猪传染性水泡病病毒在去核细胞内的复制

本实验利用CB去核技术制备了IBRS-2细胞的胞质体,研究了SVDV在胞质体内的复制与发生。运用显微自显影,单个去核细胞定位包埋及其电镜自显影以及液体闪烁计数技术等综合方法,证实SVDV可在去核的细胞内复制病毒的RNA,而且可致细胞病变,并用细胞显微操作技术直接证实胞质体内可以产生有感染性的子代病毒,从而说明SVDV可利用胞质体作为活试管进行复制,无需细胞核直接参加调控。     

IB-RS-2细胞的微细胞的形成过程及其超微结构的研究

IB-RS-2细胞经秋水仙素(2微克/毫升)处理24—48小时,约75％的细胞形成微核,同时在细胞表面形成许多大小不一的原生质突起。微核化的细胞进一步用松胞素B(10微克/毫升)处理,在Ficoll不连续梯度(12.5％、16％、25％)中进行离心去核、形成许多微细胞。扫描电镜观察表明,微细胞是微核化细胞的原生质突起脱落而形成的。微细胞是一个不均一的群体,无论在大小与表面形态,还是在微细胞内部的成分与结构上都存在很大差异。     

细胞松驰素B对牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒感染与复制的影响

体外培养的牛肾细胞,经浓度为50μg/ml的细胞松弛素B(CB)处理2小时后,牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)仍能侵入细胞,繁殖的子代病毒数量不受影响。然而当同样浓度的CB在病毒的整个繁殖期中持续存在时,病毒的繁殖即完全被抑制。说明细胞的吞噬作用至少不是这种病毒进入细胞的唯一方式,可能病毒囊膜与细胞膜的融合是病毒进入细胞的主要方式;而在侵入细胞后的病毒繁殖过程中,细胞微丝和其它对CB敏感的系统起着不可缺少的作用。降解微丝对IBRV的早期发生有明显的影响,其效应强度与CB的浓度有关。还观察到CB处理对病毒形态发生方式有明显影响。     

细胞松弛素D对棉铃虫核型多角体病毒复制和装配的影响

杆状病毒感染引起宿主细胞肌动蛋白骨架的构象变化 ,使之形成缆绳结构 .棉铃虫核型多角体病毒 (HaNPV)的衣壳蛋白也能使宿主昆虫的肌动蛋白发生凝聚 ,用细胞松弛素D抑制宿主肌动蛋白形成纤丝结构 ,病毒感染Hz AM1,空斑计数表明 ,0 1μg/ml细胞松弛素D可使棉铃虫核型多角体病毒的增殖下降 10 4倍 ,细胞松弛素D浓度增高到 0 5 μg/ml则测不到子代病毒粒子 .Western印迹分析表明 ,细胞松弛素D并不影响受染细胞中肌动蛋白的含量 .斑点印迹 (dotblot)也表明 ,病毒DNA的合成也没有受到影响 ,推测宿主细胞的肌动蛋白纤丝结构与病毒的复制有关 .在电子显微镜下观察超薄切片发现 ,在 0 5 μg/ml细胞松弛素D处理细胞中形成的病毒粒子形态与正常形态明显不同 ,提示细胞松弛素D抑制HaNPV的增殖是由于抑制病毒组装成完整有感染性的病毒粒子 .从而可以认为宿主昆虫细胞的丝状肌动蛋白对子代病毒的复制和组装是必需的 .     

体外细胞去核过程的扫描电镜观察

使用5—10微克/毫升浓度的CB处理生长在特制的玻片上的HeLa、IB-RS-2、BHK-21细胞,然后离心去核。去核过程的不同阶段中的细胞经临界点干燥,用SEM观察。用CB处理后,细胞表面出现大量泡状物,偶尔也发生自发排核。离心时,包着细胞核的胞质突起物从细胞表面升起,逐渐拉长至念珠状,最后断裂。同时也可看到核从胞质突起中剥出。所获得胞质体形状随离心力与细胞生长面的角度不同而异。含有CB和秋水仙素的营养液处理细胞冲刷去核的过程,也使用SEM进行了观察,突出的核可被冲掉,留下胞质体。这种情况下泡状物失去很多,因而可能失去较多的膜物质和核糖体。     

中国大鲵虹彩病毒对293T细胞系的感染性研究

中国大鲵虹彩病毒(Chinese giant salamander iridovirus,CGSIV)属于虹彩病毒科蛙病毒属,对两栖类具有强致病率,给两栖类养殖业带来了严重的经济损失。本研究将人胚肾细胞系(293T)作为CGSIV的潜在宿主细胞系,通过验证26℃下CGSIV对293T细胞的感染性及病毒特性,为将293T发展成为CGSIV病毒研究的细胞系模型打下基础。利用PCR、Western Blot和透射电镜等技术对CGSIV感染293T细胞及其在293T细胞中的基因表达、病毒复制及子代病毒等进行验证;并通过半数组织培养感染剂量(Median tissue culture infectious dose,TCID50)法和绝对定量qPCR检测CGSIV在293T中的病毒滴度及病毒含量。结果表明:293T在接种CGSIV 72 h时出现了典型的病变特征;成功在受感染的293T细胞内检测到CGSIV基因组及病毒相关基因的转录和翻译,表明CGSIV能够成功感染293T细胞并在细胞内顺利完成病毒相关基因的表达;通过透射电镜观察到293T细胞内呈晶格状排列且横切面为正六边形的病毒粒子,病毒感染实验显示其病毒粒子能够感染鲤鱼上皮瘤细胞(Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid,EPC),表明CGSIV能够在293T细胞内顺利完成其生活周期,产生具感染力的完整子代病毒;CGSIV在293T细胞内的病毒滴度约为2.26×105TCID50/mL;CGSIV在293T细胞中的复制时序表明病毒在感染24 h内复制缓慢,36 h后进入复制高峰期并延续于整个感染周期内。综上,在26℃下,CGSIV能够感染293T细胞系,并在细胞内完成其生活周期,产生具有感染力的完整子代病毒;另外,CGSIV对293T细胞的感染与鱼类细胞相比,其感染病变时间也有所延长。本研究为发展293T细胞作为CGSIV病毒研究的细胞系新模型奠定了基础。     

辛德毕斯病毒在BHK—21细胞中繁殖过程的研究

辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus)在BHK—21细胞中繁殖的一步生长曲线表明,病毒感染后2小时便可产生大量的子代病毒;感染后6小时,病毒滴度达到最高峰,为109TCID50/ml电镜技术显示了病毒粒子的形态结构与形态发生过程。本文还对SbV的代谢合成动态及对宿主细胞的影响进行了研究和讨论。     

用微载体大量培养二倍体细胞株微载体的改进

<正> 原代猴肾细胞常被用于繁殖培养病毒以 制备人用疫苗,这样就需要大量的猴子。鉴 于猴子的短缺以及疫苗的安全性问题,促进 了改变细胞来源的研究。人与动物的二倍体 细胞(DC)是最好的替代者。为什么DC迄 今仍未能被广泛应用于此目的呢,我们的意 见其主要原因不是出于安全性,而是这些细 胞不能进行大量培养。制备死疫苗时肯定需 要大量的细胞作为病毒繁殖的培养基。 由于DC不能悬浮培养,而需附着于固 体表面。用于BHK及Hela细胞的大量悬 浮培养技术,不能用于培养DC细胞。在我 们的实验室里建立的微载体培养技术,可使 单层与悬浮培养一起进行,这种技术适于大 量培养DC及其他载体依赖细胞(Anchora-     

流行性出血热病毒在人B淋巴母细胞中复制增殖

本文应用细胞培养、免疫荧光及电镜技术研究了B淋巴母细胞对EHF病毒的易感性。结果表明EHF病毒可在该细胞中增殖。感染细胞无明显细胞病变,在形态上与对照组无差别。虽然大部分感染细胞呈现明亮病毒抗原荧光,但在电镜下却难以找到完整的病毒颗粒,仅在扩张的囊泡中发现一些性质待定的微丝样物质。人B淋巴母细胞持续感染的建立,提示患者外周血中大量出现的异型淋巴细胞可能允许EHF病毒在其中复制。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒在CIK细胞中复制及形态发生的研究

以草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)感染的草鱼肾细胞系(CIK)为模型,进行了草鱼呼肠孤病毒在细胞内的形态发生的研究.当病毒以感染复数为5～10PFU/CELL感染CIK细胞时,在病毒感染细胞4h以内的切片中,可观察到脱去部分外层衣壳的不完整病毒颗粒.感染细胞8h,可观察到浆胞内病毒发生基质,其内含有大量的直径约50nm的亚病毒颗粒,无外层蛋白结构.感染12～16h后,这些亚病毒颗粒装配上外层蛋白结构,形成直径为72nm左右的成熟的病毒粒子.病毒感染细胞8h后,开始出现典型的病毒包含体,16～20h小时病毒包含体裂解,继而释放出有感染性的子代病毒颗粒.该结果有助于对GCRV致病机理的了解.     

Crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine kidney cells (IB-RS-2 cells)

Crystal formation of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) in IB-RS-2 cells was studied by electron microscopy. Cells were harvested 0, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6 and 7 hours after inoculation. Crystalline arrays of SVDV was first observed in the cytoplasm of a few cells 4.5 hours after inoculation. In the cytoplasm of many cells harvested at 5 hours, 1 to 3 crystalline arrays of SVDV were observed. After that, a small number of cells had crystalline arrays in the cytoplasm. The cells with crystalline arrays were rich in ribosome and polysome with dilated mitochondria and many tiny vesicles. An individual virus particle was ca. 18 nm in diameter, and the center-to-center space ca. 22 nm. Crystalline arrays varied in size depending on the plane of section.     

Virus propagation in a swine monocyte cell line

The propagation of seventeen virus strains, classified into five virus families, in a swine monocyte cell line (SW/K99) was studied in the point of infective progeny production. The viruses examined were adapted to grow in a swine epithelial cell line (KSEK6) and were proved to show clear CPE in advance. These viruses were successively passaged in the monocyte cultures regardless of CPE occurrence. The cultures at 3rd passage level were titrated for their infectivity using KSEK6 cells. Out of the viruses examined, only Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) was able to propagate in the monocytes. Four ADV strains, two virulent and two attenuated strains, were compared for their growth in two cell lines. The final amount of infective progeny measured at 72 hours incubation at 36.5 degrees C was almost in a similar order between 2 cell lines. However, the amount of infective progeny produced at 24 hours incubation was higher in SW/K99 cells than that in KSEK6 cells. The occurrence of CPE was also more evident in SW/K99 cells in an early incubation. The data indicate that viral susceptibility of the monocytes to ADV is higher than that of epithelium. Other viruses were abortive in the monocytes.     

Characteristics of the porcine kidney cell line IB-RS-2 clone D10 (IB-RS-2 D10) which is free of hog cholera virus

Summary A Brazilian stock of clone C17 of the IB-RS-2 porcine kidney cell line which was contaminated with hog cholera virus (HCV) was cloned. One clone designated IB-RS-2 D10 was determined to be free of HCV, 20 other viruses, andMycoplasma. IB-RS-2 D10 cells possessed the same viral susceptibility pattern as the contaminated parent cells to the viruses of foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis, and several other viruses. The IB-RS-2 D10 cells had a median chromosome count of 34, were morphologically epithelioid cells, and were resistant to HCV infection. Freedom from HCV affords advantages for vaccine production and avoids laboratory contamination. Mention of a trademark, propriety product, or source does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.     

The propagation of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine cell lines

A strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), P-5V, utilized as a live virus vaccine in Japan was infected to a swine cell lines, KSEK6 and IB-RS-2 cells. Clear CPE, characterized by cellular destruction, started to appear in the infected cells on 2-3 days post infection (DPI) and affected cells was completely degenerated on 4 DPI. The virus was serially passaged in the cells even without addition of trypsin. Small but clear plaques were formed under an agar overlay medium on the cells. The infective titer in the order of 10(7.00-7.50) TCID50 per ml was obtained at usual incubation temperature.     

猪水泡病病毒强致病性毒株主要保护性抗原蛋白基因cDNA的序列测定与分析

从猪水泡病病毒（ＳＶＤＶ）细胞培养物的ＰＥＧ浓缩毒中提取病毒ＲＮＡ,经ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和套式ＰＣＲ扩增病毒主要保护性抗原蛋白基因,将扩增产物１．６ｋｂ插入ｐＵＣ１８载体中,经亚克隆后用双脱氧链终止法测定其序列,与已发表的ＳＶＤＶ分离物该区序列作比较,核苷酸同源性为９６％－９７％,氨基酸同源性为９８％,参与构成ＳＶＤＶ中和性抗原位点的几个氨基酸残基均很保守;与已发表的柯萨奇Ｂ５病毒的对应序列比较,两者核苷酸序列同源性为７７％,而推导的氨基酸顺序同源性竞高达９２％。本文结果有助于ＳＶＤＶ的分子流行病学研究,并为其和柯萨奇Ｂ５病毒的相互关系提供参考数据,为ＳＶＤＶ新型疫苗研究提供了基础材料     

Tamiflu-resistant but HA-mediated cell-to-cell transmission through apical membranes of cell-associated influenza viruses

The infection of viruses to a neighboring cell is considered to be beneficial in terms of evasion from host anti-virus defense systems. There are two pathways for viral infection to "right next door": one is the virus transmission through cell-cell fusion by forming syncytium without production of progeny virions, and the other is mediated by virions without virus diffusion, generally designated cell-to-cell transmission. Influenza viruses are believed to be transmitted as cell-free virus from infected cells to uninfected cells. Here, we demonstrated that influenza virus can utilize cell-to-cell transmission pathway through apical membranes, by handover of virions on the surface of an infected cell to adjacent host cells. Live cell imaging techniques showed that a recombinant influenza virus, in which the neuraminidase gene was replaced with the green fluorescence protein gene, spreads from an infected cell to adjacent cells forming infected cell clusters. This type of virus spreading requires HA activation by protease treatment. The cell-to-cell transmission was also blocked by amantadine, which inhibits the acidification of endosomes required for uncoating of influenza virus particles in endosomes, indicating that functional hemagglutinin and endosome acidification by M2 ion channel were essential for the cell-to-cell influenza virus transmission. Furthermore, in the cell-to-cell transmission of influenza virus, progeny virions could remain associated with the surface of infected cell even after budding, for the progeny virions to be passed on to adjacent uninfected cells. The evidence that cell-to-cell transmission occurs in influenza virus lead to the caution that local infection proceeds even when treated with neuraminidase inhibitors.     

Importance of arginine 20 of the swine vesicular disease virus 2A protease for activity and virulence

A major virulence determinant of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an Enterovirus that causes an acute vesicular disease, has been mapped to residue 20 of the 2A protease. The SVDV 2A protease cleaves the 1D-2A junction in the viral polyprotein, induces cleavage of translation initiation factor eIF4GI, and stimulates the activity of enterovirus internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). The 2A protease from an attenuated strain of SVDV (Ile at residue 20) is significantly defective at inducing cleavage of eIF4GI and the activation of IRES-dependent translation compared to the 2A protease from a pathogenic strain (J1/73, Arg at residue 20), but the two proteases have similar 1D-2A cleavage activities (Y. Sakoda, N. Ross-Smith, T. Inoue, and G. J. Belsham, J. Virol. 75:10643-10650, 2001). Residue 20 has now been modified to every possible amino acid, and the activities of each mutant 2A protease has been analyzed. Selected mutants were reconstructed into full-length SVDV cDNA, and viruses were rescued. The rate of virus growth in cultured swine kidney cells reflected the efficiency of 2A protease activity. In experimentally infected pigs, all four of the mutant viruses tested displayed much-reduced virulence compared to the J1/73 virus but a significant, albeit reduced, level of viral replication and excretion was detected. Direct sequencing of cDNA derived from samples taken early and late in infection indicated that a gradual selection-reversion to a more efficient protease occurred. The data indicated that extensive sequence change and selection may introduce a severe bottleneck in virus replication, leading to a decreased viral load and reduced or no clinical disease.     

The major virus-producing cell type during murine cytomegalovirus infection, the hepatocyte, is not the source of virus dissemination in the host

The course of systemic viral infections is determined by the virus productivity of infected cell types and the efficiency of virus dissemination throughout the host. Here, we used a cell-type-specific virus labeling system to quantitatively track virus progeny during murine cytomegalovirus infection. We infected mice that expressed Cre recombinase selectively in vascular endothelial cells or hepatocytes with a murine cytomegalovirus for which Cre-mediated recombination would generate a fluorescently labeled virus. We showed that endothelial cells and hepatocytes produced virus after direct infection. However, in the liver, the main contributor to viral load in the mouse, most viruses were produced by directly infected hepatocytes. Remarkably, although virus produced in hepatocytes spread to hepatic endothelial cells (and vice versa), there was no significant spread from the liver to other organs. Thus, the cell type producing the most viruses was not necessarily the one responsible for virus dissemination within the host.     

Laboratory-scale inactivation of African swine fever virus and swine vesicular disease virus in pig slurry

Two methods were evaluated for the inactivation of African swine fever (ASV) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) viruses in pig slurry: chemical treatment and heat treatment. The addition of NaOH or Ca(OH)2 at different concentration/time combinations at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C was examined, as was virus stability at different temperature/time combinations. ASF virus (ASFV) was less resistant to both methods than SVD virus (SVDV). In slurry from one source, ASFV was inactivated at 65 degrees C within 1 min, whereas SVDV required at least 2 min at 65 degrees C. However, it was found that thermal inactivation depended on the characteristics of the slurry used. Addition of 1% (w/v) of NaOH or Ca(OH)2 caused the inactivation of ASFV within 150 s at 4 degrees C; 0.5% (w/v) NaOH or Ca(OH)2 required 30 min for inactivation. NaOH or Ca(OH)2 (1% (w/v)) was not effective against SVDV at 22 degrees C after 30 min, and 1.5% (w/v) NaOH or Ca(OH)2 caused inactivation of SVDV at both 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C. At higher chemical concentrations or temperatures, ASFV and SVDV inactivation was faster in slurry than in buffered medium.