AIDS Research and Its Role in China＇s AIDS Prevention and Control Policies

By the end of 2005, the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. ＂Prevention First＂ is the cornerstone of the country＇s health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day, Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy, ＂Four Frees and One Care＂. This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006, the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then, the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time, development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases （AIDS, HBV, TB and other emerging infectious diseases） have been selected as national key scientific projects. China＇s best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, HAART, as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China＇s AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.     

Introduction to the issue of Professor John Webster

<正>This special issue of the Journal of Fungal Research sponsored by Jilin Agricultural University and the Mycological Society of China is dedicated to John Webster,1 9 2 5-2014,one of the stalwarts of mycology over many years.Former colleagues,students and friends have come together with a series of papers which demonstrate the many aspects of mycology John introduced them to over his active and profitable     

Medical Virology in Malaysia

Virology is a branch of biological science dealing with the study of viruses, and medical virology focuses on the study and control of diseases due to viruses that is of medical importance. The development of medical virology in Malaysia has its beginning in the Institute for Medical Research （IMR）, following the establishment of the Division of Medical Zoology and Virus Research in the institute on 23 March 1953. The second institution in the country to establish diagnostic and research work in medical virology was Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya. This was followed by University Kebangsaan Malaysia, University Sains Malaysia and University of Sarawak Malaysia. The National Public Health Laboratory （NPHL） is the latest institution to establish a laboratory in 2003 for virus isolation and services to support country surveillance and outbreak investigation of infectious diseases due to viruses. In the field of medical virology, Malaysia contributed substantially in the areas of virus diagnostic services, development and research ranging from survey and documentation on the existence and prevalence of viruses causing diseases in Malaysia, clinical presentation and epidemiological features of virus diseases, evaluation of new diagnostic tests to pathogenesis of viral diseases. Malaysia contributed to the discoveries of at least 12 new viruses in the world. ASEAN plus Three （China, Japan, Republic of Korea） Emerging Infectious Programme was established to overcome the challenges and impact of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in this region. Malaysia as the co-ordinator of the laboratory component of the programme, contributed to strengthen the regional laboratory capability, capacity, laboratory-based surveillance and networking. The future of medical virology in Malaysia in terms of integration of diagnostic, reference and research to support the country＇s need will be enhanced and strengthened with the on-going development of the National Centre fo     

Development of Architectures for Internet Telerobotics Systems

This paper presents our experience in developing and implementing Internet telerobotics system. Internet telerobotics system refers to a robot system controlled and monitored remotely through the Internet. A robot manipulator with five degrees of freedom, called Mentor, is employed. Client-server architecture is chosen as a platform for our Internet telerobotics system. Three generations of telerobotics systems have evolved in this research. The first generation was based on CGI and two tiered architectures, where a client presents a Graphical User Interface to the user, and utilizes the user＇s data entry and actions to perform requests to robot server running on a different machine. The second generation was developed using Java. We also employ Java 3D for creating and manipulating 3D geometry of manipulator links, and for constructing the structures used in rendering that geometry, resulting in 3D robot movement simulation presented to the users （clients） through their web browser. Recent development in our Internet telerobotics includes object recognition through image captured by a camera, which poses challenging problem, giving the undeterministic latency of the Internet. The third generation is centered around the use of CORBA for development platform of distributed internet telerobotics system, aimed at distributing task of telerobotics system.     

NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF ISOMETOPIDAE FROM CHINA (Hemiptera - Heteroptera)

The present paper deals with four species belonging to three genera, in which a genus (Paraletabo gen. nov.) and four species are described as new to science, a genus (Sophianus Distant) is recorded for the first time from China. The type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University. The new genus and new species are briefly diangnosed as follows.     

Global assessment of nitrogen fertilizer: The SCOPE/IGBP Nitrogen Fertilizer Rapid Assessment Project

Nitrogen (N) availability is a key role in food and fiber production. Providing plant-available N through synthetic fertilizer in the 20th and early 21st century has been a major contributor to the increased production required to feed and clothe the growing human population. To continue to meet the global demands and to minimize environmental problems, significant improvements are needed in the efficiency with which fertilizer N is utilized within production systems. There are still major uncertainties regarding the fate of fertilizer N added to agricultural soils and the potential for reducing losses to the environment. Enhancing the technical and economic efficiency of fertilizer N is seen to promote a favorable situation for both agricultural production and the environment, and this has provided much of the impetus for a new N fertilizer project. To address this important issue, a rapid assessment project on N fertilizer (NFRAP) was conducted by SCOPE (the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) during late 2003 and early 2004. This was the first formal project of the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI). As part of this assessment, a successful international workshop was held in Kampala, Uganda on 12 - 16 January, 2004. This workshop brought together scientists from around the world to assess the fate of synthetic fertilizer N in the context of overall N inputs to agricultural systems, with a view to enhancing the efficiency of N use and reducing negative impacts on the environment. Regionalization of the assessment highlighted the problems of too little N for crop production to meet the nutrient requirements of sub-Saharan Africa and the oversupply of N in the major rice-growing areas of China. The results of the assessment are presented in a book (SCOPE 65) which is now available to provide a basis for further discussions on N fertilizer.     

Morphometrics: History,development methods and prospects

Morphometrics has been pursued by graphical and computational means since the European Renaissance,drawing on core geometric principles first discovered in China and Classical Greece.Through the late 1800s,two distinct approaches to such analyses were pursued:a deformationist approach,epitomized by D'Arcy Thompson's graphical trans-formation grids and the statistical approach popularized by Francis Galton,Karl Pearson,and Julian Huxley in which Cartesian spaces were employed to summarize patterns of variation in size and/or shape variables.Unification of these approaches was an oft-stated goal throughout the 20th century,but proved elusive until the mid-1980s when David Kendall,Fred Bookstein,and Colin Goodall proposed a radically new way of tmderstanding form — as the locations of configurations of landmarks on the surfaces of a nested series of hyperdimensional manifolds.Once this new mathematics of form was understood development of basic concepts,procedures,graphical tools,and statistical tests followed quickly such that the core of the long-hoped for synthesis took less than a decade to achieve.The result — geometric morphometrics — continues to develop into an ever-more extensive toolkit that can be used by researchers to describe and understand a wide range of problems involving the characterization of morphological similarities and differences in all of their many and varied contexts.In particular,the new approaches involving the direct analysis of image pixels and new tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence are set to reinvigorate (and possibly to revolutionize) the field once again.     

Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission

正Dear Editor,The occurrence of concentrated pneumonia cases in Wuhan city,Hubei province of China was first reported on December 30,2019 by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WHO,2020).The pneumonia cases were found to be linked to a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan,and measures for sanitation and disinfection were taken swiftly by the local government agency.The Centers for Disease     

ON SOME NEW SPECIES AND NEW RECORDS OF TYPHLOCYBINAE FROM CHINA (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

This paper is a report on Typhlocybinae collected and preserved by the Northwestern College of Agriculture. Among the studied specimens there are 18 species described as new to science and 28 species recorded for the first time from China. All type specimens are kept in the collection of that college.     

新起点，新态势 —— 《中国科学：生命科学》2010年述评

The year 2010 marks the sixtieth anniversary for the publication of Science in China series journals,and meanwhile the Science in China Series C: Life Sciences took a new name as Science China Life Sciences(SCLS in short).Simultaneously,it has been reformed to make a new start for this journal in its long history.The journal has appeared with a new face to the readers and authors in both the novel publishing style and the highly qualified articles.An extensive review was given to the journal’s specific progress in the year 2010 by highlighting some of the representative publications.     

AIDS Research and Its Role in China's AIDS Prevention and Control Policies

By the end of 2005,the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. "Prevention First" is the cornerstone of the country's health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day,Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy,"Four Frees and One Care". This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006,the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then,the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time,development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases (AIDS,HBV,TB and other emerging infectious diseases) have been selected as national key scientific projects. China's best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology,immunology,pathogenesis,HAART,as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China's AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.     

NEW COREIDAE (HEMIPTERA, HETEROPTERA) FROM CHINA I

The present paper deals with 13 genera and 14 species of coreid bugs collectedfrom the various parts of China. Among them three genera and 10 species are des-cribed as new to science and four species are recorded for the first time from China. Mictinae Stal is recognized as a good subfamily holding two Asiatic tribes, MictiniStal and Derepterini, n. tribe, which are differentiated by the presence or absence of     

Toward the Domestication of Lignocellulosic Energy Crops: Learning from Food Crop Domestication

Domestication of cereal crops has provided a stable source of food for thousands of years.The extent to which lignocellulosic crops will contribute to the world’s renewable energy depends largely on how the new crops will be domesticated.Growing miscanthus as biofuel feedstocks on marginal and degraded land in northern and northwestern China offers an example for developing theoretical framework and practical strategies for energy crop domestication.The domestication should incorporate the highest possible ...     

Meeting Announcement 2007 Shanghai International Symposium on Stem Cell Research

We are delighted to announce an international symposium on stem cell research to be held in Shanghai on November 6-9, 2007. This meeting is co-organized by Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and several other research institutions in China, together with the International Society for Stem Cell Research （ISSCR）. This is the first time ISSCR co-organizes a meeting with other organizations. ISSCR will organize a delegacy of 8-10 members to participate the symposium.[第一段]     

Video Sequence-Based Iris Recognition Inspired by Human Cognition Manner

In video sequence-based iris recognition system, the problem of making full use of relationship and correlation among frames still remains to be solved. A brand new template level multimodal fusion algorithm inspired by human cognition manner is proposed. In that a non-isolated geometrical manifold, named Hyper Sausage Chain due to its sausage shape, is trained using the frames from a pattern class for representing an iris class in feature space. We can classify any input iris by observing which manifold it locates in. This process is closer to the function of human being, which takes ＇matter cognition＇ instead of ＇matter classification＇ as its basic principle. The experiments on self-developed JLUBR-IRIS dataset with several video sequences per person demonstrate the effectiveness and usability of the proposed algorithm for video sequence-based iris recognition. Fur- thermore, the comparative experiments on public CASIA-I and CASIA-V4-Interval datasets show that our method can also achieve improved performance of image-based iris recognition system, provided enough samples are involved in training stage.     

A new method of preparing fiber-optic DNA biosensor and its array for gene detection

A new method of preparing fiber-optic DNA biosensor and its array for the simultaneous detection of multiple genes is described. The optical fibers were first treated with poly-l-lysine, and then were made into fiber-optic DNA biosensors by adsorbing and immobilizing the oligonucleotide probe on its end. By assembling the fiber-optic DNA biosensors in a bundle in which each fiber carried a different DNA probe, the fiber-optic DNA biosensor array was well prepared. Hybridization of fluorescent- labeled cDNA of p53 gene, N-ras gene and Rb1 gene to the DNA array was monitored by CCD camera. A good result was achieved.     

Identification of potential cross-protective epitope between a new type of coronavirus(2019-nCoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus

Recently,a new type of unknown virus causing severe acute res-piratory infection was reported in Wuhan city,Hubei province,China(WHO,2020b).Infection of this virus was first reported in December 2019,and origin of the virus was traced back to a large seafood/wide animal market in Wuhan city.The serious clinical symptoms of the viral infection,including fever,dry cough,dys-pnea,and pneumonia,may result in progressive respiratory failure and even death.Moreover,the quick spread of the virus has caused an epidemic in China,as well as infection cases worldwide.The whole-genome sequence of Wuhan new virus(WH-Human_.1)was first released on January 10,2020(Zhang,2020),followed by additional ones released in Global Initiative on Sharing All Influ-enza Data(GISAID)(Shu and McCauley,2017).Later,this new virus was determined and announced as a new type of coronavirus(CoV;2019-nCoV)by the World Health Organization(WHO,2020a).     

关于百色石器研究——答林圣龙

We are greatly encouraged by the enthusiastic discussionssince the publication of our report on Science (vol. 287, no. 5458, p1622-1626, 2000) on the Bose Paleolithic study. These discussions are highly appreciated, as they are positive in promoting the development of Paleolithic science in Chi-na, and in clarifying some issues at Bose. Here, particular thanks are extended to Lin for his comments, which are briefly addressed as follows.
Most of the questions of Lin are centered on the relations of the tektites, stone artifacts and the stratigraphy. These had already been raised in the comments of Koeberl et al (vol.289, no. 5479, p507a, title :Tektites and the Age Paradox in Mid-Pleistocene China) and replied in detail in July 2000 in the same issue. Since then, further investigations have been carried out at Bose and there has not been any new evidence affecting our earlier interpretations, which are also supported by the lack of stone artifacts on the terraces younger than T4. It should be clarified that the stone tools discovered at the upper-most part of T4 at some localities are of Neolithic age, rather than Paleolithic. Thus, the statement of Lin about two possible generations of Paleolithic layers is not supported but should be further studied. Lin questioned in his past publications the existence of handaxe in the Paleolithic of China while typical handaxes in China have been internationally recognized by the majority of the Paleolithic community, such as those from the Dingcun, Lantian and Bose sites. The available ages of the Bose Paleolithic tools are naturally a contradiction to the “Movius line”.
Continuous investigation is being carried out at Bose, which is expected to provide further new ev- idence on the main issues.Discussion in the field would be greatly helpful for clarifying some of these issues. We cordially invite Lin to realize a first visit to Bose, and are looking forward to his contribution.