Internode length and anatomical changes in Pisum genotypes crys and cryc in response to extended daylength and applied gibberellin A1

Dwarf pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with genotypes cry^c and cry^s responded differently when an 8 h photoperiod (8 h daylight, 16 h dark) was extended to 24 h (8 h daylight, 16 h incandescent light). Genotype cry^c showed up to a 4-fold increase in internode length, sustained by increases in both cell length (particularly of epidermal cells) and cell number (particularly of cortical cells) while cry^s plants showed up to a 2-fold increase in internode length sustained mostly by an increase in cell number. Under an 8 h (daylight) photoperiod the two genotypes did not differ in their sensitivity to applied gibberellin A₁ (GA₁) and they showed a similar pattern of response. GA₁ significantly increased internode length, cell length and cell number in both genotypes. Incandescent light did not increase the size of the response to GA₁ except for cry^s plants at high dose rates of GA₁ (29–58 nmol). At saturating doses of GA₁ the two genotypes attained a similar peak internode length; incandescent light increased the peak by about 40%. GA₁ increased the rate of leaf appearance by up to 33% while incandescent light reduced the rate by 4–7%. The elongation response of the more mature internodes of cry^c plants to GA₁ or incandescent light was due primarily to an increase in cell length whereas increased cell number made a significant contribution in the case of internodes which were relatively immature at the time the stimulus was applied. The progressive increase in internode length of both genotypes during ontogeny was due primarily to an increase in cell number. In conclusion, alleles cry^c and cry^s (background le La) do not confer a difference in sensitivity to GA₁ and the increase in internode length in response to incandescent light is probably not the result of a real or perceived increase in GA₁ level. Allele cry^s may partially block a phytochrome mediated response to light and the key difference between genotypes cry^s and cry^c may lie in the greater elongation (extensibility?) of cry^c epidermal cells in incandescent light.     

Photoreactivation in Blepharisma

1. 1. After exposure to far-ultraviolet (UV) radiation (265 nm), an equally high degree of photoreactivation (PR), about 80 to 90% of the radiation-induced division retardation, was obtained with the albino mutant of Blepharisma japonicum as with other ciliates previously tested, contrary to an earlier report.

2. 2. Maximal PR was observed only when PR light of low intensity was used and the dose was optimum. If too large a dose was applied, apparent PR was correspondingly reduced.

3. 3. Violet (405 nm) and blue (436 nm) light were most photoreactive; near-UV (366 nm) somewhat less so, and green (540 nm) and yellow light (570 nm) only slightly so. This is similar to what has been found for many other organisms.

4. 4. Under appropriate conditions similar degrees of PR were obtained for red wild-type B. japonicum as for the albino, though higher doses of PR light (longer exposures) were required.

5. 5. Under restricted conditions, which were different as to dose of PR light required, comparable PR was obtained in B. americanum, B. stoltei and B. japonicum. A high degree of PR is therefore probably characteristic of the genus, not just the albino.

6. 6. In the light of the present study, the previously reported low degree of PR of far-UV induced division delay, which had been considered exceptional among ciliates, appears to be an artifact, a result of (a) the use of logarithmic cultures which show less PR; (b) exposure to yellow light during handling and microscopic observation, which, though non-photoreactive to other ciliates, photoreactives far-UV damage in Blepharisma, and so reduces apparent PR measured; (c) supraoptimal light dosages which themselves induce division delay and so reduce the measurable PR.

7. 7. Blepharisma is much more sensitive to visible light in the PR spectral range than is Colpidium colpoda, which tolerated very much larger doses without injury.

     

ACCUMULATION OF 203HG BY THE MARINE DIATOM CHAETOCEROS COSTATUM

Dividing and nondividing cell populations of Chaetoceros costatum Pavillard were placed in light; nondividing populations were also placed in the dark, and one population was killed by formalin. No difference in²⁰³Hg uptake was seen in nondividing cells in the light and dark, while cells accumulated about 2 times as much²⁰³Hg as living cells, presumably by surface adsorption. Dividing cells in light accumulated²⁰³Hg longer than did nondividing cells, indicating the possibility of some active uptake of Hg.     

光照强度驱动典型阴生植物三七的生理生态响应特征

为探究阴生植物三七(Panax notoginseng)对不同光照强度的生理生态响应特征,研究5种透光率(46.5% LT、21.8% LT、9.70% LT、5.10% LT、2.80% LT)下三七生理、形态和生长等各项指标的变化特征,并对其相关指标进行相关性、可塑性和主成分分析。结果表明:三七在高光(46.5% LT和21.8% LT)和低光(5.10% LT和2.80% LT)条件下各形态特征(株高、茎粗、单株叶面积)、生物量及相对生长速率(RGR)均有所降低;随着光照强度的降低,根生物量比(RMR)、最大净光合速率(P_n-max)、气孔导度(G_s)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)都随之下降,而叶面积比(LAR)、比叶面积(SLA)、茎生物量比(SMR)和叶生物量比(LMR)却呈现升高的趋势。这些变化能够减少三七在高光下的光能捕获及消耗,而低光下的光能捕获和消耗则会得到加强。此外,阴生植物三七的形态特征表型可塑性指数均小于0.5,而光合生理(P_n-max、G_s、LCP、R_d)、LAR和根部生物量的表型可塑性指数则大于0.5,其可塑性较强,且P_n-max、G_s、LCP与RGR的相关系数分别高达0.581、0.558、0.574,这些结果表明光照强度驱动三七的响应特征主要为光合生理特性、LAR和根部生物量的变化。研究还发现三七在10%左右的透光率下生长发育较好。而在低光条件下,三七主要采取保守策略进行缓慢的碳获取和碳消耗,高光条件下则主要采取快速碳获取和碳消耗的冒险策略。研究阐明了三七对不同光照环境的响应策略,为三七的优质高效种植提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫对二色补血草光合生理生态特性的影响

以黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛贝壳沙为基质,及该岛上生长的优势草本植物二色补血草幼苗为材料,用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0,50,100,200,300mmol/L)模拟盐胁迫处理30d,探讨二色补血草光合生理生态特性对盐胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:二色补血草对盐胁迫和光合有效辐射(PAR)具有较强的适应能力,在盐浓度为50～100mmol/L条件下,其净光合速率(Pn)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、表观光能利用效率(LUE)、羧化效率(CE)、光饱和点(LSP)、表观量子效率(AQY)均达到最高值,光补偿点(LCP)最低,表明其在此盐分范围内,利用光的能力较强,光照生态幅最宽。当盐分浓度为300mmol/L时,其Pn、WUE、LUE、CE、LSP和AQY显著下降,LCP升高,Pn、Tr、Gs、WUE、LUE、CE对PAR的响应曲线与对照差异较大,即高盐胁迫加重了二色补血草对光的敏感性;WUE、LUE、CE的最优PAR和盐分范围存在一定的差异,低PAR下有利于光能的利用,中PAR下有利于水分的利用,高PAR下有利于CO2的利用;WUE对盐分的适应范围最大,CE其次,LUE最小。     

光质对白芨组培苗生理特性及酶基因表达的影响

为探讨光质对白芨(Bletilla striata)组培苗生长发育的影响,对不同光质下白芨组培苗的生长特征、抗氧化酶活性以及酶基因表达进行了研究。结果表明,蓝光和红光对白芨生长有显著促进作用,绿光的作用不明显。除了CAT外,不同光质处理白芨的APX、POD、SOD活性均呈上升趋势,且黄光处理的白芨SOD和APX活性最高,红光处理的POD活性最高,绿光处理的抗氧化酶活性比其他光质的低,蓝光处理35~45 d对抗氧化酶基因表达具有促进作用。因此,红光和黄光促进白芨生根组培苗的长高和生根;不同光质处理总体上提高了白芨氧化酶活性;白芨抗氧化酶基因的表达在蓝光处理下最大。     

遮阴对高山杜鹃叶片解剖和光合特性的影响

为了解高山杜鹃对光能的需求和适应性,该研究以盆栽3 a生高山杜鹃品种cv. Furnivall's Daughter为材料,探讨了遮阴对高山杜鹃叶片解剖结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:光照强度对高山杜鹃品种cv. Furnivall's Daughter叶片的气孔密度没有显著影响,其气孔密度范围在299.70~327.22个·mm~(-2)之间,但光照对气孔开度和单个气孔器的面积影响显著,100%全光照和30%全光照处理植株分别具有最小和最大的叶片气孔开度。在处理的光强范围内,随着光强减弱,叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度以及上、下表皮厚度逐渐降低,有利于提高叶片的光能利用效率。100%全光照处理下,高山杜鹃叶片的光饱和点(LSP)、净光合速率(P_n)、饱和光合速率(P_(max))、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均较低,遮阴处理有效提高了Pn、P_(max)、G_s、T_r和光能利用效率(LUE),且30%全光照处理植株的叶片光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)最低,而LSP、P_n、P_(max)、G_s、T_r和LUE最高。这表明高山杜鹃在云南昆明地区的最适光照条件是30%左右的全光照,在高山杜鹃的栽培及应用中,应采取适当的遮阴措施以满足其生长的最佳光照条件。     

HCO3− and CO2 leakage from Synechococcus UTEX 625

The leakage of various inorganic carbon species from air-grown cells of Synechococcus UTEX 625 was investigated after a light to dark transition or during a light period using a mass spectrometer under a wide variety of experimental conditions. Total inorganic carbon efflux and CO₂ efflux during the initial period of darkness were measured with or without carbonic anhydrase in the reaction medium respectively. The HCO₃^? efflux after a light to dark transition was estimated by difference. Carbon dioxide efflux in the light was measured by inhibiting CO₂ transport with either Na₂S or COS₃ or quenching the ¹³C inorganic carbon transport by the addition of ¹²C inorganic carbon in excess. In cells in which CO₂ fixation was inhibited, when only the HCO₃^? transport system was fully operative, CO₂ effluxed continuously during the light period at a rate equal to about 25% of that in darkness. When only the CO₂ transport system was operative, HCO₃^? effluxed during the light period. The difference between the light and dark efflux rates was consistent with a 0.6 unit decrease in the intracellular pH upon darkening the cells. The permeabilities of the cell for CO₂ (2.94 ± 0.14 ± 10^?8ms^?1; mean ± SE, n=137) and HCO₃^? (1.4–1.7 ± 10^?9 ms^?1) were calculated.     

麻栎和闽楠幼苗叶功能性状及生物量对光照和施肥的响应

光照和养分条件是影响植物生长的重要环境因子,不同生活型植物对环境异质性的响应机制不同。以落叶阔叶树种麻栎和常绿阔叶树种闽楠幼苗为研究对象,设置2个光照梯度（全光照和45%全光照）和4个施肥梯度（不施肥、氮磷供应比为5、15和45）共8种处理,研究光照和施肥及其交互作用对麻栎和闽楠生物量和叶形态、生理及化学性状的影响,并探讨了叶功能性状和生物量的关系。结果表明：（1）光照、施肥及其交互作用对光合气体交换参数（除水分利用效率外）、叶绿素荧光参数、叶形态指标（除比叶面积外）、单位质量叶氮含量和根冠比影响显著（P<0.05）。此外,光照和施肥对地上生物量和总生物量影响显著（P<0.05）。（2）全光照显著增加了麻栎和闽楠单株总叶面积和地上、地下生物量及总生物量（P<0.05）,而遮荫降低了非光化学猝灭系数、光合氮利用率和根冠比,增加了单位质量叶氮含量。（3）在全光照处理中,施肥显著增加了麻栎和闽楠水分利用效率（P<0.05）;在遮荫处理中,氮磷供应比45显著增加了麻栎和闽楠净光合速率和水分利用效率（P<0.05）。（4）麻栎和闽楠在全光照中倾向于资源获取策略,在遮荫中偏向于资源保守策略。在光照和施肥处理中,麻栎和闽楠单株总叶面积与地上生物量均显著正相关（P<0.05）。总之,单株总叶面积是预测麻栎和闽楠幼苗地上生物量变化的稳定指标,施肥有助于增加低光环境下麻栎和闽楠幼苗的生态适应能力。     

Effects of CO2 and light on tree phytochemistry and insect performance

Direct and interactive effects of CO₂ and light on tree phytochemistry and insect fitness parameters were examined through experimental manipulations of plant growth conditions and performance of insect bioassays. Three species of deciduous trees (quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides; paper birch, Betula papyrifera; sugar maple, Acer saccharum) were grown under ambient (387±8 μL/L) and elevated (696±2 μL/L) levels of atmospheric CO₂, with low and high light availability (375 and 855 μmol×m^?2×s^?1 at solar noon). Effects on the population and individual performance of a generalist phytophagous insect, the white‐marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) were evaluated. Caterpillars were reared on experimental trees for the duration of the larval stage, and complementary short‐term (fourth instar) feeding trials were conducted with insects fed detached leaves.
Phytochemical analyses demonstrated strong effects of both CO₂ and light on all foliar nutritional variables (water, starch and nitrogen). For all species, enriched CO₂ decreased water content and increased starch content, especially under high light conditions. High CO₂ availability reduced levels of foliar nitrogen, but effects were species specific and most pronounced for high light aspen and birch. Analyses of secondary plant compounds revealed that levels of phenolic glycosides (salicortin and tremulacin) in aspen and condensed tannins in birch and maple were positively influenced by levels of both CO₂ and light. In contrast, levels of condensed tannins in aspen were primarily affected by light, whereas levels of ellagitannins and gallotannins in maple responded to light and CO₂, respectively.
The long‐term bioassays showed strong treatment effects on survival, development time, and pupal mass. In general, CO₂ effects were pronounced in high light and decreased along the gradient aspen birch maple. For larvae reared on high light aspen, enriched CO₂ resulted in 62% fewer survivors, with increased development time, and reduced pupal mass. For maple‐fed insects, elevated CO₂ levels had negative effects on survival and pupal mass in low light. For birch, the only negative CO₂ effects were observed in high light, where female larvae showed prolonged development. Fourth instar feeding trials demonstrated that low food conversion efficiency reduced insect performance. Elevated levels of CO₂ significantly reduced total consumption, especially by insects on high light aspen and low light maple.
This research demonstrates that effects of CO₂ on phytochemistry and insect performance can be strongly light‐dependent, and that plant responses to these two environmental variables differ among species. Overall, increased CO₂ availability appeared to increase the defensive capacity of early‐successional species primarily under high light conditions, and of late‐successional species under low light conditions. Due to the interactive effects of tree species, light, CO₂, and herbivory, community composition of forests may change in the future.     

Quantitative trait loci affecting the behavior of A/J and CBA/J intercross mice in the elevated plus maze

How allelic diversity affects neural mechanisms to produce behavioral variation is largely unknown. The elevated plus maze, consisting of open and closed arms, has been used as a model of behavioral variation in rodent exploration. Under dim illumination the nature of the sensory stimuli that influence arm choice is uncertain. Two inbred mouse strains, A/J (Tyr ^c /Tyr ^c , the albino phenotype, mutation in tyrosinase) with a strong preference for closed arm entry, and CBA/J (Pdeb ^rdl /Pdeb ^rdl , the retinal degeneration phenotype, mutation in the β-subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase), with a weak preference for open arm entry, were studied under varying light. Because behavioral differences persist under red light, variation in light perception is not likely to fully account for variation in arm choice. To identify genetic factors influencing arm choice (100 × Open arm entries/Total arm entries) quantitative trait loci analyses (QTL) were performed on (A/J × CBA/J)F₂ mice. Two QTLs, one of which includes PDEB, were identified on Chr 5 (LOD > 10) and account for > 30% of the behavioral variation in arm preference. Tyr (Chr 7, 44 cM) was linked to closed arm entries but not arm preference, and is unlikely to be acting through a direct effect on light perception, because A/J arm entries were not affected by red light and there was no interaction with PDEB in the (A/J × CBA/J)F₂ mice. Whether the candidate QTLs on Chr 5 affect arm choice through an effect on light perception is unknown, but phenotypic differences between F₂ mice with retinal degeneration and CBA/J mice and F₂ mice with albinism and A/J mice suggest that factors other than light sensitivity contribute to arm preference in these two strains. Received: 11 January 2001 / Accepted: 22 March 2001     

Protochlorophyllide photoconversion mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Summary We have developed a procedure for the isolation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants defective in light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction (photoconversion), a key step in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. Mutants were isolated by mutagenizing y-1-4, a temperature-sensitive yellow mutant blocked in the alternative light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction pathway, and screening for colonies which failed to green in the light at the restrictive temperature. Seven mutants were isolated which fail to photoconvert protochlorophyllide in photoconversion tests. All seven mutants have a single mutation at the pc-1 locus responsible for the defect in photoconversion. pc-1 maps close to y-5 on nuclear linkage group I. The pc-1 mutation is not itself temperature-sensitive because it blocks photoconversion at the permissive temperature when combined with the non-conditional yellow mutations y-5 and y-7. Cells containing the pc-1 mutation alone synthesize about 52% and 36% of the wildtype chlorophyll level in the dark and light, respectively, demonstrating that the light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction pathway in C. reinhardtii operates in the light.     

不同光环境对海南龙血树幼苗表型可塑性及生存策略的影响

为了解光照对海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)幼苗生长的影响,研究了不同光照环境下海南龙血树幼苗形态、生理特性和生物量分配的变化,并分析了其生态适应性。结果表明,海南龙血树幼苗的形态、生理和生物量分配指标在不同光照强度间存在显著差异,各指标的可塑性指数为0.08~0.86,其中根茎叶及总生物量的可塑性指数普遍较高(0.67~0.86),表明海南龙血树幼苗有较好的光照适应性,其策略主要是通过调整根茎叶生物量的分配来适应光照的变化。随着光照强度的降低,海南龙血树幼苗的比叶面积、叶根比呈现显著增大趋势,表明幼苗可通过增加单株叶面积比例,扩大光合作用面积,有效调节自身生物量配置。37.3%自然光照(L2)是海南龙血树幼苗生长的最佳光照强度。现存海南龙血树生境改变,生境缺少林荫以致光照强度过大,不利于幼苗根系生长,难以度过干旱季节,可能是海南龙血树自然更新失败的重要原因之一。     

Expression of luciferase genes from different origins in Bacillus subtilis

Summary A group of vectors for luciferase expression in Bacillus subtilis was constructed. So far, only bacterial luciferases have been expressed in Bacillus, but in this study we wanted also to express genes encoding eukaryotic luciferases to perform direct comparisons of the light levels produced by the two different systems in B. subtilis. The vectors constructed can replicate both in Escherichia coli and B. subtilis, and the luciferase expression is strictly regulated due to the dual plasmid system used. Nearly a 100-fold increase in light production compared to previous results was achieved when genes encoding bacterial luciferase were inserted into the constructs and transformed into B. subtilis. An additional tenfold increase in light production was obtained when luciferase genes from the North American firefly (Photinus pyralis) or a click beetle (Pyrophorus plagiophtalamus) were introduced in a similar fashion into B. subtilis. Measurement of the light emission was performed without disruption of bacterial cells in a real-time manner, which is a common feature when working with all of these constructions. Structures of the shuttle vector constructs and results from light emission measurements are presented.     

Growth responses of the mixotrophic dinoflagellates, Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. and Pfiesteria piscicida, to light under prey-saturated conditions

Recent research emphasis on the ecology of Pfiesteria spp. (Dinophyceae) has led to recognition of several morphologically similar heterotrophic dinoflagellates that often co-occur with Pfiesteria spp. in estuaries along the United States Atlantic coast. These include cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellates, which resemble Pfiesteria spp. in having complex life cycles that include zoospores capable of kleptoplastidy. To examine and compare the role of kleptoplastidy in Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. and Pfiesteria piscicida, we tested the effects of irradiance on growth under prey-saturated (Storeatula major, Cryptophyceae) conditions. Growth of Cryptoperidiniopsis was strongly influenced by light intensity while no major effects were observed in P. piscicida. In Cryptoperidiniopsis, highest cell numbers and specific growth rates, but lowest specific cryptophyte consumption rates, were found at the highest light intensity tested (100 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). A growth model was developed and used to estimate that the average half-life of chloroplasts ingested by Cryptoperidiniopsis decreased 3.4-fold from 12.6 h at high light to 3.7 h in the dark. These results show that light strongly enhances specific growth rate and growth efficiency of Cryptoperidiniopsis feeding on cryptophytes, and suggest that retained kleptochloroplasts may play a quantitatively significant role in carbon and energy metabolism of this organism. Differences in the effects of light between Cryptoperidiniopsis and P. piscicida may reflect different nutritional strategies, and allow these closely related dinoflagellates to occupy different niches and co-exist.     

Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae

The physiological differences for three bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) were investigated. In comparison with M. aeruginosa and A. flos-aquae, C. raciborskii exhibited a significantly higher concentration of carotenoids, higher values in maximum photosynthesis rate (P_m), apparent photosynthetic efficieny (a), and maximum electron transport rate (ETR_max) during the growth period. In addition, higher extracellular alkaline phosphatase activities and lower light compensation point (I_c) were also detected in C. raciborskii (p < 0.05, ANOVA). Therefore, it is suggested that the higher photosynthetic activities, more effective uptake and utilization to phosphate, and low light requirements might play important roles in the occurrence and invasive behavior of C. raciborskii.     

Using reverse micelles as microreactor for hydrogen production by coupled systems of Nostoc / R. palustris and Anabaena / R. palustris

Uptake hydrogenase negative mutants of bloom forming cyanobacteria (Nostoc and Anabaena) and the fermentative bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris P₄ were used together for producing hydrogen within the reverse micelles fabricated by N-ethyl hexyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in benzene. The rate of H₂ production in AOT/isooctane reverse micellar system was found to be more promising in comparison to the CTAB/Benzene reverse micellar entrapment. After mutagenesis in 2.0% (v/v) ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) mutants of Nostoc and Anabaena were selected on BG-11 plates (containing 2% agar) and then used for analysis of produced hydrogen. In comparison to the unmutated Nostoc with R. palustris (within AOT/isooctane) the coupled system of mutated Nostoc and R. palustris produced H₂ by 3.9-fold higher rate, which is 8.6 mmol H₂/h/mg protein. Whereas, mutated Anabaena coupled with R. palustris produced 4.8 times higher hydrogen production within (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles in comparison to the unmutated Anabaena with R. palustris. Effect of nitrogen to carbon ratio (N/C) on hydrogen production was studied and Anabaena/R. palustris and Nostoc/R. palustris systems were, respectively, found to generate 11.2 and 9.8 mmol H₂/h/mg protein continuously for 3 days. Effects of temperature and light intensity were also investigated and we found that 32°C temperature and 1,000 Lux light intensity are the optimum values in these systems. Addition of sodium dithionite also resulted in further enhancement of the rate and duration of hydrogen production in both (mutated Nostoc/R. palustris and mutated Anabaena/R.␣palustris) systems.     

生态因子对滇重楼花药开裂的影响

滇重楼为延龄草科重楼属植物,具有极高的药用价值,由于重楼传统药用部位生长缓慢、繁殖力低下,以及人们对野生重楼资源的过度采挖使其资源日趋枯竭。滇重楼的花药在整个花期中存在开裂－关闭的现象,花药的有效闭合应是保护花粉、延长花粉寿命、增强雄性适合度的一种适应机制。该研究以滇重楼为对象,通过设计正交实验和对比实验,观测其花药开裂过程中的光照强度、温度、湿度的变化,探究光照强度、温度、湿度等生态因子对滇重楼花药开裂的影响以及滇重楼花药开裂与生态因子变化的关系。结果表明：(1)在滇重楼花药开裂的过程中,光照强度增强、温度升高、相对湿度下降;(2)温度是影响滇重楼花药开裂时间的主导因子,升温促进花药开裂,降温促进花药关闭;(3)高湿度及黑暗推迟花药开裂,但并不能阻止花药开裂;(4)低温可使滇重楼花药持续关闭,而光照强度越高,花药持续关闭所需的温度越低。该研究有利于解释滇重楼花药白天开裂夜晚关闭的现象与环境因子的关系,对滇重楼的栽培育种提供理论指导。     

High intensity and blue light regulated expression of chimeric chalcone synthase genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants

Summary To establish a genetic system for dissection of light-mediated signal transduction in plants, we analyzed the light wavelengths and promoter sequences responsible for the light-induced expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase (CHS) promoter fused to the -glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. Transgenic A. thaliana lines carrying 1975, 523, 186, and 17 by of the CHS promoter fused to the GUS gene were generated, and the expression of these chimeric genes was monitored in response to high intensity light in mature plants and to different wavelengths of light in seedlings. Fusion constructs containing 1975 and 523 by of CHS promoter sequence behaved identically to the endogenous CHS gene under all conditions. Expression of these constructs was induced specifically in response to high intensity white light and blue light. The response to blue light was seen in the presence of the P_fr form of phytochrome. Fusion constructs containing 186 by of promoter sequence showed reduced basal levels of expression and only weak stimulation by blue light but were induced significantly by high intensity white light. These analyses showed that the expression of the A. thaliana CHS gene is responsive to a specific blue light receptor and that sequences between — 523 and — 186 by are required for optimal basal and blue light-induced expression of this gene. The experiments lay the foundation for a simple genetic screen for light response mutants.