越南产沙巴银莲花(毛茛科)的名实订正(英文)

通过标本检查,发现越南产毛茛科沙巴银莲花(Anemone chapaensis Gagnep.)与主要分布于我国的拟卵叶银莲花(A.howellii J.F.JeffreyW.W.Smith)属于同一种植物,故将前者处理为后者的异名。     

Carbon Assimilation Characteristics of the Aquatic CAM Plant, Isoetes howellii

The relationship between malic acid production and carbon assimilation was examined in the submerged aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant, Isoetes howellii Engelmann. Under natural conditions free-CO₂ level in the water was highest at 0600 hours and ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation rates in I. howellii were also highest at this time. After 0900 hours there was a similar pattern in (a) rate of free-CO₂ depletion from the water, (b) reduction of carbon assimilation rates, and (c) rate of deacidification in leaves. Rates of daytime deacidification increased under CO₂-free conditions and as irradiance intensity increased. Nighttime CO₂ uptake was estimated to contribute one-third to one-half of the total daily gross carbon assimilation. CO₂ uptake, however, accounted for only one-third to one-half of the overnight malic acid accumulation. Internal respiratory CO₂ may be a substrate for a large portion of overnight acid accumulation as leaves incubated overnight without CO₂ accumulated substantial levels of malic acid. Loss of CAM occurred in emergent leaf tips even though submerged bases continued CAM. Associated with loss of CAM in aerial leaves was an increase in total chlorophyll, a/b ratio, and carotenoids, and a decrease in leaf succulence. δ¹³C values of I. howellii were not clearly distinguishable from those for associated non-CAM submerged macrophytes.     

Two new species of Viola (Violaceae) from the Intermountain West,U.S.A.

Viola lithion andV. franksmithii are rock-dwelling endemics that belong to the North American perennial, caulescent, simple-leaved, blue-, purple-, or white-flowered group of species.Viola lithion, from the White Pine and Pilot mountain ranges of eastern Nevada and adjacent Utah, belongs to sectionChamaemelanium subsectionCanadenses. It most closely resembles the reniform-leaved, Olympic MountainV. flettii, together with which it possibly shares an ancestry with the widespread and allopatricV. canadensis. Viola franksmithii, restricted to the Logan Canyon drainage of the Bear River Range in northern Utah, belongs to sectionRostellatae subsectionRosulantes. It comes closest morphologically toV. howellii of the Coast Range, but likely evolved from the widespreadV. adunca or a common ancestor.     

DISTRIBUTION OF DIURNAL ACID METABOLISM IN THE GENUS ISOETES

Previous studies have revealed a crassulacean acid metabolism-like pathway in the submerged aquatic Isoetes howellii (Isoetaceae). A survey of 11 other species in this largely aquatic genus showed all had diurnal fluctuations in titratable acidity and malic acid concentration. The magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in titratable acidity varied from 119 (μeq g^–1 fresh weight) for I. bolanderi to 44 for I. engelmanni. Although these species were grown under similar conditions in a greenhouse, it is questionable whether or not any significance can be attached to observed species specific differences in magnitude of diurnal acid fluctuation. This is suggested by a single species comparison of plants in the field with greenhouse grown plants which indicated nearly as much variation in magnitude of acid fluctuations as observed across all species in the greenhouse. Much of this variation may be due to seasonal differences. Substrate appears to have very little effect on magnitude of acid fluctuations. Since this survey covered most of the range of the latitudinal, elevational, habitat, and morphological variation in the genus, it is likely that diurnal acid metabolism will prove to be common in the genus Isoetes.     

DIURNAL ACID METABOLISM IN ISOETES HOWELLII FROM A TEMPORARY POOL AND A PERMANENT LAKE

Water chemistry and titratable acidity and malic acid levels in Isoetes howellii leaves were sampled every 6 hr from plants in a seasonal pool and an oligotrophic lake. Plants in the seasonal pool showed a diurnal fluctuation of ~ 300 μequivalents titratable acidity g⁻¹ fresh wt; daytime deacidification was 75% complete by noon and nighttime acidification was 45% complete by midnight. Late in the season after the pool had dried, emergent leaves showed only a very weak tendency to accumulate acid at night. Plants from the oligotrophic lake had a diurnal change of ~100 μeq g⁻¹ fresh wt, daytime deacidification was only 45% complete by noon but nighttime acidification was 80% complete by midnight. Water characteristics were distinctly different between these two systems. In the seasonal pool there were marked diurnal changes in temperature, pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Free-CO₂ levels were an order of magnitude greater in the early morning than in the late afternoon. In contrast, the conditions in the oligotrophic lake showed no marked diurnal fluctuation, though total inorganic carbon levels were extremely low relative to other aquatic systems.     

ISOETES HOWELLII: A SUBMERGED AQUATIC CAM PLANT?

In the leaves (but not corms) of the submerged aquatic plant Isoetes howellii, malic acid concentration fluctuates from 1–3 mg g^–1 FW in the evening to 7–13 mg g^–1 FW in the morning. Associated with this is a change in pH (a.m. pH 3–4 vs. p.m. pH 5–6) and titratable acidity (75–200 μ eq g^–1 FW change in acidity between morning and evening) of the plant extract. ¹⁴CO₂-fixation experiments indicate that carbon is fixed in both the light and the dark, though the amount of carbon fixed in the light is more than double that fixed in the dark. Autoradiographs show 89% of dark-fixed CO₂ ends up in malic acid and the remainder in citric acid, whereas these two acids constitute less than 5% of the light-fixation products. It is suggested that CAM metabolism in this aquatic species may be related to the lower availability of CO₂ for photosynthesis during the day than during the night in its aquatic environment.     

Measuring the effects of invasive species on the demography of a rare endemic plant

The impacts of invasive species are among the greatest threats to the persistence of native species and communities. Yet most work on rare plants has focused on issues such as habitat fragmentation and genetic diversity, while few studies have quantified the impacts of invasive plants on native ones or investigated the underlying mechanisms of those impacts. I used removal experiments to assess the effects of invasive grasses on the seedling and adult demography of an endangered California endemic, Oenothera deltoidesssp. howellii. Invasive plant removal significantly increased O. deltoides seedling recruitment, but had no effect on adult plants. Differences in seedling recruitment were primarily driven by greatly increased seedling emergence rates in removal plots, although there was also some evidence of higher seedling survivorship with invasives removal. Differences in habitat type strongly influenced both the effects of removal treatments and O. deltoides demography, with areas that support natural recruitment showing weaker treatment effects and higher overall recruitment, but lower adult survivorship, compared to those under restoration through planting. These results indicate that inhibition of germination due to reduced soil disturbance, rather than resource competition, appears to be the strongest impact of invasive plants on this rare endemic. Although previous work has documented the importance of changed disturbance regimes in generating invasion impacts, invader effects on rare plants are generally presumed to result from resource competition. Studies like this one highlight the need for a greater emphasis on understanding the mechanisms by which invasive plants impact native ones, and the importance of such information in designing conservation and management strategies.     

Additions a la faune de sélaciens fossilesdu Maroc: 1: Sur la présence des genres Heptranchias,Alopias etOdontorhytis dans l'Yprésien des Ouled Abdoun

Recent researches in the phosphat-bearing basins ofMorocco have allowed to collect new selachian forms. In this paper, three Ypresian genera from Ouled Abdoun basin, new for Morocco, are described: Heptranchias howellii (Reed, 1946), Alopias denticulatus nov. sp. and Odontorhytis pappenheimiBöhm, 1926. The re-discovery of the genus Odontorhytis allows to state precisely its morphological dental features and to affirm that it is well a selachian and not a teleostean, as it was thought. The stratigraphic distribution of some species is stated precisely.     

Insights into the Witheringia solanacea (Solanaceae) Complex in Costa Rica. I. Breeding Systems and Crossing Studies1

The Witheringia solanacea complex consists of three species, W. asterotricha, W. meiantha, and W, solanacea, native to Central and South America. The three taxa are morphologically similar, and their distinctions and relationships have been the subject of taxonomic controversy. To investigate breeding systems and potential for hybridization among the taxa of the complex, two Costa Rican accessions per species were used in a crossing program. All plants were self‐incompatible except for one accession of W. solanacea. Hybrid plants resulted from all crosses among accessions of W. asterotricha and W. solanacea. Most crosses were unsuccessful using W. meiantha in combination with either of the other two taxa. It is suggested that W. meiantha and W. solanacea be recognized as separate taxa, but that W. asterotricha be considered a synonym of W. solanacea.     

云南翠雀花属二新种

该文描述了自云南西北部发现的毛茛科翠雀花属二新种:短葶翠雀花(Delphinium breviscaposum W.T.Wang)和丝苞翠雀花(D.filibracteolum W.T.Wang)。短葶翠雀花与察隅翠雀花(D.chayuense W.T.Wang)在亲缘关系上相近,前者与后者的区别在于短葶翠雀花植株具3条簇生短花葶,总状花序的轴和花梗无毛,小苞片较长,萼片较小,退化雄蕊的瓣片不分裂;丝苞翠雀花与拟长距翠雀花(D.dolichocentroides W.T.Wang)近缘,前者与后者的区别在于丝苞翠雀花的花组成圆锥花序,花梗、萼片和萼距均较短,退化雄蕊的爪无附属物,心皮无毛。     

Major sclerotial polypeptides of psychrophilic pathogenic fungi: Intracellular localization and antigenic relatedness

Summary Major sclerotial polypeptides from the psychrophiles,Myriosclerotinia borealis (W 51),Coprinus psychromorbidus (LRS 131),Typhula idahoensis (W 21), andTyphula incarnata (W 21) were purified by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroelution. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against these major sclerotial polypeptides. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that the major sclerotial polypeptides from all four psychrophilic species were sequestered in discrete protein bodies of cultured and field-grown sclerotia. Western blot analysis indicated that all antisera reacted positively with their respective antigens, the major sclerotial polypeptides. Reciprocal immunological cross-reactions were observed between the major sclerotial polypeptides ofM. borealis (W 51) andT. idahoensis (W 21). Antiserum to the major sclerotial polypeptides of bothM. borealis andT. idahoensis also recognized the major sclerotial polypeptides ofC. psychromorbidus (LRS 131). It is suggested that the major sclerotial polypeptides of these psychrophilic plant pathogens may act as storage proteins.Abbreviations W 51 Myriosclerotinia borealis (W 51) - LRS 131 Coprinus psychromorbidus (LRS 131) - W 21 Typhula idahoensis (W 21) - W 29 Typhula incarnata (W 29) - anti W 51 antiserum to the major sclerotial polypeptide ofM. borealis W 51 - anti LRS 131 antiserum to the major sclerotial polypeptides ofC. psychromorbidus (LRS 131) - anti W 21 antiserum to the major sclerotial polypeptides ofT. idahoensis (W 21) - anti W 29 antiserum to the major sclerotial polypeptides ofT. incarnata (W 29) - SDS sodium dodecylsulfate - kDa kilodalton - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - HRP horseradish peroxidase - PBS phosphate buffered saline - TBS Tris buffered saline - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate     

High Expression of the Second Lysine Decarboxylase Gene,ldc, in Escherichia coli WC196 Due to the Recognition of the Stop Codon (TAG), at a Position Which Corresponds to the 33th Amino Acid Residue of σ38, as a Serine Residue by the Amber Suppressor,supD

Escherichia coli WC196, which was obtained from the strain W3110 by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis as an overproducer of lysine, produced approximately twenty times more cadaverine than did W3110, and had a twenty fold higher level of rpoS gene product, σ³⁸, than in W3110. Both WC196 and W3110 had a stop codon (TAG) in rpoS at position which corresponds to the 33th residue of σ³⁸ protein. In addition, WC196 but not W3110 had a mutation in the gene encoding Ser-tRNA (SerU), called, supD. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of a σ³⁸ preparation from WC196 showed that the 33th residue of σ³⁸ is a serine residue. The ΔrpoS ΔcadA mutant of E. coli W3110 harboring the plasmid containing rpoS, in which the TAG codon was converted to a TCG codon for serine-33 residue of σ³⁸, expressed a significant amount of Ldc and accumulated a large amount of σ³⁸. However, the ΔrpoS ΔcadA mutant of W3110 with the plasmid containing the intact rpoS from W3110 could synthesize neither σ³⁸ nor Ldc significantly.     

中国毛茛科翠雀属的分类学研究(三):拟澜沧翠雀花、磨顶山翠雀花和粗距蓝翠雀花的名实订正(英文)

通过标本室和野外观察,发现根据云南西北部德钦标本描述的拟澜沧翠雀花(Delphinium pseudothibeticum W.T.WangM.J.Warnock)与同样根据德钦标本描述的短角萼翠雀花(D.ceratophorum Franch.var.brevicorniculatum W.T.Wang)属于同一植物,故将前者处理为后者的异名;而根据德钦标本描述的磨顶山("磨顶"应为德钦县羊拉乡茂顶,故"磨顶山"实应为"茂顶山")翠雀花(D.motingshanicum W.T.WangM.J.Warnock)和粗距蓝翠雀花(D.caeruleum Jacq.ex Camb.var.crassicalcaratum W.T.WangM.J.Warnock)均与云南西北部颇为常见的宽距翠雀花(D.beesianum W.W.Smith)属于同一植物(磨顶山翠雀花为宽距翠雀花的高大个体),故将磨顶山翠雀花和粗距蓝翠雀花均处理为宽距翠雀花的异名。     

异质光照环境下克隆整合对南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊种间关系的影响

很多入侵植物具有克隆性,克隆整合对入侵克隆植物生长和繁殖具有重要的贡献。自然界中,植物生长和繁殖所需的各种资源如光照、水分和矿质养分等在空间上分布通常是异质的,但关于异质环境下克隆整合对入侵植物和本土同属植物种间关系影响的研究相对缺乏。通过温室控制实验,将入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)和同属本土植物蟛蜞菊(W.chinensis)的分株对单独种植或者混合种植在异质性光照条件下,同时通过保持或者切断分株之间的连接来控制克隆整合效应的有无,研究异质光照环境下克隆整合对南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊种间关系的影响。克隆整合对南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊的生长和繁殖都有促进作用,且南美蟛蜞菊比蟛蜞菊从克隆整合中获益更多。与单独种植相比,两者混种对南美蟛蜞菊的叶生物量有显著影响,而对本地种蟛蜞菊的根生物量有显著影响。克隆整合和种间关系对南美蟛蜞菊的总生物量和叶生物量产生了显著的交互作用,而对蟛蜞菊各指标无显著影响。克隆整合状态显著影响了南美蟛蜞菊和蟛蜞菊的种间关系。这些结果表明,异质环境下克隆整合可以改变入侵植物南美蟛蜞菊和本土植物蟛蜞菊的生长性状及种间关系。     

DNA relatedness among saturn-spored yeasts assigned to the generaWilliopsis andPichia

Saturn-spored species assigned to the generaWilliopsis andPichia were compared from extent of nuclear DNA complementarity. Of thePichia spp., four were recognized as distinct taxa:P. dispora, P. saitoi, P. zaruensis andPichia sp. nov. AmongWilliopsis spp., the following were accepted:W. californica, W. mucosa comb. nov.,W. pratensis, W. saturnus var.saturnus, W. saturnus var.mrakii comb. nov.,W. saturnus var.sargentensis comb. nov.,W. saturnus var.subsufficiens comb. nov. andWilliopsis sp. nov. The newPichia andWilliopsis species are described elsewhere. Moderate (36–68%) DNA relatedness was detected between the formerPichia sargentensis and varieties ofW. saturnus again demonstrating that nitrate assimilation is not a reliable criterion for separating yeast species.     

Bio-protective potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented wax gourd

The antifungal activities of 85 lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from fermented wax gourd against the four fungal species, Penicillium oxalicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sydowii, and Mucor racemosus, were determined. Inhibitory activity against at least one or more fungal species was observed with 27 Weissella cibaria and 11 Weissella paramesenteroides strains. Among these strains, W. cibaria 861006 and W. paramesenteroides 860509 showed greater inhibitory activities and were therefore selected for further analysis. The results suggested that the antifungal activities were originated from the organic acids produced by W. cibaria 861006 and W. paramesenteroides 860509. The application tests indicated that the growth of P. oxalicum could be effectively inhibited by W. cibaria 861006 for 6 days on grape surfaces. However, W. paramesenteroides 860509 could only remain its inhibition effect for 48 h. The findings obtained in this study suggest the potential use of W. cibaria 861006 as a bio-protective agent against fungi for agricultural purposes or ready-to-eat fresh fruit and vegetable products.     

Allozyme divergence among species ofWolffia (Lemnaceae)

The genusWolffia was surveyed electrophoretically at 14 allozyme loci. A total of 133 clones representing 10 of the 11 recognized species was examined. Genetic identities among most pairs of species are zero, with non-zero values ranging from 0.14 to 0.40.Wolffia angusta and the newly describedW. neglecta show the highest similarity, and the former species has an identity of 0.14 withW. australiana. The next highest similarity (0.34) occurs betweenW. globosa of Southeast Asia andW. cylindracea of southern Africa, which until recently, had generally been viewed as members of the same species. Other species showing some common alleles are members of a complex involvingW. arrhiza, W. columbiana, W. cylindracea, andW. globosa. WithinW. arrhiza, plants from South Africa and Europe are easily distinguished electrophoretically because each contains unique alleles at two loci. Strains from other parts of Africa vary at these loci and are not totally distinct from either the plants from South Africa or from Europe. Species ofWolffia are much more divergent at allozyme loci than the majority of congeners of flowering plants. This suggests that the species are quite old and that the difficulties in distinguishing taxa morphologically are the result of reduction rather than lack of divergence due to recent speciation. Because of the lack of shared alleles between the majority of species pairs inWolffia, enzyme electrophoresis provides limited resolution of species relationships in the genus.     

藏北高山嵩草草甸群落特征及生产力对模拟增温幅度的响应

青藏高原气候严酷,陆地表层生态系统脆弱,其高寒植物群落特征及生态系统生产力对气候变化的响应极其敏感。利用开顶箱(OTCs,Open Top Chambers)式装置在藏北高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸设置不同增温梯度实验(W1、W2、W3、W4),探究增温对高寒草甸植物群落特征及地上生产力的影响。研究结果表明:1)与对照样地相比,增温减少了植物群落总盖度(2015年,W1、W2、W3、W4分别显著减少了28%、23%、59%、60%; 2016年,W4显著减少了83%)和高山嵩草盖度(2015年,W1、W2、W3、W4分别显著减少了26%、33%、681%、64%; 2016年,W4显著减少了85%),而低幅度增温(W1、W2)对委陵菜属植物盖度无显著影响,高幅度增温(W3、W4)显著减少了委陵菜属植物盖度(2015年,W3、W4分别显著减少了58%和60%;2016年,W4显著减少了71%); 2)对整个植物群落而言,增温幅度较低时,增温对群落的生长和生物量的积累有促进作用,当温度升高超过一定程度,这种促进作用会逐渐减弱甚至变成抑制作用(2015年,W4显著减少了地上生物量69%; 2016年,W4显著减少了地上生物量82%); 3)高山嵩草盖度和其他物种总盖度存在显著的年际差异,而委陵菜属植物盖度无明显的年际变化。研究结果预示着,一定程度的升温会促进高寒草甸植物群落的生长,但温度升高超过一定幅度时,会导致草地生产力下降,草地退化加剧,同时当地群落中委陵菜属植物在全球变化背景下相对稳定,这类物种在未来气候变暖的背景下可能具有更强的竞争力。     

Mhc-DRB genes of platyrrhine primates

The two infraorders of anthropoid primates, Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys and the hominoids) are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor 37 million years ago. The major histocompatibility complex class II DRB gene and haplotype polymorphism of the Catarrhini has been characterized in several recent studies. The present study was undertaken to obtain information on the DRB polymorphism of the Platyrrhini. Fifty-five complete exon 2 DRB sequences were obtained from six species of Platyrrhini representing both the Callitrichidae and the Cebidae families. Combined with the results of a parallel contig mapping study, our data indicate that at least three loci (DRB1*03, DRB3, and DRB5) are shared by the Catarrhini and the Platyrrhini. However, the three loci are occupied by functional genes in the former infraorder and mostly by pseudogenes in the latter. Instead of the pseudogenes, the Platyrrhini have evolved a new set of apparently functional genes — DRB11 and DRB*W12 through DRB*W19, which have thus far not been found in the Catarrhini. The DRB*W13, *W14, *W15, *W17, *W18, and *W19 genes seem to be restricted to the Cebidae family, whereas the DRB*W16 locus has so far been documented in the Callitrichidae family only. The DRB alleles of the cotton-top tamarin, and perhaps also those of the common marmoset (both members of the family Callitrichidae), are characterized by low nucleotide diversity, possibly indicating that they diverged from a common ancestral gene relatively recently. Correspondence to: J. Klein.