人为不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的动态特征——动物与植物群落的典型相关分析

群落的格局和动态是群落牛态学和生态系统生态学研究中的基础问题,也是揭示群落结构和功能的核心问题。为了深入了解生态系统的结构与功能,研究啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,特别是研究荒漠区的脆弱生态系统中啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,是揭示人为干扰下荒漠生态系统结构和功能变化特征的基础。2002～2004年在内蒙古阿拉善典型荒漠区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的生境,分别为禁牧区、过牧区、轮牧区和开垦区,研究了人为不同干扰下啮齿动物群落格局的变动趋势,应用典型相关方法分析了啮齿动物群落与植物群落在不同干扰条件下的相互关系。结果表明,在两种观察尺度域上（标志样地和线路样地）动物群落变量与植物群落变量的相关关系表现为：动物群落变量与植物群落变量中的草本关系最为突出,在分析的两个尺度的8个样地中,除标志样地的过牧区外,其它7个样地均与草本关系密切,且绝大多数样地动物群落变量与草本的盖度和地上生物量呈负相关关系。这说明荒漠生态系统中,在4种干扰条件下,草本的特性,特别是草本的盖度和地上生物量对啮齿动物群落格局及其动态变化起到关键作用,其值越大,啮齿动物群落组成种的丰富度（数量）和生物量就越小。就同一种干扰条件下的两种尺度域上的情况看,动物群落和植物群落的相关性较突出的特点是：在禁牧区和开垦区,喜湿的种类（黑线仓鼠和草原黄鼠）与植被的相关性显著,在轮牧区和过牧区,喜旱的种类（小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠）与植被的相关性显著,且均与草本呈负相关关系。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态Ⅰ.年间变动和趋势

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体数与生物量、物种多样性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个生态学变量的时间序列资料,并通过分析这些生态时间序列的年间变动和趋势讨论了该群落的动态。结果是：１）各年间６个生态学变量均随物理环境而变化,个体数和生物量变化幅度较大,均匀性保持相对稳定;２）群落中１７个物种从未同时出现过,物种数的     

荒漠啮齿动物群落对开垦干扰的响应及其种群生态对策

开垦对功能相对脆弱的荒漠生态系统是重要的干扰,这种干扰往往导致栖息地破碎化,并对动植物群落产生强烈影响。作为荒漠生态系统的重要成分,啮齿动物群落受到开垦干扰后对环境的响应及其群落中种群的生态对策,是荒漠生态系统生物多样性及其功能维持稳定的重要基础。2006～2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区未开垦和开垦草地啮齿动物群落格局及其不同生态对策种群的数量组成进行了专门研究。目的（1）明确开垦干扰下啮齿动物群落格局时间尺度变化;（2）验证假设：人为干扰区（开垦区）啮齿动物群落中r?对策者占据优势,未干扰区（未开垦区）以K?对策者为主;（3）依据啮齿动物群落中不同生态对策种群的数量组成来判断群落所受干扰的程度。结果表明,开垦干扰降低了啮齿动物群落多样性,改变了群落中不同生态对策种群的数量组成,种群以r?对策者为优势;未开垦区啮齿动物群落中以K?对策种群为主。开垦区啮齿动物群落受到严重干扰。     

不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物种群动态的空间同步性

荒漠啮齿动物是动物生态学研究中的重要类群,对于丰富种群和群落生态学理论具有重要意义.国外关于荒漠啮齿动物的研究较多,尤以北美的研究较为深入,涉及群落组成(Brown,1973)、生态位(Harris, 1984;Kenagy and Bartholomew, 1985)、物种共存(Brown and Munger,1985)、资源分享及微生境选择(Brown and Lieberman,1973;Price,1978)等方面;而国内关于荒漠啮齿动物研究相对较少.     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落的能量分配方式

本文对北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科７属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的能量和分配比例的时间序列资料,利用相关分析方法比较了群落能量在１７个物种种群中分配方式的动态和季节性。结果表明,虽然各物种群的能量分配环境的变化而变化,但分配比例却保持相对稳定,且９８％以上的能量是以协调的方式在群落内的各物种间进行分配的,协调的能量分配方式则使恶劣多变的荒漠生境中的啮齿动物群落的能量动态保持着相对稳定。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态II.季节性和周期性

本文利用时间列分析方法和和季节性指标,讨论了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠由４科１０属１７种啮齿动物组成的群落的物种数、单位面积个体烽与和生物量、物种多性的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ与Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和均匀性等６个变量的季节变动、季节性和周期性。结果表明：（１）每个季节都有变量达到最大值,但除个体数和均匀性外,其余４个变量均在冬季最小值;（２）物种数与生物量及两个物种多样性指数之间,以及两个物种多样性指数之间     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落各物种种群生物量动态的比较研究

本文给出了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠分属４科１０属的１７种啮齿动物生物量的时间序列资料,利用时间序列分析方法、均匀性的Ｓｈａｎｎｎｏｎ指数和季节性指标对该１７个物种的生物量动态的比较研究说明：优势种在群落总生物量稳定中起着主要作用,其余非优势物种则在优势种种群密度较低时弥补低生物量,使１７个物种种群能共存于同一群落之中,使处于复杂多变的荒漠生境中的啮齿动物的生物量保持相对稳定。扩散在维持这种稳定中有明显的作用。     

不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征

2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。     

内蒙古半荒漠与荒漠区的啮齿动物群落

内蒙古广阔的半荒漠与荒漠区属于典型的大陆干旱区和极干旱区,东西界线基本与气候湿润系数0.2-0.05相吻合,包括了内蒙古境内的温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠和典型荒漠的各类草地。1988-1993年和1998-2003年,在约380000km2范围内,根据地带性植被分布及其地形、地貌、土壤的特征,野外设置317个调查样地,采用铗日法调查啮齿动物群落的分布特征,共布放有效铗日157702个,捕获啮齿动物37种,选用其中的23种主要啮齿动物构成“样方-种多度(捕获率)”原始数据矩阵(23×317),应用快速聚类方法对该区域内啮齿动物群落进行分类,在此基础上采用GIS技术应用ArcView3.2软件,将啮齿动物的捕获量信息在1999-2000年TM卫星影像图上进行叠加,结果表明该地区啮齿动物地带性群落可分为9个。GIS技术分析得出的该区域内啮齿动物地带性群落分布图,很好地将植被的信息和生境中主要啮齿动物分布的信息同时合成反映出来,明确了啮齿动物地带性群落分布的区域和特征,可为区域性啮齿动物综合治理提供科学依据。     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm2 and that of the line sample was 10 km2. The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the communities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area.     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm² and that of the line sample was 10 km². The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the commu nities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 849–861 [译自:生态学报]     

Niche characteristics of rodents by diverse disturbance in Alashan desert,Inner Mongolia,China

Four diverse disturbance types,namely,farmland,rotationaUy grazed grassland,overgrazed grassland and forbidden grazing grassland,were identified in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia.Rodents were sampled in April,July and October in 2002 and 2003 using the trap-day method.Their spatial and temporal niches among the four disturbance types were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and the Pianka niche overlap index.The Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index was the highest for Allactaga sibirica and Meriones meridianus (0.925 and 0.908,respectively),intermediate for Cricetulus eversmanni,Phodopus roborovskii and Citellus dauricus (0.789,0.782 and 0.711,respectively),and lowest for Cardiocranius paradoxus (0.003).The Pianka niche overlap indices of six-paired species were the highest and varied from 0.900 to 1.000,suggesting their spatial niche overlapped almost completely.Conversely,the spatial niche overlap index for Meriones unguiculatus,Cardiocranius paradoxus,and Salpingotus kozlovi was zero,thus indicating a complete absence of competition among them.In addition,the temporal niche breadth and overlap indices varied greatly in relation to disturbance types and season.The level of temporal niche overlap in spring and autumn was low while in summer it was high.For all disturbance types and for each season,the temporal niche overlap index of Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabansis was always highest but for Meriones unguiculatus and Salpingotus kozlovi always lowest.     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

Niche characteristics of rodents by diverse disturbance in Alashan desert, Inner Mongolia, China

Four diverse disturbance types, namely, farmland, rotationally grazed grassland, overgrazed grassland and forbidden grazing grassland, were identified in the Alashan desert region of Inner Mongolia. Rodents were sampled in April, July and October in 2002 and 2003 using the trap-day method. Their spatial and temporal niches among the four disturbance types were assessed using the Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index and the Pianka niche overlap index. The Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index was the highest for Allactaga sibirica and Meriones meridianus (0.925 and 0.908, respectively), intermediate for Cricetulus eversmanni, Phodopus roborovskii and Citellus dauricus (0.789, 0.782 and 0.711, respectively), and lowest for Cardiocranius paradoxus (0.003). The Pianka niche overlap indices of six-paired species were the highest and varied from 0.900 to 1.000, suggesting their spatial niche overlapped almost completely. Conversely, the spatial niche overlap index for Meriones unguiculatus, Cardiocranius paradoxus, and Salpingotus kozlovi was zero, thus indicating a complete absence of competition among them. In addition, the temporal niche breadth and overlap indices varied greatly in relation to disturbance types and season. The level of temporal niche overlap in spring and autumn was low while in summer it was high. For all disturbance types and for each season, the temporal niche overlap index of Meriones meridianus and Cricetulus barabansis was always highest but for Meriones unguiculatus and Salpingotus kozlovi always lowest. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(10): 2,637–2,643 [译自: 生态学报]     

洞庭湖区鼠类群落的物种多样性分析

通过对洞庭湖区黑线姬鼠褐家鼠主害区桃源的害鼠群落调查,揭示了平原农田生态类型区、丘陵农林复合生态类型区和山区林农复合生态类型区及其不同生境的鼠类群落的物种多样性。在人类干扰程度最高的平原生态类型区,鼠类群落的优势种突出,优势集中性指数最高,丘陵生态区次之,而具有大片森林、受干扰较低的山区林农复合生态区,优势集中性指数最低。物种多样性Shannon—Weiner指数和均匀性指数亦显示同样的规律：适度干扰的山区复合生态区的多样性指数最高,均匀性最好,丘陵生态区居中,平原生态区最低。不论何种生态类型区,农田生境鼠类群落的优势种都较突出,优势集中性指数也较高,群落多样性和均匀性较低;林地生境的优势集中性有较大下降,山区林地内的鼠种比丘陵区要多,优势集中性指数也较低,多样性指数和均匀度都有提高。林缘农田在同一生态类型不同生境内优势集中性最低、多样性指数和均匀性最高。比较不同生境鼠类群落的相似性,最不相似的群落是农田与受人类干扰较小的森林。这些现象说明人类的社会生产活动使害鼠群落的物种多样性降低、优势度下降、优势种突出、均匀性降低,形成了只利于少数几个种群栖息和生产发展的环境,最终导致少数种群的暴发,形成危害。但适度干扰能提高物种多样性。     

不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落多样性的多尺度分析

尺度问题是生态学的核心问题。本文将荒漠啮齿动物群落主要特征参数Shannon-Wiener多样性指数作为信息,来探究其在人为干扰下对尺度变化的响应,目的是为了揭示不同干扰条件下荒漠区啮齿动物群落多样性随尺度变化的趋势,为动物群落格局—过程研究的尺度推绎提供生态学基础。2003~2008年每年7月,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同干扰生境中,选择了1.25hm2,2.5hm2,5hm2和10hm2等4个空间尺度,应用铗日法统计样地中的啮齿动物群落种数及各物种的捕获数据,计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,将其作为原始信号进行小波分解。研究结果表明：在荒漠区≤10hm2内,除过牧区外,在其他干扰类型中啮齿动物群落多样性随空间尺度增加均呈上升趋势。啮齿动物群落多样性的原始信号中存在规则的周期性干扰,这种干扰可能是由群落的年际波动造成的。在4种尺度下,各干扰区啮齿动物群落多样性除在开垦区未表现出明显周期外,其余干扰区各自均具有相同的周期：轮牧区4年,禁牧区3年,过牧区2年。荒漠区4种干扰类型中随着空间尺度的增加啮齿动物群落多样性变动幅度减小,抗干扰能力逐渐增强。但不同干扰中啮齿动物多样性的变动幅度和抗干扰能力是不同的。禁牧区与开垦区的啮齿动物多样性在≤2.5hm2范围内较易受到扰动;过牧区在≤5hm2的范围内较不稳定;轮牧区在整个10hm2范围内都易受到扰动。     

荒漠生态系统鼠类对土壤和植被的扰动效应

干扰形成的斑块对荒漠生态系统时空异质性的维系和发展具有重要意义。鼠类作为生物干扰的重要代表,是荒漠生态系统斑块形成的主要来源,它们已从生理、形态、行为进化出一系列特点适应了荒漠生态系统的严酷环境,同时其挖掘、采食行为也深刻影响着荒漠生态系统的环境。本文主要从鼠类活动对土壤(包括土壤发生过程、土壤斑块的形成、土壤理化性质)和植物群落(包括物种多样性、生产力、植物种子)的扰动效应做了归纳总结,旨在阐明鼠类在荒漠生态系统中的作用。