两种雀形目鸟类的窝雏数处理实验:检验Lack假说

于1997—1999年在位于青海省北部的中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。选择地面筑巢的小云雀(Alauda gulgula)和灌丛筑巢的黄嘴朱顶雀(Acanthis flavirostris)为代表进行窝雏数处理实验。根据Lack假说的预报检验(1)常见窝卵数是否是最大生产力窝卵数;(2)窝雏数处理对雏鸟质量和亲鸟投入是否产生影响;(3)两种鸟的响应方式是否相同。其结果如下：①小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀的常见窝卵数分别是3和5枚。年间变化不明显,用幼鸟出飞率作为生产力,两种鸟的扩增窝幼鸟出飞率下降,常见窝卵数(分布频率最高)等同于最大生产力窝卵数;②小云雀的幼鸟的生长参数不随窝雏数的改变而变化．而黄嘴朱顶雀有明显变化．说明窝雏数处理对后者幼鸟质量有明显影响。③用递食率作为亲鸟投资指标,小云雀亲鸟的递食率随窝雏数的增加而增加,但雏期不变;而黄嘴朱顶雀递食率不变,但雏期延长。④扩增窝雏数后,两种亲鸟表现出不同的响应方式,小云雀表现为提高单位时间递食次数,而黄嘴朱顶雀延长育幼时间。这两种方式不是通过影响雏鸟质量就是通过影响亲鸟存活率来降低子代和亲代的适合度。结果支持了自然选择将窝卵数调节到亲鸟能喂活最大数量子代的限度。即常见窝卵数就是最大生产力窝卵数的Lack假说。     

The Averted Gaze

The literature of higher education and campus rhetoric convey the impression that academic change is rampant. Organizational gridlock and exceptionally limited change are more apt characterizations of campus life. Ethnographic studies of change in the academy would help to determine the validity of both assertions. The qualitative research community, however, appears to avoid studies of the academy. Reasons for a collective "averted gaze" are here examined.     

江西省弋阳叠山书院园林变迁钩沉——基于元明清社会环境视角

采用文献考证法、田野调查法与逻辑演绎法,以元明清社会环境为视角,分析弋阳叠山书院园林变迁及其动力。自元代至清代,从变迁形式来看,书院园林选址从郊野山林迁入为城市高胜地,布局从单轴线前祀后学的建筑空间形态发展成双轴多进深多院落的园林空间形态,园林文化从以儒学文化为主转变为儒道释俗文化共存。从变迁动力来看,政治环境和经济支持是书院园林建设发展的基础,政体态度决定了书院园林存亡及其社会意义,经济支持在书院维系和官学化方面具有显著影响力,文化环境受政治环境影响,包容的政治环境允许延续宋儒品格,严苛的政治环境禁锢自由文风,因此文化环境对书院园林的选址、空间布局与文化确立起到关键作用力。     

Medical education and society.

As health care changes under the pressures of restraint and constraint our vision of the future of medical education should be based on the medical school''s responsibility to the community. The medical school is "an academy in the community": as an academy, it fosters the highest standards in education and research; as an institution in the community, it seeks to improve public health and alleviate suffering. The author argues that to better achieve these goals medical schools need to become more responsible and responsive to the population they serve. Medical schools have been slow to accept fully the social contract by which, in return for their service to society, they enjoy special rights and benefits. This contract requires that medical educators listen to the public, talk honestly and constructively with government representatives and assess the needs and expectations of the community.     

Dog Eat Dog: Neo-imperialism in Kim Ki-duk's Address Unknown

Kim Ki-duk's 2001 film Address Unknown presents a political allegory of modern Korea by referencing past traumas through local characters set in a U.S. military base town in 1970. The physical and emotional scars of past violence reveal current victimization re-enacting social injustice. Cold War militarism and the U.S. presence shatter the lives of three young people and the community as they internalize the destruction of their lives.     

The burden of service for faculty of color to achieve diversity and inclusion: the minority tax

The exclusion of Blacks/African-Americans, Latinx/Hispanics, and Indigenous people from science has resulted in their underrepresentation in the biomedical workforce, especially in academia. Faculty diversity at academic institutions is unacceptably low (<6%) and has remained unchanged in the past 20 years. Despite low representation, faculty of color are disproportionately tasked with service to enhance diversity and inclusion of the academy, often to the detriment of their research and academic success. This essay offers a perspective on the undue burden of service placed on underrepresented faculty to achieve institutional diversity and inclusion. I reflect on the challenges that faculty of color face trying to maintain a competitive research program while serving the needs of the academy, often in a capacity greater than that of their well-represented peers. I also discuss opportunities for faculty of color to leverage related diversity and inclusion work to boost their career progression and academic advancement.

JoAnn Trejo     

Diversifying the biological sciences: past efforts and future challenges

I am honored to receive the E. E. Just Award for 2010. In my invited essay, I have opted to discuss the state of diversity in the biological sciences with some recommendations for moving forward toward a more positive and inclusive academy. The need to develop cohorts of minority scientists as support groups and to serve as role models within our institutions is stressed, along with the need to ensure that minority scientists are truly included in all aspects of the academy. It is imperative that we increase our efforts to prepare for the unique challenges that we will face as the United States approaches a "majority minority" population in the next 50 years.     

昆虫的听觉器官

昆虫的听器是一类对声波具有特异感受作用的器官,对其生存具有非常重要的意义。昆虫的听器主要有听觉毛、江氏器和鼓膜听器3种类型。本文主要介绍了昆虫3种听器的结构和功能特点,并从系统发生和个体发育角度介绍了鼓膜听器的演化过程。     

‘So you are a mestiza’: Exploring the consequences of ethnic and racial clumping in the US academy

This paper intends to open a dialogue about the use of two specific labels in the US (i.e. ‘Chicanas’ and ‘Latinas’), with a special emphasis on how they are used in the US academy as both markers and identities. More specifically, this paper explores recent trends in the US academy by which women of Latin American descent are lumped together under the rubric Latinas, and in many cases assumed to be equivalent to Chicanas. Arguing that academia must learn to be more thoughtful when creating, defining and adopting categories, the article warns against recreating the very power dynamics we find in mainstream US society by way of these specific labels. Finally, ‘So you are a mestiza’ reminds its readers that, as a practice, social justice asks for a fundamental recognition of a culturally pluralist, democratic society. In this kind of society, histories must endure and multiple realities must be acknowledged.     

Early emergency care study: the potential and benefits of advanced prehospital care.

Of 26358 patients taken by ambulance to the accident and emergency departments of two large hospitals, 1185 were admitted to resuscitation areas. The scope for ambulance staff to employ a range of advanced techniques at the scene of incidents was assessed by using information relating to the condition of patients when they were picked up by the ambulance and on admission, time in transit, details from hospital records, and outcome at three months. For non-survivors further assessment was made of the benefit, in terms of survival, which might have accrued had advanced techniques been used. The results of the assessment of benefit were compared with estimates of benefit from other studies. In cases of cardiopulmonary arrest the potential to save lives was less optimistic than earlier estimates, and in cases of trauma the potential to save lives was negligible.     

Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century America: A View from Three Contemporaries

Social, philosophical and technical aspects of birth control in nineteenth-century America are examined through the lives and thoughts of three men who lived and worked at that time: John Humphrey Noyes, Anthony Comstock and Edward Bliss Foote.     

Comparative life histories and microhabitat use in three sympatric sculpins (Cottidae:Cottus) in northeastern California

Synopsis Life histories of three sculpins endemic to the Pit River system, northeastern California, are detailed.Cottus pitensis is widely distributed throughout the drainage. This species is typically found in rapidly flowing, shallow water on coarse substrate. It grows to a large size, >100 mm, and lives to 5 years. Spawning occurs annually, in early spring. Fecundity is relatively low, <320 oocytes.Cottus asperrimus is restricted to a large population in Fall River and smaller concentrations in Hat Creek and Pit River. It is a relatively small fish, <80 mm, and lives to 5 years. It occurs in deep, slow-moving, often spring-fed streams, typically on fine substrates. Spawning lasts from autumn to early spring. Males establish nests on hard substrates and guard several clutches of eggs. Fecundity ranges from 140–580 oocytes.Cottus klamathensis macrops is relatively rare in the drainage. The largest concentration is in the Hat Creek system, smaller populations exist in Fall River and Pit River. This sculpin is found on coarse substrate, often where aquatic vegetation is abundant. It is typically found in slow, relatively shallow water. It grows to >100mm and lives to 5 years. Males guard eggs during the short spawning season beginning in late winter. Fecundity in this species reaches a maximum of 650 oocytes. Life history strategies vary within the genus, yet the life histories of these sculpins are more similar to each other than they are to many of their congeners. This within-group similarity may have resulted from exposure of all three species to similar environmental pressures. This is predicted by life-history theory.     

The ecological and anatomy of a new species of aeolid opisthobranch mollusc; a predator of the scleractinian coral Porites

A new species of aeolid opisthobranch (family Tergipedidae) is described from Tanzania. It lives and feeds on the scleractinian coral Porites somaliensis. Studies on its development show that it can reach sexual maturity three weeks after hatching. The larval stage is extremely abbreviated; the veliger settles ten minutes after hatching, and within ninety minutes of hatching has assumed a slug-like form.     

The Daily Rhythms in the Core Temperature during Spring and Autumn under Natural Conditions in Young Women

Studies of the daily rectal temperature rhythms during May and October-November in three female subjects leading normal lives under natural conditions disclosed that although a rhythm of rectal temperature existed in all three subjects in both seasons, the temperature level seems to be lower in October-November than in May, especially during the nighttime. The phasing of the rectal temperature rhythm did not seem to differ between the two seasons.     

Structure and regulation of histone H2B mRNAs from Leishmania enriettii.

We have studied the structure and expression of histone H2B mRNA and genes in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enrietti. A genomic clone containing three tandemly repeated genes has been sequenced and shown to encode three identical histone proteins and two types of closely related mRNA sequence. We have also sequenced three independent cDNA clones and demonstrated that the Leishmania H2B mRNAs are polyadenylated, similar to the basal histone mRNAs of higher eucaryotes and the histone mRNAs of yeast. In addition, the Leishmania mRNAs contain inverted repeats near the poly(A) tail which could form stem-loops similar in secondary structure, but not in sequence, to the 3' stem-loops of nonpolyadenylated replication-dependent histones of higher eucaryotes. Unlike the replication-dependent histones, the Leishmania histone H2B mRNAs do not decrease in abundance following treatment with inhibitors of DNA synthesis. The histone mRNAs are differentially expressed during the parasite life cycle and accumulate to a higher level in the extracellular promastigotes (the form which in nature lives within the gut of the insect vector) than in the intracellular amastigotes (the form that lives within the mammalian host macrophages).     

Scientific personae in American psychology: three case studies

This paper studies the constellations of attitudes--sentimental, moral, epistemological, and social--that three leading psychologists active in turn-of-the-twentieth-century America took to be essential to the production of scientific knowledge. William James, G. Stanley Hall, and Edward Titchener located the virtues and traits proper to the scientific frame of mind, and combined them into normative images of the man of science, or, 'scientific personae' as I use the term here. I argue that their competing formulations of the scientific ethos informed their psychological practice and epistemological commitments. James, Hall, and Titchener mobilized their representations of the man of science in order to reconfigure the field of psychology and redefine its boundaries, as well as to promote forms of sociability and define the proper role of scientists both within the academy and in the wider polity.     

The Daily Rhythms in the Core Temperature during Spring and Autumn under Natural Conditions in Young Women

Studies of the daily rectal temperature rhythms during May and October–November in three female subjects leading normal lives under natural conditions disclosed that although a rhythm of rectal temperature existed in all three subjects in both seasons, the temperature level seems to be lower in October–November than in May, especially during the nighttime. The phasing of the rectal temperature rhythm did not seem to differ between the two seasons.     

Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004: identification of the causal agent

Maize contaminated with aflatoxins has been implicated in deadly epidemics in Kenya three times since 1981, but the fungi contaminating the maize with aflatoxins have not been characterized. Here we associate the S strain of Aspergillus flavus with lethal aflatoxicoses that took more than 125 lives in 2004.     

Relationship between the induction of proteins in the HSP70 family and thermosensitivity in two species of Oryzias (Pisces)

A cultured fish cell line, CE, derived from Oryzias celebensis, which lives in a tropical zone, was more heat-resistant than the OL32, which were derived from the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes which lives in a temperate zone. Protein synthesis in OL32 cells was also more heat-sensitive than that in CE cells. The relative levels in proteins of the HSP70 family and the ability of cells to tolerate severe heat treatment after a conditioning heat treatment were examined. Twenty-four hours after conditioning heat treatment, both cell lines retained thermotolerance even though three proteins in the HSP70 family had returned to their control levels.     

Australian Indigenous Studies: A Question of Discipline

This paper is an early discussion of the ways we are approaching Indigenous Studies in Australian Universities. The focus is on how disciplinary and scholarly issues within Indigenous Studies can be interrogated and yet retain the necessary cohesion and solidarity so important to the Indigenous struggle. The paper contrasts Indigenous Studies pursued by Indigenous scholars to other disciplinary perspectives in the academy. Categories such as the Indigenous community and Indigenous knowledge are problematised, not to dissolve them, but to explore productive avenues. I identify one of the problems that Indigenous studies faces as resisting the tendency to perpetuate an enclave within the academy whose purpose is to reflect back an impoverished and codified representation of Indigenous culture to the communities that are its source. On the other hand, there is danger also in the necessary engagement with other disciplines on their own terms. My suggestion is that we see ourselves mapping our understanding of our particular Indigenous experiences upon a terrain intersected by the pathways, both of other Indigenous experiences, and of the non‐Indigenous academic disciplines. My intention is to stimulate some thought among Indigenous academics and scholars about the future possibilities of Australian Indigenous Studies as a field of endeavour.