欧亚类禽猪流感病毒病原学研究进展

欧亚类禽猪流感病毒被认为是引起下次流感大流行可能性最大的动物流感病毒之一。1979年,第一次在猪群中分离到欧亚类禽猪流感病毒,该病毒随后在欧洲流行。欧亚类禽猪流感病毒从2005年起在我国猪群中广泛存在,偶尔可突破种属屏障感染人;在江苏、河北和湖南等地区已出现人感染欧亚类禽猪流感病毒,由此对公共卫生和生猪养殖业均有一定的威胁和影响。本文综述了欧亚类禽猪流感病毒的流行情况、病原学特征及其相关致病分子机制研究进展,旨在为欧亚类禽猪流感病毒的风险评估提供科学依据。     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的拯救

利用8质粒拯救系统成功拯救出了猪流感病毒毒株A/Swine/TianJin/01/2004(H1N1)(A/S/TJ/04)。将猪流感病毒8个基因节段经RT-PCR合成cDNA后, 分别克隆到RNA聚合酶I/II双向表达载体PHW2000中, 构建成8个重组质粒。用8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞, 30 h后加入TPCK-胰酶至终浓度0.5 mg/mL。共转染48小时后收获COS-1细胞及其上清, 经尿囊腔接种9日龄SPF鸡胚。收获死亡鸡胚尿囊液并继续用SPF鸡胚传3代, 得到有感染性的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制验、测序分析、电镜观察等均证实了A/S/TJ/04猪流感病毒的成功拯救。这是目前国内首次报道拯救出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒, 为进一步研究猪流感病毒基因组结构与功能的关系、流感跨种传播的机制以及构建新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的拯救

利用8质粒拯救系统成功拯救出了猪流感病毒毒株A/Swine/TianJin/01/2004(H1N1)(A/S/TJ/04)。将猪流感病毒8个基因节段经RT-PCR合成cDNA后, 分别克隆到RNA聚合酶I/II双向表达载体PHW2000中, 构建成8个重组质粒。用8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞, 30 h后加入TPCK-胰酶至终浓度0.5 mg/mL。共转染48小时后收获COS-1细胞及其上清, 经尿囊腔接种9日龄SPF鸡胚。收获死亡鸡胚尿囊液并继续用SPF鸡胚传3代, 得到有感染性的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制验、测序分析、电镜观察等均证实了A/S/TJ/04猪流感病毒的成功拯救。这是目前国内首次报道拯救出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒, 为进一步研究猪流感病毒基因组结构与功能的关系、流感跨种传播的机制以及构建新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

一株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的分离鉴定及全基因序列分析

2006年从辽宁省某猪场采集具有流感症状猪鼻拭子共30份,经9~11日龄SPF鸡胚分离,对分离株进行了血凝试验、血凝抑制试验、RT-PCR亚型鉴定,全基因序列比对和接种试验动物试验。结果表明:该毒株具有凝集0.5%鸡红细胞的活性,且与抗猪流感H1标准血清发生血凝抑制反应,RT-PCR分别扩增得到全基因8个片段,利用DNAStar生物学软件进行序列分析,HA基因与GenBank登录的H1~H16中的H1基因序列同源性最高,NA基因与N1~N9中的N1基因序列同源性最高,故该LN株分离毒为猪流感H1N1亚型病毒。全基因序列中,除了M基因不是猪源的,其它基因片段均与国内H1N1亚型猪流感参照株高度同源,推测LN株可能是由类人和类禽谱系的流感病毒与古典猪谱系的流感病毒重排形成的;用该病毒接种试验动物可成功复制出猪流感典型症状。该病毒的分离鉴定及全基因组序列分析为我国进一步调查猪流感的流行规律提供了基础数据。     

新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒

2009年3月在美国和墨西哥流感样患者的呼吸道标本中鉴定出新的猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒。该病毒可人一人传播,已蔓延到172个国家和地区。现就猪源性甲型H1N1流感病毒的鉴定、基因组结构特征做一综述。     

甲型流感病毒H5N1的系统进化分析简评

美国加州大学Robert G.Wallace,Richard H.Lathrop和Walter M.Fitch等人在2007年3月7日电子版(13日正式出版)的PNAS上发表文章,题目是:甲型流感病毒H5N1的系统进化地理学统计分析学(Astatistical phylogeography of influenza A H5N1)。该文发表以后,国内外流感病毒学者对此发生浓厚的兴趣,提出了一些对该文的评论。采用先进的生物信息学、数学模型等跨学科的先进方法进行病毒学的研究,特别是用来指导传染病预防和控制,是值得提倡和鼓励的,我国科学家应当认真学习;但是任何采用生物信息学方法做出的预测,还须经过病毒学实验研究的验证。以下发表的评述,仅供参考。百家争鸣才有利于科学的进步。     

尾静脉注射和鼻腔接种禽流感H5N1亚型病毒对血细胞的影响

[目的]Balb/c小鼠通过尾静脉注射和鼻腔接种禽流感H5N1亚型病毒造疾病模型,观察其血细胞变化。[方法]以禽流感H5N1亚型病毒通过静脉和鼻腔接种Balb/c小鼠,分别在0~7天和0~11天取血进行血细胞计数和分类,同时对于静脉接种方法进行了0~8小时的短时间监控。[结果]静脉接种途径在接种病毒后2小时就能显著的降低小鼠的白细胞总数、粒细胞及淋巴细胞数,白细胞总数及淋巴细胞数在第3天、粒细胞数在第2天就恢复正常而后均显著升高;而鼻腔接种仅在1~3天淋巴细胞有所降低,而后恢复正常;1~6天白细胞总数及粒细胞数显著升高,而后恢复正常。[结论]从血细胞变化而言,静脉接种相比鼻腔接种方法要好。     

禽流感H5N1病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的细胞免疫动态变化

[目的]测定H5N1病毒感染BALB/c的小鼠模型的细胞免疫动态变化,探讨病毒对机体免疫系统的影响。[方法]通过流式细胞仪测定CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T等细胞免疫变化。[结果]感染H5N1病毒的小鼠血液中CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T细胞数量下降(P<0.05),脾脏中T细胞数量下降的趋势与血液相同,CD4+T/CD8+T的比例上升,只是两者的时间有所差别。[结论]说明病毒对细胞免疫T细胞数量影响较大,而且CD8+T受到的影响更为明显,反应了机体特异性细胞免疫功能受抑制,并且彼此之间的平衡受到破坏。     

H1亚型猪流感病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立及其应用

为建立H1亚型猪流感病毒抗体检测方法,扩增了H1N1亚型猪流感病毒流行株的血凝素基因HA1部分,构建原核表达载体pET30a-HA1,并转化大肠杆菌BL21表达重组蛋白。对重组蛋白包涵体进行变性、复性和Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化。以纯化后的蛋白作包被抗原,建立间接ELISA检测方法。利用该检测方法检测了2008?2009年采集的猪血清785份,阳性率为15.54％,不同省份的阳性率存在差异 (8％~47％)。以IDEXX相关试剂盒检测结果作为参照,该方法的诊断特异性达到91％,诊断敏感性达到95％。     

三株交叉反应性的流感病毒HA抗体与H1N1流感病毒的致病机制分析

目的:结合临床甲型流感病例分析流感病毒可能的致病机理。方法:收集87份陕西省2009年甲型H1N1流感重症,危重症及死亡病例的血常规参数,对其淋巴细胞、红细胞和血小板三个指标分析。制备针对甲型H1N1的单克隆抗体,采用抗体亚类鉴定试剂盒分析其抗体轻链和重链的亚型,通过血凝活性实验检测三株抗体的血凝抑制活性,通过ELISA检测三株抗体与人和小鼠的血红蛋白、红细胞、白细胞膜和血小板膜的反应,通过免疫组化分析三株流感病毒抗体与正常小鼠肺组织的结合。结果:流感病毒感染后的死亡病例中淋巴细胞、红细胞和血小板均明显降低。三株抗体与人和小鼠的淋巴细胞、红细胞和血小板均有不同程度的交叉反应;免疫组化结果同时也证实三株HA抗体与小鼠的肺组织有不同的结合力。结论:流感病毒致病的原因可能与流感病毒感染机体后产生的抗体可与血液和组织中的成分结合有关。     

妊娠合并肺炎及甲型H1N1 流感的处理及预防探讨

目的:探讨妊娠合并肺炎及甲型H1N1流感的处理及预防措施。方法:我院2009年3月至2010年5月收治的12例妊娠合并肺炎及7例妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感的情况,包括对年龄、孕周、病情、其他合并症、辅助检查、治疗情况及转归进行回顾性分析。结果:19例经治疗后治愈14例,死亡5例,均为晚期妊娠,其中4例合并重症肺炎,1例合并重度子痫前期。12例妊娠合并肺炎者,死亡3例,治愈9例;7例妊娠合并甲型H1N1流感者,死亡2例,治愈5例。结论:妊娠合并肺炎及甲型H1N1流感者,病情控制越及时,母儿结局越好,若病情不见好转,应尽早终止妊娠。     

Reassortant swine influenza viruses isolated in Japan contain genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009

In 2013, three reassortant swine influenza viruses (SIVs)—two H1N2 and one H3N2—were isolated from symptomatic pigs in Japan; each contained genes from the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus and endemic SIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two H1N2 viruses, A/swine/Gunma/1/2013 and A/swine/Ibaraki/1/2013, were reassortants that contain genes from the following three distinct lineages: (i) H1 and nucleoprotein (NP) genes derived from a classical swine H1 HA lineage uniquely circulating among Japanese SIVs; (ii) neuraminidase (NA) genes from human‐like H1N2 swine viruses; and (iii) other genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses. The H3N2 virus, A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013, comprised genes from two sources: (i) hemagglutinin (HA) and NA genes derived from human and human‐like H3N2 swine viruses and (ii) other genes from pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that each of the reassortants may have arisen independently in Japanese pigs. A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013 were found to have strong antigenic reactivities with antisera generated for some seasonal human‐lineage viruses isolated during or before 2003, whereas A/swine/Miyazaki/2/2013 reactivities with antisera against viruses isolated after 2004 were clearly weaker. In addition, antisera against some strains of seasonal human‐lineage H1 viruses did not react with either A/swine/Gunma/1/2013 or A/swine/Ibaraki/1/2013. These findings indicate that emergence and spread of these reassortant SIVs is a potential public health risk.     

甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因RT-LAMP检测方法的建立与初步应用

目的:建立反转录环介导等温扩增技术(RT-LAMP)检测甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因的方法,并用于检测临床样本.方法:通过在线软件Primer Explorer V4设计H1N1 HA基因的RT-LAMP引物,建立RT-LAMP检测方法,并评价其灵敏度和特异度.结果:与传统RT-PCR方法相比,RT-LAMP检测方法具备更高的灵敏度,达到10个拷贝,并且具有良好的特异性;在76份呼吸道感染儿童的咽拭子标本中检测到2份阳性,与RT-PCR方法检测结果相同.结论:建立的H1N1 RT-LAMP检测方法灵敏特异,简单快速,具备H1N1现场检测应用前景.     

禽流感H5N1型病毒对沙鼠致病性的初步研究

[目的]观察禽流感H5N1型病毒对沙鼠的致病性;[方法]在生物安全三级实验室,将禽流感H5N1型病毒通过滴鼻接种乙醚麻醉后沙鼠,观察14天,记录沙鼠的体温体重、临床症状、病理变化、病毒分离及抗体变化;[结果]沙鼠感染后发病主要表现在第2天至第6天,攻毒组沙鼠出现反应迟钝、皱毛、弓背、食欲下降、呼吸急促、打堆等症状,攻毒组沙鼠的体温降低和体重减轻,死亡率为44%,在第8天检出抗体,主要病理变化表现为肺出现严重淤血、水肿、出血,镜下可见肺间质充血,血管周围炎性细胞浸润,肝和胸腺淤血,肾出血,肾小管变形。     

Comparison of the evolution of recent and late phase of old influenza A (H1N1) viruses

A comparison of the evolutionary tree of new influenza A (H1N1) viruses to that of old H1N1 viruses which disappeared in 1957 was performed. The evolutionary trees of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule based on amino acid sequences of the HA1 polypeptide were constructed with old and new H1N1 viruses isolated from 1947 to 1957 and 1986 to 2000, respectively. The evolutionary history of recent H1N1 viruses was similar to that of old H1N1 viruses just before the disappearance in two respects. Firstly, both viruses did not originate from the viruses of the previous H1N1 epidemic season but originated from the viruses branched off at the same point on the mainstream stem as the viruses of two H1N1 epidemic seasons earlier. Secondly, recent H1N1 viruses mainly circulating in Japan have a deletion at amino acid residue 134, located close to residue 131, which was deleted in old H1N1 viruses at the time of the disappearance. However, different from the evolutionary history of old H1N1 viruses, in the 1999/2000 H1N1 epidemic season, the H1N1 viruses which were located on the same lineage as the previous epidemic viruses were also isolated sporadically in Japan.     

重组细胞高产型H3N2猪流感病毒株的拯救

为拯救出一株能够在动物传代细胞中高水平复制的H3N2亚型猪流感疫苗株,利用反向遗传操作技术,将A/Goose/Dalian/3/01(H9N2)毒株的PB1、PA、NP、M、NS基因和A/PR/8/34毒株的PB2基因作为内部基因与猪流感病毒A/Swine/Henan/S4/01(H3N2)毒株的HA、NA基因进行重组,成功拯救出了具有高度细胞适应性毒株rH3N2株,该毒株接毒MDCK细胞60h后,血凝价可以达到1∶512,表明该毒株具有高度适应细胞繁殖特性,为H3N2亚型猪流感病毒细胞培养型疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Isolation and genetic characterization of avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China

As pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses, they have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we reported avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was closely to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses, which was for the first time reported in China; and the two H1N2 viruses (A/swine/Shanghai/1/07 and A/swine/Guangxi/13/06) were novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses containing genes from the classical swine (HA, NP, M and NS), human (NA and PB1) and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages, which indicted that the reassortment among human, avian, and swine influenza viruses had taken place in pigs in China and resulted in the generation of new viruses. The isolation of avian-like H1N1 influenza virus originated from the European swine H1N1 viruses, especially the emergence of two novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses provides further evidence that pigs serve as intermediate hosts or “mixing vessels”, and swine influenza virus surveillance in China should be given a high priority.     

1981～2005年中国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1演变特征

为了解1981~2005年我国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素基因的HA1演变特征,选取H1N1甲型流感病毒370株,提取病毒RNA,经逆转录和聚合酶链反应扩增HA1并测序,测定的序列用生物信息软件分析,与GenBank中相关序列比较,并对推导的编码氨基酸序列进行基因特性分析。结果表明:HA1氨基酸的变异表现为抗原决定簇4个区均有变异,Sb区和Ca区变化较大;HA1受体结合位点(RBS)的前壁130环的第134位赖氨酸从1991年起在部分毒株HA1序列上开始缺失,以后缺失株逐步增多,自2000年起测定的所有毒株上该氨基酸全部缺失,同时这些缺失株的第137位氨基酸也全部由苏氨酸替换为丝氨酸;糖基化位点从增多到减少,最后稳定在7个;1981~2004年我国H1N1甲型流感病毒血凝素HA1编码的氨基酸在种系发育树上同年代基本呈现集中分布,与时间和地域无关,2005年毒株分成两个分支在时间上有明显差异。