雌二醇对虹鳟免疫功能的影响*

腺的成熟,大麻哈鱼属鱼类的抗病能力降低,其中的许多种在排卵(精)后死亡.虹鳟在繁殖季节后虽然不至于死亡,但极容易受许多病原菌的感染而发生病患.我们以前的研究提示,疾病的易感性可能与性激素的水平相关,但那些研究主要集中于雄激素对虹鳟免疫功能的影响.雌二醇是重要的雌激素之一,本研究运用酶联吸附免疫法、酶联吸附斑点法以及微量活性氧测定法,主要探讨了雌二醇在体内或体外对抗体的水平、产生抗体的细胞的数目和巨噬细胞产生活性氧的水平的影响.实验结果表明:(1)口服雌二醇能够提高未成熟虹鳟血浆中的雌二醇水平,这种提高能显著地降低血浆中的免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的浓度;(2)在离体的条件下雌二醇也能按剂量依赖方式降低来自成熟红鳟血液、头肾和脾脏的淋巴细胞中产生抗体的细胞数量以及抑制头肾的巨噬细胞产生各种活性氧.这些结果提示随着性腺成熟,免疫功能的降低可能与血液中雌二醇水平的升高有关,免疫功能的降低可能是导致生殖季节雌性虹鳟易受许多病原菌感染的原因之一.     

雌二醇对鳟免疫功能的影响

伴随着性腺的成熟,大麻哈鱼属鱼类的抗病能力降低,其中的许多种在排卵（精）后死亡。虹鳟在繁殖季节后虽然不至于死亡,但极容易受许多病原菌的感染而发生病患,我们以前的研究提示,疾病的易感性可能与性激素的水平相关,但那些研究主要集中于雄激素对虹鳟免疫功能的影响,雌二醇是重要的雌激素之一,本研究运用酶联吸附免疫法、酶联吸附斑点法以及微量活性氧测定法,主要探讨了雌二醇在体内或体外对抗体的水平、产生抗体的细胞的数目和噬细胞产生活性氧的水平的影响。实验结果表明：（1）口服雌二醇能够提高未成熟虹鳟血浆中的雌二醇水平,这种提高能显著地降低血浆中的免疫球蛋白M（IgM）的浓度;（2）在离体的条件下雌二醇也能按剂量依赖方式降低自成熟红鳟血液、头肾和脾脏的淋巴细胞中产生抗体的细胞数量以及抑制头肾的巨噬细胞产生各种活性氧。这些结果提示随着性腺成熟,免疫功能的降低可有与血液中雌二醇水平的升高有关,免疫功能的降低可能是导致生殖季节雌性虹鳟易受许多病原菌感染的原因之一。     

北京地区人群诺瓦克样病毒血清抗体水平调查

为了解诺瓦克样病毒在我国人群行情况。采用间接酶联免疫吸附法,分别以重组杆状病毒表达的Ｎｏｒｗａｌｋ（ｒＮＶ）和Ｍｅｉｘｃｏ（ｒＭＸ）病毒样颗粒为抗原,检测了北京地区１１０９份不同年龄人群血清标本中的特异性ＩｇＧ抗体。     

TORCH系列病原体感染在产科的初步研究

本文应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测ＴＯＲＣＨ系列抗体,初步调查了产科孕产妇、异常妊娠史妇女及部分其它病人此类抗体水平。ＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性率,孕产妇１１．７％（６０／５４２）,不良妊娠史妇女２１．４３％（１５／７０）,其它病８．８２％（１５／１０７）;ＲＵＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性率孕产妇１５．７％（８５／５４２）,不良妊娠史妇女为３１．４％（２２／７０）;ＴＯＸ－ＩｇＭ阳性率分别为１６．９％（９２／５     

中国HIV-1 B亚型P55和嵌合的P55-V3病毒样颗粒候选疫苗免疫效果的研究

研究我国艾滋病病毒Ⅰ型（ＨＩＶ－１）病毒样颗粒（ＶＬＰ）候选疫苗的免疫原性,为疫苗进行灵长类实验提供实验依据。将ｇａｇ和ｇａｇ－Ｖ３ ＶＬＰ不同剂量（５０μｇ、１０μｇ、１μｇ）在有佐剂（氢氧化铝）和无佐剂条件下皮下免疫小鼠,然后眼眶采血,用ＥＬＩＳＡ法观察免疫鼠血清中抗体与剂量关系,以及中和抗体滴度和抗体ＩｇＧ亚型ＩｇＧ１和ＩｇＧ２ａ的水平。同时取鼠脾淋巴细胞,体外抗原刺激后收取淋巴细胞分泌上清     

细胞因子对脐血B细胞免疫球蛋白类别转换的调节

为了解细胞因子对新生儿Ｂ细胞免疫球蛋白类别转换的调节作用,在体外细胞培养的基础上,采用反向酶联免疫斑点法观察了脐血单个核细胞及添加重组细胞因子后脐血Ｂ细胞免疫球蛋白释放细胞数量（ＩｇＳＣｓ）。结果：正常脐血单个核细胞仅产生少量的ＩｇＳＣｓ。用抗ＣＤ３单抗刺激丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后的脐血Ｔ细胞,并补充ｒＩＬ－２、ｒＩＬ－４、ｒＩＬ－１０及其组合,可诱导脐血Ｂ细胞释放ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ。这些结果提示：细胞因子的补充可促进体外新生儿Ｂ细胞免疫球蛋白的类别转换     

改良双抗体夹心酶联免疫法测定重组人活性蛋白C含量的研究

研究用ELISA法直接定量检测细胞培养液中的重组人活性蛋白C(rhAPC)。用改良双抗体夹心酶联免疫检测法进行定量分析。用棋盘滴定法对包被抗体、反应一抗和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记二抗的适宜工作浓度进行了选择,并对实验条件进行优化,参考品标准曲线线性相关性较好。改良双抗体夹心酶联免疫检测法可用于直接定量分析细胞培养液中的rhAPC水平。     

兰州地区孕妇和新生儿血清中风疹病毒特异性IgM抗体测定研究

本文采用ＥＬＩＳＡ抗ｕ抗体捕捉法检测了兰州地区７１２例孕妇和６２４例新生比血清中风疹病毒特异性ＩｇＭ抗体（ＲＶ－ＩｇＭ）。实验结果为：７１２例孕妇中,ＲＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性者有８例,阳性率为１．１２％：６２４例新生儿脐带血清标本中,ＲＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性者６例,阳性率为０．９６％。结果表明,兰州地区孕妇中有一定的风疹病毒原发感染病例,新生儿也存在一定的风疹病毒先天性感染问题。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9及其组织抑制因子(TIMPs)在动情周期大鼠子宫中的表达(英文)

基质金属蛋白酶（ＭＭＰｓ）家族的作用是降解所有细胞外基质,其活性受其特异性组织抑制因子（ＴＩＭＰｓ）的抑制。细胞外基质成分的降解与重组在动物生殖生长过程中起重要作用,其变化可以通过ＭＭＰｓ和ＴＩＭＰｓ两者表达水平的变化进行监测。大鼠虽然没有月经形成,但是在其子宫内膜也出现类似灵长类的生殖生物学变化。本文从ＭＭＰｓ和ＴＩＭＰｓ两者的表达水平,对大鼠子宫内膜的这些变化进行了研究。于大鼠动情周期的不同时期,将其处死、取子宫制备酶粗提液和组织切片,采用酶谱法（ｚｙｍｏｙｒａｎｈｎ）和原位杂交方法研究动情周期大鼠子宫中ＭＭＰ－２和－９的活性变化以及ＭＭＰ－２、－９和ＴＩＭＰ－１、－２、－３ｍＲＮＡ的表达。并通过光密度扫描方法对酶谱结果进行半定量分析。所用杂交探针见Ｔａｂｌｅ１。酶谱结果显示：在动情周期大鼠子宫中只检测到６７ｋＤａ的ＭＭＰ－２活性,而没有检测到ＭＭＰ－９的活性（Ｆｉｇ．１）。ＭＭＰ－２的活性在动情前期最高,动情期和动情后期次之,间情期最低（Ｆｉｇ．２）。原位杂交结果显示：ＭＭＰ－２、－９、ＴＩＭＰ－１、－２、－３ｍＲＮＡ主要在子宫内膜基底部的基质细胞中表达。ＭＭＰ－２和－９ｍＲＮＡ在动情前期、动情期和动     

含有Epstein-Barr病毒膜抗原的重组表达质粒及其基因免疫

将Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒ（ＥＢ）病毒主要的膜抗原（ＭＡ）ＢＬＬＦ１基因片段插入ｐＨＤ１０１－３质粒的ＣＭＶ启动子下游,构建了真核表达质粒ｐＨＤ－ｇｐ３５０,并转染２９３细胞进行瞬间表达。用免疫荧光法从细胞膜检测到表达的抗原能与其单克隆抗体发生特异性结合,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ法证实,表达的抗原分子量为３５０ｋＤ．用能在真核细胞表达的重组质粒ｐＨＤ－ｇｐ３５０的ＤＮＡ,经Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ２Ｂ柱纯化后,注射经普鲁卡因预处理的Ｂａｌｂ／Ｃ小鼠的四头肌,观察到ＥＢＶ－ＩｇＡ／ＭＡ抗体水平比ＥＢＶ－ＩｇＧ／ＭＡ低,而ＥＢＶ－ＩｇＡ／ＭＡ的持续时间比ＥＢＶ－ＩｇＧ／ＭＡ长。采用表达ＥＢＶＭＡ的质粒ＤＮＡ与ＣＨＯ细胞表达的ＭＡ蛋白免疫小鼠,均获得抗ＥＢＶＭＡ的抗体。     

皮质醇的周年变化与雌性虹鳟性腺成熟的关系

利用放射免疫分析法对饲养于恒定水温和自然光照下的雌性虹鳟血浆中皮质醇和性激素含量的周年变化进行了测定．结果表明：１）根据性腺结构指数和性激素分泌量判断,三龄时,雌性虹鳟达到性成熟;２）在血浆中不仅性激素而且皮质醇的变化水平与性腺结构指数的变化高度相关．排卵前性激素的水平都较高,伴随着排卵的进行性激素水平下降．而且在产卵季节虹鳟血浆中皮质醇水平也较高,三龄时皮质醇水平与性腺结构指数的相关系数为０．８６．这些结果提示,皮质醇在虹鳟的繁殖过程中可能发挥某种作用．     

Immunogenicity of a recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus glycoprotein produced in insect cells.

A recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein (G protein), produced in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells following infection with a baculovirus vector containing the full-length (1.6 kb) glycoprotein gene, provided very limited protection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged with IHNV. Fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Sf9 cells grown at 20 degrees C (RecGlow) or 27 degrees C (RecGhigh) expressing the glycoprotein gene. Various antigen (Ag) preparations were administered to adult rainbow trout or rainbow trout fry. Sera collected from adult fish were evaluated for IHNV neutralization activity by a complement-dependent neutralization assay. Anti-IHNV neutralizing activity was observed in sera, but the percent of fish responding was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in comparison to fish immunized with a low virulence strain of IHNV (LV-IHNV). A small number of fish immunized with RecGlow or RecGhigh possessed IHNV G protein specific antibodies (Abs) in their serum. Cumulative mortality (CM) of rainbow trout fry (mean weight, 1 g) vaccinated by i.p. injection of freeze/thawed Sf9 cells producing RecGlow was 18% in initial trials following IHNV challenge. This level of protection was significant (p < 0.05) but was not long lasting, and neutralizing Abs were not detected in pooled serum samples. When trout fry (mean weight, 0.6 g) were vaccinated with supernatant collected from sonicated Sf9 cells, Sf9 cells producing RecGlow, or Sf9 cells producing RecGhigh, CM averaged 46%. Protection was enhanced over negative controls, but not the positive controls (2% CM), suggesting that in the first trial soluble cellular proteins may have provided some level of non-specific protection, regardless of recombinant protein expression. Although some immunity was elicited in fish, and RecGlow provided short-term protection from IHNV, Ab-mediated protection could not be demonstrated. The results suggest that recombinant G proteins produced in insect cells lack the immunogenicity associated with vaccination of fish with an attenuated strain of IHNV.     

Effect of feeding time on postprandial nitrogen excretion and energy expenditure in rainbow trout

The effect of feeding time (dawn or midnight) on nitrogen excretion and energy expenditure was studied in immature rainbow trout using measurements of respiratory gas exchange. Fish (mean individual weight 70 g) were maintained indoors under natural photoperiod and fed by hand (commercial food pellets) at a rate of 1% weight/day⁻¹. Rates of ammonia and CO₂ excretion and O₂ uptake were measured every hour. Ammonia excretion increased immediately after feeding in fish fed at midnight, and 2h after feeding in fish fed at dawn. Ammonia excretion and energy supply from protein catabolism, were higher in trout fed at midnight than in those fed at dawn, while total energy expenditure was the same in both groups. The results suggested that trout fed in phase with their natural feeding rhythm use dietary protein more efficiently for growth than do trout fed out of phase with the natural rhythm.     

Association between plasma antibody response and protection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss immersion vaccinated against Yersinia ruckeri

A key hallmark of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the generation of antigen-specific antibodies from B cells. Fish are the most primitive gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) possessing an adaptive immune system. Vaccination of rainbow trout against enteric redmouth disease (ERM) by immersion in Yersinia ruckeri bacterin confers a high degree of protection to the fish. The immune mechanisms responsible for protection may comprise both cellular and humoral elements but the role of specific immunoglobulins in this system has been questioned and not previously described. The present study demonstrates significant increase in plasma antibody titers following immersion vaccination and significantly reduced mortality during Y. ruckeri challenge.Rainbow trout were immersion-vaccinated, using either a commercial ERM vaccine (AquaVac™ ERM vet) or an experimental Y. ruckeri bacterin. Half of the trout vaccinated with AquaVac™ ERM vet received an oral booster (AquaVac™ ERM Oral vet). Sub-groups of the fish from each group were subsequently exposed to 1x10⁹ CFU Y. ruckeri/ml either eight or twenty-six weeks post vaccination (wpv). All vaccinated groups showed 0% mortality when challenged, which was highly significant compared to the non-vaccinated controls (40 and 28% mortality eight and twenty-six weeks post vaccination (wpv), respectively) (P<0.0001). Plasma samples from all groups of vaccinated fish were taken 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 26 wpv. and Y. ruckeri specific IgM antibody levels were measured with ELISA. A significant increase in titers was recorded in vaccinated fish, which also showed a reduced bacteremia during challenge. In vitro plasma studies showed a significantly increased bactericidal effect of fresh plasma from vaccinated fish indicating that plasma proteins may play a role in protection of vaccinated rainbow trout.     

Differences in the sensitivity of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to physiological doses of cortisol

Interspecific differences in the stress response of fish may be due, in part, to differences in the sensitivity of target tissues to cortisol. The relative response of brown and rainbow trout to a standardized dose of cortisol was assessed by monitoring condition (K factor), the number of circulating lymphocytes and mortality due to disease, following cortisol treatment. Cortisol implantation resulted in a significant decline in K factor and number of circulating lymphocytes in immature brown trout, but not in immature rainbow trout, despite plasma cortisol levels being similar in both cases. Cortisol implantation in mature brown and rainbow trout significantly increased the mortality rate due to bacterial and fungal infection compared with control fish. Furthermore, the mortality rate due to disease was significantly greater in brown trout than rainbow trout, despite both groups receiving similar doses of steroid.     

Characterisation of mucosal and systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using surface plasmon resonance

Mucosal and systemic antibody production in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was evaluated following different antigen delivery routes. A BIAcore instrument (Pharmacia) allowed direct detection of antibody-antigen interactions by surface plasmon resonance changes. These interactions were measured in real-time without secondary reagents or extraneous labels. Groups of rainbow trout were immunised with a hapten-carrier antigen consisting of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.2. Antigens were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) with or without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or peranally (p.a.) directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Serum and mucosal anti-FITC responses were significantly (P<0.05) higher in FITC-KLH/FCA groups, clearly showing that adjuvant incorporation enhances mucosal as well as sytemic immunity. Antigen uptake and processing in fish immunised p.a. and i.p. without adjuvant was much less efficient and resulted in relatively low levels of serum and mucosal antibody production. Interestingly, mucosal responses in these groups peaked prior to serum responses suggesting possible early stimulation of mucosal defences. Mucosal antibody production in fish receiving FITC-KLH/FCA correlated more closely with serum responses, indicating possible transfer of serum derived antibody to mucosal sites. Mucosal and serum responses were confirmed as immunoglobulin (Ig) by subsequent reactivity with an anti-trout serum IgM monoclonal antibody (1.14) passed over flow cells containing anti-FITC antibodies. Further analysis showed significantly lower (P<0.05) reactivity of early mucus anti-FITC components (4 weeks post-immunisation) to 1.14. Purified serum and mucus Ig from non-immunised fish showed different protein banding patterns by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Immunoblotting with 1.14 also showed weak reactivity to mucus Ig in control fish while reacting strongly to mucus Ig from immunised fish. These data suggest that early mucosal responses in trout may consist of heterogeneous forms of Ig differing in characteristics to serum Ig. BIAcore analysis in this context and as a means of measuring antibody response proved useful, and has the potential to become a valuable new tool in the study of fish immunology.     

Biological effect of vaccination can be assessed directly from diluted whole blood of rainbow trout using homologous blood phagocytes as immunosensors

A rapid and simple method is presented for determining antibody activity following vaccination, directly from diluted fish blood. The proposed method evaluates the effects of specific antibodies on ingestion by blood phagocytes, and may be used for measuring antibody levels following vaccination. The enhancing effect of trout IgM on ingestion was measured by luminol-amplified chemiluminescence (CL) emission of blood phagocytes. Respiratory burst (RB) activity of blood phagocytes was induced with the strain MT004 of bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. To determine the boosting level of specific IgM on ingestion, various volumes of purified trout IgM containing specific antibodies against A. salmonicida were added to blood samples collected from non-vaccinated fish, and the RB activity of blood phagocytes was measured. The presence of antibodies in plasma of artificially prepared immune blood (AIB) was confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At a final blood dilution of 1:250, the mean RB activity of blood samples boosted with IgM was more than seven times higher, compared to other tested blood dilutions boosted with equal amount of IgM. Accordingly, a dilution of 1:250 was employed in the field study of vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish. The levels of A. salmonicida-specific antibodies in plasma samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish were additionally confirmed with the ELISA assay. Based on these results, it is proposed that the biological activity of elicited antibodies can be assessed directly from diluted fish blood, using homologous blood neutrophils as immune sensors.     

Resistance to serum killing may contribute to differences in the abilities of capsulate and non-capsulated isolates of lactococcus garvieae to cause disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.)

Three capsulated and two non-capsulated isolates of Lactococcus garvieae were investigated in terms of their wall proteins, virulence and interactions with rainbow trout immunoglobulin (Ig). All isolates were similar in integral membrane protein profile, and all were able to bind non-immune rainbow trout Ig, although different proteins appeared to be involved in Ig binding. However, whilst capsulated isolates were highly virulent, non-capsulated isolates were avirulent. This appeared to correlate with susceptibility of the non-capsulated isolates to rainbow trout normal serum. In contrast, the capsulated isolates were resistant to both normal and immune serum killing. In spite of this, passive immunisation of rainbow trout with specific anti-serum to L. garvieae was able to protect against challenge by capsulated isolates of L. garvieae. This suggests the antibody may have some other role in protection against disease caused by this important Gram-positive bacterial fish pathogen.     

Stimulation of non-specific immune functions in seawater-acclimated rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with reference to the role of growth hormone

The influence of acclimation to seawater (SW) and growth hormone (GH) administration on immune functions was examined in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After 3 days acclimation to dilute SW (12 parts per thousand, ppt), an increase in plasma lysozyme activity was observed compared to the fish kept in fresh water (FW). No change was seen in plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels. When they were transferred from dilute SW to full-strength SW (29 ppt) after a single intra-peritoneal injection of ovine or salmon GH, plasma sodium levels of GH-treated fish were significantly lower than those of the control fish injected with Ringer's solution 24 h after the transfer. The plasma level of IgM was not influenced by GH injection in the fish kept in FW nor in those transferred to SW. The administration of GH increased plasma lysozyme activity in the fish in FW, but no further increase was seen after SW transfer. The production of superoxide anions in peripheral blood leucocytes was stimulated by GH in both FW and SW. These results suggest that GH is involved in the stimulation of the non-specific immune functions in SW-acclimated salmonids.     

Comparative susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta to Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of salmonid whirling disease.

The susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta to Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of salmonid whirling disease, was assessed following dosed exposures to the infectious stages (triactinomyxons). Parallel groups of age-matched brown trout and rainbow trout were exposed to 10, 100, 1000 or 10,000 triactinomyxons per fish for 2 h and then placed in aquaria receiving single pass 15 degrees C well water. Severity of infection was evaluated by presence of clinical signs (whirling and/or black tail), prevalence of infection, severity of microscopic lesions, and spore counts 5 mo after exposure. Clinical signs of whirling disease, including a darkened caudal region (black tail) and radical tail chasing swimming (whirling), occurred first among rainbow trout at the highest dose at 6 to 7 wk post exposure. Black tail and whirling occurred among rainbow trout receiving 1000 and 100 triactinomyxons per fish at 8 to 9 wk post exposure. Only 1 of 20 fish had a black tail among rainbow trout receiving 10 triactinomyxons per fish, although 30% of the fish were infected at 5 mo post exposure. Black tails were observed in brown trout at 1000 and 10,000 triactinomyxons per fish beginning at 11 and 7 wk post exposure, respectively. There was no evidence of the tail chasing swimming (whirling) in any group of brown trout. The prevalence of infection, spore numbers, and severity of microscopic lesions due to M. cerebralis among brown trout were less at each exposure dose when compared to rainbow trout. Infections were found among rainbow trout at all doses of exposure but only among brown trout exposed to doses of 100 triactinomyxons per fish or greater. Risk of infection analyses showed that rainbow trout were more apt to be infected at each exposure dose than brown trout. Spore counts reached 1.7 x 10(6) per head among rainbow trout at the highest dose of exposure compared to 1.7 x 10(4) at the same exposure dose among brown trout. Spore numbers increased with dose of exposure in rainbow trout but not in brown trout. As microscopic lesion scores increased from mild to moderate, spore numbers increased in rainbow trout but not brown trout. The mechanisms by which brown trout resist infections with M. cerebralis were not determined. Cellular immune functions, including those of eosinophilic granular leukocytes that were more prominent in brown trout than rainbow trout, may be involved.