大肠杆菌PGDH末端缺失突变体的构建及抗反馈抑制效应分析

为了获得具有抗反馈抑制性质的大肠杆菌磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶（PGDH, d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.95）,通过对其碱基序列和蛋白质结构分析,用PCR突变法构建突变酶M1（缺失第410位氨基酸）、M2（缺失407~410位氨基酸）、M3（缺失337~410位氨基酸）。M0(野生型)及各突变型基因与pET22b(+)载体连接后,表达融合蛋白。在非变性条件下,由NTA-Ni镍离子螯合亲和层析柱纯化野生型和突变体的酶蛋白。酶活性测定结果表明,M1、M2蛋白酶均保持了原有的野生型磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶活性,且部分解除了终产物L-丝氨酸的反馈抑制作用;M3蛋白酶完全解除了终产物的反馈抑制作用,但酶本身的催化活性略有降低（为野生型的83%）。M0、M1、M2菌株PGDH与L-丝氨酸结合的Ki值分别约为7 μmol/L、20 μmol/L、50 μmol/L,说明该酶C-末端1~4个氨基酸残基对L-丝氨酸和调控区的结合有重要影响。     

北京棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶突变体Q316P的酶学性质

【目的】对北京棒杆菌(Corynebacterium pekinense)天冬氨酸激酶(Aspartate kinase,AK)进行改造,期望获得具有较高酶活力且酶活性质改善的高产天冬氨酸族氨基酸的优良突变株,并削弱甚至解除Thr对AK的反馈抑制作用。【方法】利用定点突变技术对Gln(Q)316位点进行突变,高通量筛选获得活力提高明显的突变体,并将其在大肠杆菌BL21中高效表达,对野生型(Wild type,WT)和突变体Q316P AK用镍柱纯化,进行酶动力学及酶学性质研究。【结果】获得突变体Q316P,并在大肠杆菌BL21中成功表达。与野生型相比,突变体Q316P的V_(max)提高8.53倍,n值由2.15降低为1.29,正协同性减弱;最适温度由25°C升高至30°C;最适p H由8.0降低至7.5,半衰期由3.8 h延长至5.0 h;且在实验范围浓度内,底物抑制剂苏氨酸对突变体Q316P表现出激活作用;Q316P AK对金属离子K+和有机溶剂甲醇表现出良好抗性。【结论】获得酶活力提高、酶学性质改善的突变体,并一定程度上解除苏氨酸对AK的反馈抑制,为构建高产天冬氨酸族氨基酸工程菌提供参考。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌天冬氨酸激酶G359D突变解除赖氨酸与苏氨酸协同抑制的研究

天冬氨酸激酶(Aspartate Kinase,AK)是赖氨酸合成途径中关键酶,其受到代谢产物赖氨酸与苏氨酸的协同抑制,旨在发现其解除协同抑制的新突变体并解析其机理。通过对赖氨酸高产菌Corynebacterium glutamicum ZL5与野生型C.glutamicumATCC 13032的天冬氨酸激酶氨基酸序列比对,发现在高产菌的天冬氨酸激酶中存在G359D突变。通过体外天冬氨酸激酶野生型和G359D突变体酶活检测,发现该G359D突变体在10 mmol/L赖氨酸和苏氨酸同时存在时仍保留了76.94%±1.61%的酶活,而野生酶的酶活仅残留4.38%±1.28%。这一结果在赖氨酸高产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌的回复突变中也可得到验证,其回复突变后使赖氨酸产量下降15.57%。通过同源建模和结构分析发现,与野生酶相比,G359D突变体结合赖氨酸后,其位于活性中心附近的Arg151与Glu74之间无法形成离子键,允许底物分子的结合而具有较高活性。发现天冬氨酸激酶G359D突变体可阻断赖氨酸引起的别构效应,从而有效解除赖氨酸与苏氨酸的协同抑制。     

含苏氨酸操纵子重组质粒的构建及其对大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸积累的影响

摘要：【目的】通过分子生物学手段构建重组质粒,将其转入野生型大肠杆菌W3110,分析含苏氨酸操纵子基因的质粒及质粒定点突变解除反馈抑制时,对L-苏氨酸积累的影响。【方法】以W3110染色体DNA为模板,PCR扩增苏氨酸操纵子基因,即启动子THrLp、编码前导肽基因thrL以及thrA、thrB、thrC基因,通过重叠延伸PCR的方法对thrA基因定点突变,解除苏氨酸对它的反馈抑制,构建出重组表达质粒WYE112和WYE134,5 L发酵实验测定L-苏氨酸的产量。【结果】经5 L发酵罐发酵产酸实验,W3110的L-苏氨酸产量为0.036 ± 0.004 g/L,携带含苏氨酸操纵子质粒的W3110菌株L-苏氨酸产量为2.590 ± 0.115 g/L,质粒上thrA解除反馈抑制后,L-苏氨酸的产量增加到9.223 ± 1.279 g/L。【结论】过表达苏氨酸操纵子基因可以使L-苏氨酸积累,进一步解除thrA基因的反馈抑制,可以增强L-苏氨酸积累的效果,为L-苏氨酸工程菌改造的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子突变体的高效表达

用PCR法将人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(hbFGF)基因中编码第25、69和92位的半胱氨酸(Cys)密码子突变为丝氨酸(Ser)密码子,将突变的hbFGFcDNA片断与表达质粒pET3c连接,构建重组质粒pET3chbFGFSer25,69,92。hbFGFSer25,69,92在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中的表达量大于30%。通过阳离子交换和肝素亲和层析两步纯化,得到纯度大于95%的hbFGFSer25,69,92。MTT法测定纯化的产物活性表明,hbFGFSer25,69,92突变体促Balb/c细胞增殖的活性与野生型hbFGF相当,为下一步对hbFGFSer25,69,92突变体进行定点化学修饰打下了基础。     

不同免疫抑制剂对钙调神经磷酸酶及其突变体的影响

利用定点突变技术构建并纯化了钙调神经磷酸酶A 亚基Loop7区及其附近的几个突变体, 进行了磷酸酶比活性及溶液构象的研究, 并通过它们与野生型的比较, 研究CN和免疫抑制药物的相互作用. 结果表明:删除Loop7中心区1个或几个氨基酸的突变体, 其磷酸酶比活性均高于野生型, 远紫外CD谱显示各突变体溶液构象均发生了改变. 免疫抑制剂复合物CsA-CyP明显抑制野生型CN的酶活, 而对Loop7区各突变体影响不大, 说明Loop7区定点突变改变了CsA-CyP和CN之间的相互作用. 对从传统中药中提取的成分进行检测发现, 中药成分ZIP1能对CN野生型和突变体都起直接的抑制作用, 而不需要体内结合物的存在. 提示CN的Loop7区是CsA-CyP起抑制作用的关键部位, 中药成分ZIP1对CN的抑制作用很值得深入研究.     

大肠杆菌CM/PDT抗反馈抑制突变体的构建及其性质

为了获得具有高催化活性且抗反馈抑制的大肠杆菌分支酸变位酶 预苯酸脱水酶 (chorismatemutase prephenatedehydrataseCM PDT) [EC5 .4 .99.5 EC4 .2 .1.5 1],通过相关菌种CM PDT氨基酸序列同源比较 ,寻找高度保守位点 .用定点突变及PCR法构建突变酶M1(缺失 30 4T、30 5G、Q30 6K)、M2 (缺失W 338)、M3(缺失 30 1～ 386位氨基酸 )、M32 9(E32 9A)和M374 (C374A) ,野生型及各突变型基因与pET2 8a(+ )载体连接后 ,表达融合蛋白 .在非变性条件下 ,由TALON金属螯合亲和层析柱纯化野生型和突变体的酶蛋白 .酶活性测定表明 ,突变体M3的PDT活性下降为野生型活性的 2 9% ,但保持了CM活性 .突变体M374保持了CM ,PDT两种酶的活性 ,突变体M1、M2、M32 9的CM ,PDT活性有一定程度的提高 .酶抗反馈抑制作用检测表明 ,突变体M3、M374解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 ,M1、M2、M32 9部分解除了苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制作用 .与含野生型pheA基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株相比 ,含突变基因的E .coliBL2 1菌株对 10mmol L的苯丙氨酸代谢类似物具有强的抗反馈抑制作用 ,其中M1,M2 ,M3对 2 0mmol L的类似物具有抗反馈抑制作用     

杰氏棒杆菌L-天冬氨酸α脱羧酶半理性改造及全细胞催化合成β-丙氨酸

β-丙氨酸是多个药物合成的重要砌块，可以通过天冬氨酸α脱羧酶（Pan D）催化L-天冬氨酸脱羧来合成，但普遍在用的Pan D酶活性不高是制约全细胞催化合成β-丙氨酸的瓶颈。因此，本研究通过酶的挖掘，选择将杰氏棒杆菌来源（Corynebacterium jeikeium）Pan D在Escherichia coli中异源表达。对杰氏棒杆菌来源Pan D进行Alaph Fold2建模和分子对接，采用Rosetta虚拟突变确定突变热点，结合薄层层析初筛和纯化后复筛，最终筛选到突变体L39A，其比酶活为13.45 U/mg，相比野生型酶的比酶活（9.6 U/mg）提升了1.4倍。酶学性质表征数据表明，野生型酶和L39A突变体最适p H均为6.5，且在p H 6.0-7.0之间酶活性稳定；两者最适温度为55℃，但L39A热稳定性较野生型提高；突变体酶的催化效率比野生型提升了1.4倍。对突变体进行结构解析发现，39位取代为侧链基团更小的丙氨酸，亲水性增强，增加了关键催化氨基酸58位酪氨酸与其他氨基酸的相互作用，使活性中心周围的区域稳定性提高，从而提高了催化活性。全细胞催化数据表明，在OD600=4...     

PSS定点突变及酶活研究

磷脂酰丝氨酸可在磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶(PSS)催化下由磷脂酰胆碱和L-丝氨酸生成。通过生物信息学手段对磷脂酰丝氨酸合成酶蛋白质结构进行解析和研究分析,获得2个可突变位点F139和P272,通过Overlap PCR法进行定点突变,测定突变序列,并进行酶活测定。结果显示,PSS位点F139突变为L139、M139,位点P272突变为A272,能提高酶活力,说明蛋白质结构解析结合氨基酸定点突变技术,可以改善重组酶的活力。     

K202A突变对扩展青霉脂肪酶热稳定性的影响

利用易错PCR定向进化扩展青霉脂肪酶（PEL）,获得了一株热稳定性有所提高的随机突变体（ep8）,ep8包含有一个氨基酸的改变。为进一步提高其热稳定性,作者利用重叠延伸PCR法,以ep8基因为模板,将第202位赖氨酸突变为丙氨酸（K202A）,构建表达质粒pAO815-ep8-K202A。并将其引入毕赤酵母GS115构建叠加突变体(PEL-ep8-K202A)。同时以野生型lip07为模板构建单点突变体:PEL-lip07-K202A。15% SDS-PAGE 结果分析表明突变体分子量与野生型一致,约为28KD. 表达产物热稳定性分析结果表明: 野生型（PEL）的Tm值为39.03℃,而以野生型为模板进行定点突变得到的单点突变酶（PEL-lip07-K202A）,其Tm却降低了2℃,为37.08℃。叠加突变酶(PEL-ep8-K202A)的Tm为41.66℃, 比野生型酶提高2.63℃,比随机突变体ep8生产的酶（PEL-ep8）的Tm提高了1.21℃。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Primeval cells: Possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms

Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H⁺+2e^– at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.     

用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构

用离散量的方法,对2208个分辨率在2.5I以上的高精度的蛋白质结构中四类超二级结构进行了识别。从蛋白质一级序列出发,以氨基酸(20种氨基酸加一个空位)和其紧邻关联共同为参数,当序列模式固定长取8个氨基酸残基时,对“822”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到78.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到76.7%;当序列模式固定长取10个氨基酸残基时,对“1041”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到83.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到79.8%。