理对大部分林型及土层(阔叶红松林0—10 cm,谷地云冷杉林和择伐林的10—20 cm除外)的MBN没有显著影响。说明在小兴安岭春季冻融期根系对土壤微生物量的影响不可忽视。     

气候变化对森林土壤有机碳贮藏影响的研究进展

森林土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响陆地生态系统的碳贮藏与全球的碳平衡.气候变化将影响植物光合作用及土壤有机碳的分解和转化过程,进而影响森林土壤有机碳贮量及土壤碳动态.温度、降水、大气CO2浓度等气候因子对森林土壤碳贮藏均具有重要影响.了解气候变化对森林土壤有机碳贮藏的影响有助于人们科学管理森林碳库以及进一步寻找缓解气候变化的可行途径.为此,本文综述了森林土壤有机碳贮量的分布以及升温、降水变化和大气CO2浓度升高对森林土壤有机碳贮藏影响的国内外研究进展,并提出了有关的研究展望.     

红壤丘陵区土地利用方式变更后土壤有机碳动态变化的模拟

采用双组分模型模拟土地利用方式变更后土壤有机碳储量的变化,并用一些调查和监测数据进行了初步验证．此双组分模型将土壤有机碳分为新形成有机碳和原有有机碳两个组分．每个组分有机碳的形成转化用一级动力学方程描述．本文用此模型对亚热带土壤开垦利用为马尾松林地、湿地松林地、柑桔园和牧草地４种方式１０年来土壤有机碳储量的变化过程进行了模拟,初步结果表明,模拟值与实测值拟合较好．可见,此方法适于用来模拟不同土壤类型下土地利用系统变更初期的土壤有机碳储量动态变化过程．     

火烧对森林土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

对国内外火烧影响森林土壤有机碳动态的研究成果进行了综合述评。较多研究表明低强度火烧不会造成土壤有机碳贮量的明显变化,但火烧非常强烈而彻底,土壤有机碳明显减少。有限研究表明火烧对森林土壤呼吸的影响结果有增加、降低或无影响,因火烧强度、火后观测时间、森林类型、火烧迹地上植被恢复进程和气候条件等而异。同时,火烧对土壤有机碳组分(活性有机碳和黑碳)也具有不同程度的影响。随着全球变化研究的深入,火烧作为森林主要管理措施对大气CO2浓度影响亦愈来愈受重视,今后应着重开展以下几方面研究:(1)扩大气候和经营管理的变化对森林土壤有机碳贮量时空动态影响研究;(2)深入探讨火烧影响土壤CO2释放的过程及机理;(3)加强火烧历史和频率对黑碳影响的研究;(4)从广度和深度上加强火烧等经营措施对亚热带森林土壤碳动态影响的研究。     

Association of Soil Aggregation with the Distribution and Quality of Organic Carbon in Soil along an Elevation Gradient on Wuyi Mountain in China

Forest soils play a critical role in the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ and subsequent attenuation of global warming. The nature and properties of organic matter in soils have an influence on the sequestration of carbon. In this study, soils were collected from representative forestlands, including a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), a coniferous forest (CF), a subalpine dwarf forest (DF), and alpine meadow (AM) along an elevation gradient on Wuyi Mountain, which is located in a subtropical area of southeastern China. These soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory to examine the distribution and speciation of organic carbon (OC) within different size fractions of water-stable soil aggregates, and subsequently to determine effects on carbon sequestration. Soil aggregation rate increased with increasing elevation. Soil aggregation rate, rather than soil temperature, moisture or clay content, showed the strongest correlation with OC in bulk soil, indicating soil structure was the critical factor in carbon sequestration of Wuyi Mountain. The content of coarse particulate organic matter fraction, rather than the silt and clay particles, represented OC stock in bulk soil and different soil aggregate fractions. With increasing soil aggregation rate, more carbon was accumulated within the macroaggregates, particularly within the coarse particulate organic matter fraction (250–2000 μm), rather than within the microaggregates (53–250μm) or silt and clay particles (< 53μm). In consideration of the high instability of macroaggregates and the liability of SOC within them, further research is needed to verify whether highly-aggregated soils at higher altitudes are more likely to lose SOC under warmer conditions.