2014年甘肃省部分地区蚊虫及蚊媒病毒调查

为调查甘肃省部分地区蚊虫及蚊媒病毒的种类及分布,本课题组2014年在甘肃省酒泉市和陇南市地区共采集蚊虫4 412只.酒泉市共采集蚊虫2属3种2 833只,其中背点伊蚊(Aedes dorsalis)2 665只(94.1％)、刺扰伊蚊(Aedes vexans)150只(5.3％)、淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallens)18只(0.6％);陇南市共采集2属2种1 579只蚊虫,其中淡色库蚊1 451只(91.9％)、中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis)128只(8.1％).经实验室常规处理后,将蚊虫标本分为96批,接种于C6/36、BHK和Vero细胞,进行病毒分离和多种病毒基因特异性扩增检测.结果显示,96批蚊虫标本在3种细胞中均未出现细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect,CPE),在18批蚊虫标本研磨液中检测到辽宁病毒(Liaoning virus,LNV)基因阳性.病毒核苷酸序列的遗传进化分析显示,在甘肃省检测到的辽宁病毒与此前在我国新疆维吾尔自治区发现的辽宁病毒亲缘关系最近.     

五种库蚊夜间活动的观察

蚊虫是多种疾病的传播媒介,其夜间活动规律的研究,对蚊虫生态习性可以作进一步了解。同时,研究蚊虫夜间活动,对蚊虫的防制,以及对蚊虫传播疾病的预防上都具有重要的意义。因此,关于蚊虫夜间活动规律,早就引起国内外学者的注意。以往及近年来国内对中华按蚊(Anopheles hyrcanus sinensis Wiedemann,1828)、微小按蚊(A.minimusTheobald,1901)及其他按蚊夜间活动的规律,作过较多的研究(Hu,1935,1939;Chow,1949;Omori,1942;王振相、张军,1957;王世闻等,1957;陆宝麟等,1958;盛伯梁等,     

重庆市蚊虫初步调查

重庆地区的蚊虫调查,除过去甘怀杰(1942),周钦贤(1942—1944),张本华(1943—1944)等关于按蚊(Anopheles)的的调查外,以后尚乏人报告。1954年6月至9月,我们在沙磁区的杨公桥、石并坡、沙坪坝等地作了蚊虫的初步调查,共获蚊虫12种。其名称如下:     

尼日利亚 Akwa Ibom 洲Uyo市郊传媒蚊虫的繁殖和流行区的确定

蚊虫是寄生虫病的主要传播者。为确定传病媒介蚊虫在Uyo郊区的繁殖和流行地,从1999年5月到2000年1月在208个繁殖地进行了取样,从144个地点用滤网取到了5844只蚊虫幼体。采集到的4种蚊虫是致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)成虫604只(43．5％),冈比亚按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)357只(26．1％),一种按蚊(Aedes uegypti)208只(25．5％)和非洲曼蚊(Mansonia africana)101只(7．4％)。监测了蚊虫种群的时间变化,发现5月份～10月份的丰度高于11月份～1月份,幼体表明了同样的趋势,但比成体提前1～2个月。卡方检验表明,除了非洲曼蚊以外,其它3种蚊虫数量与混凝土水槽、土坑和居民区伦共环境之间的相关显著。     

应用比色法测定蚊虫摄血量

估测蚊虫的摄血量对某些蚊媒病的流行病学和有关蚊虫生理学研究均有一定参考价值。前人曾应用称重法和放射性同位素示踪技术来测定蚊虫摄血量(Clements,1963)。我们曾采用酸化血色素稀释比色法(简称比色法)对3种较常见的实验室蚊虫——白纹伊蚊、中华按蚊和斯氏按蚊的摄血量进行了初步测定,并与称重法进行了比较,现简介如下。     

武汉市的蚊虫及其生态的调查

武汉地处长江中游,约位于北纬30°60′,东经114°30′。气候温暖,雨量丰沛(表1),地势低洼,易于积水,适于蚊虫的孳生。武汉市的蚊虫调查,以前有冯兰洲(1932年8—9月)、曾省(1947年7—12月)、吴家驹(1957年7—8月)及袁惠康等。综合以前的报告,在武汉市及其附近地区共发现蚊虫6属24种。这些调查研究工作,由于为时多比较暂短,所得结果在灭蚊和防除蚊传疾病工作中,感觉资料还不够,因此我们于1957—1958年,在武汉市进行了整年的蚊虫调查研究工作,除对蚊虫的孳生地、栖息场所、季节分布等进行了调查外,并对个别蚊种及蚊虫的特殊孳生地进一步作了研究。     

RNAi在抗蚊媒病毒感染中的研究进展

蚊媒病因具有较高的发病率和传播率使其成为全球关注的重要公共卫生问题。蚊虫作为蚊媒病的传播媒介,研究其与蚊媒病毒两者之间的相互作用机制将有助于蚊媒病的防控。蚊虫抵御蚊媒病毒的先天免疫降低和病毒成功逃避蚊虫免疫屏障为病毒在蚊虫体内的持续感染和蚊媒病的暴发流行造成了潜在风险。RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)途径作为蚊虫体内强大的抗病毒防御屏障,通过产生多种小RNA降解病毒RNA,从而达到抑制病毒复制和传播的目的。本文对小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, si RNA)、微小RNA (micro RNA,mi RNA)、Piwi蛋白相作用RNA (Piwi-interacting RNA, pi RNA)等3种小分子RNA在蚊虫体内发挥抗蚊媒病毒感染的先天免疫机制的相关研究进行了综述,以期为蚊媒病的防控提供理论参考。     

蚊虫微生物群系及其在蚊媒疾病防控中的研究进展

蚊虫体内外栖居着大量的微生物,构成多样且动态的微生物群系(microbiome).蚊虫微生物群系(mosquito microbiome)在蚊虫的营养、代谢、免疫等诸多生理功能上发挥着重要作用,是蚊虫生长发育不可或缺的重要组成部分.同时,蚊虫微生物群系显著影响蚊媒病原体感染和传播,在蚊媒疾病防控中具有重要的应用价值.因此,全面了解蚊虫生理以及蚊媒疾病传播不能忽视微生物群系的关键作用.本文系统概述了蚊虫微生物群系的组成及其影响因素、微生物群系对宿主生理功能的影响与互作机制,以及基于蚊虫微生物群系的蚊媒疾病阻断控制等方面的研究进展,并对利用微生物群系防控蚊媒传染病的应用前景提出展望.     

中华按蚊的幼虫绿色和幼虫褐色品系

蚊虫的幼虫体色突变品系已在淡色按蚊(Anopheles albimanus)、斯氏按蚊(An.stephensi)、致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)和三带喙库蚊(Culex tritaeniorhychus)等许多蚊种中被分离出来。这些遗传变异品系的发现对研究蚊虫的变异性和遗传性及蚊虫和蚊媒疾病的防治有着重要的价值。在中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis)种内至今未见关于体色遗传变异类型的报道。作者于1987—1988年在上海中华按蚊种群中,成功地分离出幼虫绿色和幼虫褐色两个品系,现报道如下。     

用生物技术消灭蚊虫

消灭蚊虫是遗传工程的不寻常的目标。得克萨斯州立大学的科学家的这个项目正在顺利实施。该大学的S.Edward Stevens说,他和他的同事正在创造一种蚊虫与蓝细菌(过去叫蓝绿藻)之间自然界中原来没有的新关系。他们用遗传工程方法使蓝细菌产生一种对蚊虫有毒的化合物。在他们最近所做的一些试验中,有几种蚊虫的幼虫(孑孓)吃了这种细菌后就死了。 Stevens及其同事用一种可喂蚊虫的蓝细菌Agmenellum quadruplicatum。他们首先使这种本来在     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.