Circadian change of heat loss in response to change in core temperature in rats

1. 1.|Circadian changes in heat production (M), heat loss (H), core temperature (T_c) and feeding activity (FA) of ad-lib fed rats were observed by direct and indirect calorimetry.

2. 2.|M, H and T_c showed a clear nocturnal increase associated with several discrete increases.

3. 3.|Whereas the slope of M vs T_c relation did not change appreciably within a day, the slope of H vs T_c or thermal conductance vs T_c relation tended to decrease at night, implying that the correlation between heat loss and body temperature is also a function of time of day in rats.

林分密度对马尾松林下植物与土壤种子库多样性的影响

林分密度是影响林下植物多样性的重要因子。本研究以马尾松人工林为对象,设置低密度(1575株·hm^-2,D₁)、中密度(2474株·hm^-2,D₂)和高密度(3550株·hm^-2,D₃)3个林分密度,分析林下植物和土壤种子库多样性及二者的关系,为马尾松人工林实现多目标可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 3种林分密度林下草本与灌木植物共有42科62属70种,D₁密度以喜光植物种类分布较多,而D₂、D₃密度以耐阴植物为主;3种林分密度间的草本、灌木的Margalef (M)、Shannon (H)、Simpson (D)、Pielou (J_sw)、Alatalo (Al)指数均随林分密度增加而呈下降趋势,且在草本与灌木层中对密度的响应不同。在草本层中,D₁与D₃的H、D、J_sw、Al指数均存在显著差异;在灌木层中,不同林分密度J_sw和Al指数存在显著差异,H和D指数差异不显著。土壤种子库H、D、J_sw和Al指数均随林分密度增加呈先下降后升高趋势,D₁密度的物种丰富度及多样性最高;不同林分密度下土壤种子库Jaccard与Sorensen相似性系数均较低。草本层M与J_sw指数呈显著正相关;灌木层林分密度与H、D、J_sw、Al指数的相关性大于草本层,而草本、灌木层的林分密度与J_sw指数均呈显著负相关。林分密度1575株·hm^-2是马尾松林下植被生长发育较为合适的密度,能够维持林下植物多样性,有利于马尾松人工林的可持续经营。     

栓皮栎人工林灌木层植物多样性的空间分布及其与光环境的关系

采用地统计学方法,对栓皮栎纯林和栓皮栎-侧柏混交林2种林分类型灌木层植物物种多样性空间异质性及其与光环境的关系进行研究。结果表明:栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物Shannon(H)、Simpson(D_s)、Margalef(M_a)物种多样性指数均显著小于栓皮栎-侧柏混交林。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物物种多样性指数的变程和空间自相关距离均大于栓皮栎-侧柏混交林,其空间均一性较差,空间依赖性较强。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物H、D_s、M_a结构比为44.2%～49.7%,具有中等强度的空间自相关性;栓皮栎-侧柏混交林中H、D_s、M_a结构比为1.5%～3.3%,具有强烈的空间自相关性。栓皮栎纯林灌木层植物物种多样性指数的空间分布主要呈明显的条带状梯度变化,而栓皮栎-侧柏混交林则呈明显的斑块状梯度变化,说明栓皮栎混交林灌木层植物较栓皮栎纯林空间连续性差,空间变异更为显著。相关与逐步回归分析表明,对栓皮栎纯林和栓皮栎-侧柏混交林灌木层植物多样性影响最为显著的光环境指标分别是林下总光照和冠层开...     

Hydrogen bonding in nucleosides and nucleotides

An analysis of the hydrogen bonding in 76 nucleoside and 11 nucleotide crystal structures shows that the hydrogen bond lengths fall into well-defined categories according to the nature of the donor or acceptor groups. The shortest bonds are those involving P---OH or O=P groups. For donor groups, the sequence in bond lengths is

P—OH<C—OH< N−H<O_w(H)—H<N(H)—H<C−H

There are ten examples of two centre

H—H…O

bonds, which are comparable in length with P---OH …O bonds. The acceptor seqeunce is

O=P<OH₂<OH₂<O=CO(H)C<N N(H₂)C<Cl^…<O<S=C

The number of three-centre bonds, about 24%, is comparable to that observed in the carbohydrates and the amino acids. Most hydrogen bonds are involved in short finite chains. Only in the nucleotides are cyclic hydrogen bonding schemes observed.     

猴头菌高产麦角甾醇液体发酵工艺优化

以菌丝体中麦角甾醇产量为考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上用响应面分析法考察碳源、氮源和无机盐3个因素对麦角甾醇发酵产量的影响,以获得猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇最优工艺,建立高产、稳定的猴头菌液体发酵产麦角甾醇生产工艺.经响应面分析,各因素按照对响应值的影响顺序为:氮源＞碳源＞无机盐,且氮源对麦角甾醇产量的影响极显著,碳源和...     

针叶树病原菌异担子菌属的物种多样性及相关检疫建议

异担子菌属Heterobasidion种类是北半球针叶树最严重的森林病原菌,在世界范围内能侵染27种针叶树,对欧洲和北美洲的经营林己造成重大损失.基于传统形态学研究,认为异担子菌属有2个种,即多年异担子菌H.annosum和岛生异担子菌H.insulare,然而单孢交配实验研究证明2个种为复合种.分子系统发育分析研究表...     

Bradykinin dilates rat middle cerebral artery and its large branches via endothelial B2 receptors and release of nitric oxide

Ring segments of rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) were prepared for measurement of isometric force and precontracted with 10⁻⁴ M uridine triphosphate (UTP). Concentration-effect curves (CEC) were constructed for bradykinin (BK, 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁵ M) in segments with functionally intect (E+) or denuded (E−) endothelium. E− segments did not dilate to BK. The BK receptor was characterized by application of specific B₁ or B₂ antagonists [des-Arg⁹-Leu⁸] BK (10⁻⁵ M) and [ -Arg⁰-Hyp³-Thi⁵- -Tic⁷-Oic⁸] BK (HOE140,3 × 10⁻⁷ M), respectively, or B₁ agonist [des-Arg⁹] BK (10⁻⁸–10⁻⁴ M). Involvement of nitric oxide (NO) was tested with N^G-nitro- -arginine (LNNA, 10⁻⁴ M). BK induced concentration-dependent relaxation with a maximal effect (E_max) of 40.86 ± 1.50% at 10⁻⁶ M and a pD₂ (−log₁₀ EC₅₀) of 6.818 ± 0.044. This relaxation could be prevented with HOE140 or LNNA, but was not influenced by [des-Arg⁹-Leu⁸] BK. [des-Arg⁹] BK did not induce any effect. These results demonstrate that BK induced relaxation via endothelial B₂ receptors and release of NO in isolated rat MCA.     

Population genetics and evolutionary history of Miscanthus species in China

Miscanthus species have received considerable attention as a potential biomass source for renewable energy production because of their ability to produce high yields of biomass and adapt to a wide range of climates and soils. To explore the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Miscanthus species in China, we used 24 simple sequence repeat markers to genotype 100 natural populations representing all four Chinese Miscanthus species (M. sinensis Andersson, M. floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack., and M. lutarioriparius L. Liu ex Renvoize & S. L. Chen). Based on phylogenetic, principal coordinate, and Structure analyses, we found that the 100 populations formed two major groups corresponding to sect. Triarrhena and sect. Miscanthus. Group 1 (i.e., sect. Triarrhena) was further subdivided into two subgroups corresponding to M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius; Group 2 (i.e., sect. Miscanthus) was subdivided into three subgroups, group 2a (M. sinensis populations in southern China), group 2b (M. sinensis populations in northern China), and group 2c (all the M. floridulus populations). Population genetics analyses indicated high levels of the genetic diversity at both population (H_E = 0.468–0.599) and species (H_E = 0.559–0.708) levels, indicative of the potential of these wild resources in future breeding programs. The species distribution modeling showed that M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius have experienced population reductions during the last glacial maximum and population expansion afterward; in contrast, M. sinensis and M. floridulus both underwent gradual population expansions from the last interglaciation to the present. We also suggest that M. floridulus originated from M. sinensis in southeast China through ecological speciation. The understanding of the evolutionary history and population dynamics of these species not only provides valuable information for further genetic improvement and breeding of this energy crop but also gives important insights into the origin and speciation processes of the Miscanthus species.     

Structure and physicochemical properties of barley non-starch polysaccharides—II. Alkaliextractable β-glucans and arabinoxylans

Three fractions containing hemicellulosic material were obtained by sequential extraction of barley residue (left after removal of water-extractable polysaccharides) with saturated barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)₂ fraction], distilled water [Ba(OH)₂/H₂O fraction], and 1 m sodium hydroxide [NaOH fraction]. The yields of the fractions were 1.6, 1.7, and 2.6% (w/w), respectively, of the dry barley grist. The Ba(OH)₂ fraction contained mainly arabinose and xylose, 35.8% and 60.9%, respectively. The Ba(OH)₂/H₂O fraction in addition to 26.7% Ara and 36.6% Xyl contained also 34.8% Glc. The NaOH fraction was composed of 14.2% Ara, 44.0% Xyl, and 40.9% Glc. The Ba(OH)₂/H₂O and NaOH extracts were further fractionated by stepwise (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation into several subfractions with varying amounts of β-glucans and arabinoxylans. β-Glucans in Ba(OH)₂/H₂O and NaOH fractions were characterized by high ratios of β-(1→4)/β-(1→3) linkages, large amounts of contiguously linked β-(1→4) segments, and high ratios of cellotriosyl/cellotetraosyl units. The alkali-extractable arabinoxylans, especially those NaOH-extractable, were characterized by a very low degree of substitution, high xylose/arabinose ratio, and a small content of doubly substituted xylose residues. Some populations of arabinoxylans displayed structural features that would enable them to self-associate or to interact with β-glucans.     

Single fiber EMG Fiber density and its relationship to Macro EMG amplitude in reinnervation

The objective was to elucidate the relation between the Macro EMG parameters fiber density (FD) and Macro amplitude in reinnervation in the purpose to use the FD parameter as a surrogate marker for reinnervation instead of the Macro amplitude.Macro EMG with FD was performed in 278 prior polio patients. The Biceps Brachii and the Tibialis anterior muscles were investigated.FD was more sensitive for detection of signs of reinnervation but showed lesser degree of abnormality than the Macro amplitude. FD and Macro MUP amplitude showed a non-linear relation with a great variation in FD for given Macro amplitude level.The relatively smaller increase in FD compared to Macro amplitude in addition to the non-linear relationship between the FD and the Macro amplitude regarding reinnervation in prior polio can be due to technical reasons and muscle fiber hypertrophy. The FD parameter has a relation to Macro MUP amplitude but cannot alone be used as a quantitative marker of the degree of reinnervation.     

Plant nutrient dynamics and stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive species Spartina alterniflora and native Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius in the Minjiang River estuarine wetlands

Aims Stoichiometric homeostasis is an important mechanism in maintaining ecosystem structure, function, and stability. The invasion of exotic species, Spartina alterniflora, has largely threatened the structure and function of native ecosystems in the Minjiang River estuarine wetland. However, how S. alterniflora invasion affect plant stoichiometric homeostasis is largely unknown. This could enhance our understanding on wetland ecosystem stability and expand the applications of ecological stoichiometry theory.
Methods Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of plant organs and soils in the S. alterniflora, Cyperus malaccensis var. brevifolius, and S. alterniflora-C. malaccensis var. brevifolius mixture were measured, and the homeostatic index (H) was calculated according to the stoichiometric homeostasis theory.
Important findings Our results showed that the invasion of S. alterniflora significantly increased soil N:P ratio (p < 0.05), but did not affect soil N or P contents. The N and P contents of leaf and stem were the highest for S. alterniflora, and those of the stem were the highest for C. malaccensis var. brevifolius. At the ecosystem level, the average of homeostatic index (H) of N (H_N, 25.31) was larger than those of P (H_P, 10.33) and N:P (H_N:P, 2.50). At the organ level, root H_N was significantly larger than stem H_N (p < 0.05) and sheath H_N:P was greater than root H_N:P (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for H_P among root, stem, leaf, and sheath (p > 0.05). As for species, root H_N of S. alterniflora was significantly larger than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in the mixture community (p < 0.05). In the monoculture, stem H_N:P of S. alterniflora was significantly higher than that of C. malaccensis var. brevifolius (p < 0.05). Furthermore, root H_N, leaf H_N and sheath H_N of S. alterniflora in the mixed community was significantly larger than that of S. alterniflora in the monoculture (p < 0.05), suggesting that S. alterniflora invasions increased their stoichiometric homeostasis. Meanwhile, the stoichiometric homeostasis of invasive and native plants were influenced by multiple factors, such as nutrients, organs, vegetation, and invasion. However, larger homeostasis was found in S. alterniflora than in C. malaccensis var. brevifolius in some particular organs either in mixture or monoculture communities. Therefore, the successful invasion of S. alterniflora may result from higher homeostatic index than the native species, C. malaccensis var. brevifolius.     

Day-night variation of thermoregulatory responses to intraperitoneal electric heating in rats

1. 1.Hypothalamic temperature (T_hy), nonevaporative heat loss (R + C + K), evaporative heat loss (E), thermal conductance (k), metabolic heat production (M) and heat storage (S) of rats were simultaneously measured by direct and indirect calorimetry during internal heat loading (2 W per rat) with an intraperitoneal electric heater.

2. 2.The tests were made twice a day; once during the day (1000–1200 h) and once at night (2200–2400 h) at an ambient temperature of 24°C.

3. 3.The resting values of T_hy, colonic temperature, (R + C + K), E, M and heart rate, and the T_hy threshold for tail skin vasodilation (T_th) during internal heat load were significantly higher at night than during the day.

4. 4.The slopes showing the relationshiop between (R + C + K), k or M and T_hy were significantly steeper during the day than at night after T_hy exceeded T_th.

5. 5.The slopes showing the relationship between E or S and T_hy were not different during the day and at night.

6. 6.These results indicate that the responses of nonevaporative heat loss and heat production to internal heat load vary with the time of day in rats.

Mathematical modeling and study of mass transfer parameters in supercritical fluid extraction of fatty acids from Trout powder

Mathematical modeling of fatty acids (FAs) extraction from Trout powder by supercritical carbon dioxide was performed in the present work. Trout powder with its low cost contains high amount of essential FAs and it is commonly available as a proper source of FAs. The effect of process parameters, such as pressure (25, 28, 31, 34 and 37 MPa) and temperature (310, 318 and 326 K) of extraction and void fraction of the bed (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45, v/v) on the yield of FAs extraction was examined in a series of experiments conducted in a laboratory scale apparatus. The results indicated a significant increase of extraction yield with an increase of pressure from 25 to 34 MPa, but working at the higher pressure (37 MPa) caused reduction of the extract. Increasing the temperature higher than 318 K revealed significant reduction of the FAs yield and increasing the bed void fraction from 0.25 to 0.45 showed enhancement of the extraction.

The mathematical model was developed considering diffusion-controlled regime in the particle and film mass transfer resistance around the particle with axial dispersion of the bulk phase at dynamic conditions. Henry law was used to describe the equilibrium state of solid and fluid phases. The proposed mass balance equations were numerically solved using implicit finite difference method and the model parameters were correlated using the experimental results of the outlet FAs concentration in the oil extracted at dynamic conditions. Well-known Nelder–Mead method was applied to estimate the four parameters of the model, namely, mass transfer coefficient (k_f), axial dispersion coefficient (D_ax) in the bulk phase, effective diffusivity (D_eff) into the pores and Henry coefficient (H). In the range of studied conditions, the higher extraction efficiency with higher pressure resulted lower correlated H, although the temperature increasing which showed a retrograde phenomena in the FAs yield, revealed H passing though a minimum.     

葡萄酒有孢汉逊酵母属分子指纹图谱分析

为分析中国本土野生有孢汉逊酵母属Hanseniaspora酵母菌的种间差异和种内差异,构建分子指纹图谱,为优良有孢汉逊酵母资源的遗传多样性分析及开发利用提供科学依据。采用依赖于培养的经典方法包含WL营养培养基、26S rRNA基因D1/D2区域序列分析和5.8S-ITS-RFLP分析进行118株贵州紫云县刺葡萄自然发酵过程中分离的有孢汉逊酵母属酵母菌种水平的鉴定。采用Tandem repeat-tRNA（TRtRNA）指纹图谱法研究有孢汉逊酵母属酵母在两对微卫星引物扩增下的分子指纹图谱,并利用DPS软件分析不同分子指纹图谱类别之间的遗传发育关系。结果表明,118株贵州紫云县刺葡萄自然发酵过程中分离的野生有孢汉逊酵母属酵母菌,经依赖于培养的经典方法鉴定为3个种,包括Hanseniaspora opuntiae、H. uvarum和H. occidentalis。TRtRNA指纹图谱法的引物对一TtRNASC和5CAG扩增出5类图谱,而引物对二TtRNASC和ISSR-MB扩增出10类图谱,可以表现出所测118株有孢汉逊酵母属的种间差异和种内差异。其中种内差异主要表现在H. uvarum中。总体而言,贵州紫云县刺葡萄自然发酵过程中分离的有孢汉逊酵母属主要为H. opuntiae、H. uvarum和H. occidentalis,其中H. opuntiae和H. uvarum内部表现了不同的TRtRNA分子指纹图谱,表征了种内遗传多样性。     

植被修复对重度盐碱地土壤酶活性和酶反应热力学特征的影响

由于环境变化和人为干扰,松嫩平原盐碱化土地面积不断增加,盐碱化程度也在不断加剧。本试验以松嫩平原西部盐碱化土壤为对象,研究了自然植被、羊草、燕麦和苜蓿修复对重度盐碱化土壤2种氧化还原酶(过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶)和3种水解酶(碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶)活性和酶反应热力学特征的影响。结果表明: 随着温度的升高,5种土壤酶活性、活化自由能(ΔG)都逐渐升高,在40 ℃(或45 ℃)时达到最高,而土壤酶的活化焓(ΔH)和活化熵(ΔS)无显著变化;温度每增加10 ℃时的温度系数(Q₁₀)变化较小,范围为1.05～1.36。与裸地相比,过氧化氢酶活性在自然植被和羊草修复地升高,而在燕麦和苜蓿修复地降低,ΔG和酶活性的变化规律则相反,而ΔH、ΔS在羊草、燕麦修复地升高,在自然植被和苜蓿修复地降低;多酚氧化酶活性在各修复地都降低或不变,ΔH、ΔS在自然植被和羊草修复地降低,而在燕麦和苜蓿修复地不变,ΔG在各修复样地都表现为在40 ℃时升高,在其他温度下均降低或不变。在各修复地,3种水解酶活性均升高,酶的ΔG降低或不变,而ΔH和ΔS则差异较大。土壤酶活性及其热力学特征对温度变化和植被修复的响应存在较大差异。研究结果可为重度盐碱化土壤的修复提供理论依据。     

The environmental temperature and physiological polymorphism of populations. 4. The effect of heat acclimation on the intensity and the genetic effectiveness of selection caused by heating

Heat acclimation is shown to result in the decrease in the intensity of thermal selection which is more evident at the lower as compared with higher heat doses. Heat acclimation is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the genetic effectiveness of thermal selection. Therefore the directed selection of individuals turns into a poorly selective or even completely non-selective order of death. This effect is achieved in three ways: (1) a decrease in individual variability of organismal heat resistance. (2) a decrease in the heritability of this trait and (3) a change in the order of death of individuals during thermal selection (rearrangement of selectivity).

The change in the intensity (δi) and genetic effectiveness (δE) of thermal selection due to the effect of acclimation demonstrates a functional homeostasis of the population. This homeostatic mechanism maintains population numerical composition and genetic structure under conditions of variable temperature. This can be expressed as follows: H = 1 - δi·δE where H is the level of homeostasis, δi is the organismal and δE the populational components of the total homeostasis.     

SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH; Mark–Houwink constants

A method for determination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) molecular weight (M_W) and chemical heterogeneity (degree of oxidation (DO)) using a bi-detector HPSEC (UV-detector online with refractometer) has been developed. It has been found that the use of 0.5 N NaOH or 0.4 M acetate buffer as the eluent ensures CMC separation according to M_W. It has been revealed that the universal calibration for the polyelectrolyte CMC and the neutral polymer dextran is valid under the conditions applied. The Mark–Houwink equations for CMC in 0.5 N NaOH and 0.4 M acetate buffer have been estimated to be [η]=5.37×10⁻⁴ M_W^0.73 and [η] =2.24×10⁻⁴ M_W^0.83 dl g⁻¹, respectively. The equation log K=1.64−4.00 ml g⁻¹ for CMC has been estimated. An approach for determining DO from adsorption at 290 or 313 nm has been developed.     

Effects of peptide YY and its analogues on chloride ion secretion in fed and fasted rat jejunum

The aim of our study was to determine whether a meal modifies the antisecretory response induced by PYY and the structural requirements to elicit antisecretory effects of analogue PYY(22–36) for potential antidiarrhea therapy. The variations in short-circuit current (Isc) due to the modification of ionic transport across the rat intestine were assessed in vitro, using Ussing chambers. In fasted rats, PYY induced a dose- and time-dependent reduction in Isc, with a sensitivity threshold at 5 × 10⁻¹¹ M (ΔIsc −2 ± 0.5 μA/cm²). The reduction was maximal at 10⁻⁷ M (Isc −23 ± 2 μA/cm²), and the concentration producing half-maximal inhibition was 10⁻⁹ M. At 10⁻⁷ M, reduction of Isc by PYY reached 90% of response to 5 × 10⁻⁵ M bumetanide. The PYY effect was partly reversed by 10⁻⁵ M forskolin (Isc +13.43 ± 2.91 μA/h·cm², p < 0.05) or 10⁻³ M dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (Isc +12 ± 1.69 μA/cm², p < 0.05). Naloxone and tetrodotoxin did not alter the effect of PYY. In addition, PYY and its analogue P915 reduced net chloride ion secretion to 2.85 and 2.29 μEq/cm² (p < 0.05), respectively. The antisecretory effect of PYY was accompanied by dose- and time-dependent desensitization when jejunum was prestimulated by a lower dose of peptide. The antisecretory potencies exhibited by PYY analogues required both a C-terminal fragment (22–36) and an aromatic amino acid residue (Trp or Phe) at position 27. At 10⁻⁷ M the biological activity of PYY was lower in fed than fasted rats (p < 0.001). Our results confirm the antisecretory effect of PYY, but show that the fed period is accompanied by desensitization, similar to the transient desensitization observed in the fasted period with cumulative doses. This suggests that PYY may act as a physiological mediator that reduces intestinal secretion.     

The effect of 4-methyl-histamine on temperature regulation in the rat

1. 1. The histamine H₂-antagonist, 4-methyl-histamine causes a fall in body temperature when injected into the third ventricle of the rat.

2. 2. The hypothermia is prevented by prior intraventricular injection of an H₂-antagonist, metiamide, but not by an H₁-antagonist, pyrilamine.

3. 3. The fall in temperature is accompanied by increased cutaneous heat loss.

4. 4. These data support the concept that there are H₂-receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat.

Conductance and relaxations of gelatin films in glassy and rubbery states

The dielectric constant, ′, and the dielectric loss, ″, for gelatin films were measured in the glassy and rubbery states over a frequency range from 20 Hz to 10 MHz; ′ and ″ were transformed into M* formalism (M*=1/(′−i″)=M′+iM″; i, the imaginary unit). The peak of ″ was masked probably due to dc conduction, but the peak of M″, e.g. the conductivity relaxation, for the gelatin used was observed. By fitting the M″ data to the Havriliak–Negami type equation, the relaxation time, τ_HN, was evaluated. The value of the activation energy, E_τ, evaluated from an Arrhenius plot of 1/τ_HN, agreed well with that of E_σ evaluated from the DC conductivity σ₀ both in the glassy and rubbery states, indicating that the conductivity relaxation observed for the gelatin films was ascribed to ionic conduction. The value of the activation energy in the glassy state was larger than that in the rubbery state.