Emergence of some caddisflies (Trichoptera) from a wooded stream in southern Ontario

Twenty-eight species of nine families of caddisflies (Trichoptera) were identified in 170 samples taken over an 8-month period from five emergence traps placed on a second-order, forested, cold-stenothermal stream on the Niagara Escarpment, Ontario, Canada.A mean of 980.9 caddisflies m^–2 of streambed was obtained over the entire sampling period. Eleven common species accounted for 92.8% of the total emergence with specific proportions ranging from 23.8% (Wormaldia moesta) to 0.11 % (Rhyacophila sp.). The use of various kinds of traps in other studies and their effects on the detection of species composition and abundance are discussed and compared with the present study.Although the distributions of all the common species were invariant over time, four species showed low to high degrees of patchiness in the streambed; the other seven common species were uniformly distributed. However, a large residual variance suggested a subtle mechanism of microhabitat selection by the larvae and (or) pupae, not detectable by even the small emergence traps used.Both sexes of 15 species, only males of 4 and only females of 9 species were collected. Eight of the eleven common species showed significant departures from a balanced sex ratio and five exhibited a protandry of from 1 to 3 weeks. Neither this study nor others have been able to establish a predictable pattern of sex ratios in Trichoptera.The emergence periods and patterns of the eleven common species are described and compared with other studies. Of these common species, one emerged in the spring, seven during the summer and three during the late summer or early fall. Ten species had a short emergence period with a distinct peak and a significantly skewed pattern. One species,Parapsyche apicalis, exhibited a prolonged emergence period, no distinct peak and a significantly platykurtotic² pattern. With the exception ofLepidostoma sp. A, the emergence patterns of the common species were unimodal.     

Emergence and lateral dispersal of adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera from Broadstone Stream, U.K.

1. Emergence and inland dispersal of adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) from Broadstone Stream, an acidic and iron-rich stream in southern England, were studied over 10 months in 1996–1997. Fifteen pyramidal emergence traps were placed randomly in a 200-m stretch. Three Malaise traps were placed above the stream and six more on each side (one wooded, one open) along a transect at distances of 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 m from the channel. 2. More than 16 000 stoneflies, belonging to 11 species, and just under 400 caddisflies (22 species) were caught. Four dominant stoneflies (Leuctra fusca, Leuctra nigra, Leuctra hippopus and Nemurella pictetii) accounted for 96% and 95% of the catches in the emergence and Malaise traps, respectively. Two caddisflies (Plectrocnemia conspersa and Potamophylax cingulatus) accounted for 63% of the catch in the Malaise traps. Few caddisflies were taken in emergence traps. 3. The emergence periods of L. fusca, L. nigra and L. hippopus were well-defined and unimodal, whereas that of N. pictetii was prolonged and erratic. Overall, more females (1285) emerged than males (740). 4. Female stoneflies and caddisflies were in the majority in the Malaise traps above the stream. On land, significantly more females than males of L. fusca, L. nigra and P. cingulatus were caught. The sex ratio of the remaining species did not deviate significantly from 1:1. 5. The three Malaise traps placed above the stream caught most of the stoneflies though there was also dispersal away from the channel, the numbers caught declining with distance. Exponential models explained between 67% and 99% of the variation in numbers of individuals with distance from the channel in the four common stoneflies. Half the individuals went less than 11–16 m from the stream, while 90% travelled less than 51 m. Significantly more L. nigra and N. pictetii were caught in the woodland than on the open side, whereas L. hippopus showed no overall preference for either side.     

Spatial structure of the caddisfly (Insecta,Trichoptera) communities in a river basin in NW Spain affected by coal mining

The changes in caddisfly community structure and composition in the Sil River basin (NW Spain), associated with a gradient in natural conditions and a succession of alterations induced by human activity (mainly urban wastes and coal mining), were studied. Twenty-nine Trichoptera taxa belonging to 11 families were collected. The community diversity analysis showed important spatial differences from source to mouth. Towns and, above all, coal mines produced an increase in sulphate and chloride concentrations and conductivity, which adversely affected the trichopteran assemblages. A stepwise regression model, which introduced sulphate and chloride as variables, explained the changes in diversity produced in the basin (r=0.837, p< 0.01). The lowest diversity and richness values were recorded in the rivers suffering the greatest impact from coal mining or urban wastes. The heterogeneity values of the communities for the main rivers were clearly different. The greatest community heterogeneity corresponded to the main axis of the basin and was explained by spatial variability in water chemical composition. No relation was detected between structural changes at spatial level and geographical distance, such that pollution processes basically controlled the dynamics of the Trichoptera communities. Partial-CCA using distance from the source as a covariable revealed alkalinity and urban and mining-derived pollution as the main factors influencing caddisfly distribution. However, an ordination of sites in relation to the corresponding vectors did not fully agree with the chemical characteristics of the water. The species composition of the Trichoptera communities, therefore, did not seem to be good indicators of the chemical features of the rivers. The structure of the community (as expressed by richness and the Shannon index) appeared to be the better indicator of pollution.     

湘西吉首喀斯特地貌区4种典型生境的土壤动物调查

对湘西吉首喀斯特地貌区4种典型生境中的地区土壤动物进行了调查研究,共获标本1762只,隶属于4门11纲26目,其中优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目、膜翅目,占总捕量的17．46％．4种生境土壤动物种类组成很相似,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性．在多样性分析中,多样性指数和均匀性指数在各生境表现为枞木林〉杂木林〉果木林〉菜地,而在3类土壤动物中则表现为大型土壤动物大于中、小型土壤动物．吉首市土壤动物季节性表现为：冬春季密度较低,夏秋季密度较高．     

Emergence of flies from overwintering populations of cabbage root fly pupae

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Once pupal diapause had been terminated, over-wintering cabbage root fly (Delia radicum (L.)) pupae from Wellesbourne required a further 14 days at 20°C for most of the flies to emerge.
• 2 There were considerable variations in the rates of fly emergence from thirteen populations of cabbage root fly pupae collected between latitudes 50° 42′ and 54° 59′ in England and Wales. These thirteen populations could be grouped into early-, intermediate- and late-emerging types. In the early-emerging type, flies emerged within 14 days at 20°C whereas in the late-emerging type emergence was protracted and was completed only after 100 days at 20°C in one population from Halsall, Lancashire. In the intermediateemerging type, approximately two-thirds of the flies emerged within 14 days at 20° C, the remainder taking considerably longer.
• 3 The intermediate-emerging types could be just mixtures of the early- and late-emerging types.
• 4 Subjecting pupae to diapause-breaking temperatures (4°C) for up to 1 year failed to shorten the time to subsequent fly emergence in any of the populations.
• 5 Populations of early, intermediate- and late-emerging fies could be selected from a parental population, heterogeneous with respect to emergence, within one generation.
• 6 The type of emergence that occurred in a locality was not correlated with latitude.
• 7 Any models developed for forecasting the most appropriate time to apply insecticide in a locality will have to include information about the emergence pattern of the fly population in that locality.

     

Patterns of emergence,import of egg energy and energy export via emerging dragonfly populations in a tropical pond

The most abundant dragonflies Brachythemis contaminata, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Pantala flavescens and Trithemis festiva in the tropical pond Idumban emerged from November to April during the years 1973,1974 and 1975. The date of initiation of emergence of all the species was synchronized and tied to the events following the north west monsoon in November. During the seasons '73–74 and '74–75, as many as 10,693 and 7,910 adults emerged; females outnumbered the males in all the 5 species; male populations of B. contaminata, O. sabina, D. trivialis, P. flavescens and T. festiva represented 47, 48, 46, 49 and 44% during the '73–74 season, 48, 48, 46, 46 and 49% during the '74–75 season, respectively. The adult dragonflies equivalent to 2,442 Kcal emerged from the Pond during the season '73–74. Of this, B. contaminata contributed 30%, D. trivialis 7%, O. sabina 12%, P. flavescens 23% and T. festiva 28%. For the season '74–75, the dragonflies equivalent to 1,602 Kcal emerged from the Pond and the contribution was in the following order: B. contaminata: 31%, O. sabina: 8%, D. trivialis: 13%, P. flavescens: 27% and T. festiva: 21%. Import of energy due to inoculation of B. contaminata eggs into the Pond Idumban was 73 Kcal/ year and the output from the Pond via emerging B. contaminata population alone amounted to 620 Kcal/ year; the net energy loss from the Pond was 548 Kcal/ year. During either season, as much as 99.7% of B. contaminata eggs failed to attain adulthood due to infertility (5.8%), unhatchability (12%) and predation during the egg and nymphal stages (82.5%). During the study, the GPP of the Pond was 26,073 Kcal/m²/ year, and output of energy through emergence of 5 dragonfly species amounted to 0.0045 Kcal/m²/year, i.e. 0.00002% of the GPP is lost through the emerging carnivorous odonates; comparable values available for the emerging detritivorous chironomids, herbivorous dipterans and mayflies fall between 1.0 and 0.1%.     

Emergence of Chironomidae from the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura,Japan

Seasonal chironomid emergence was monitored in the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura and 18 species were collected with a battery-operated light trap fixed on a floating stage and with surface emergence traps. During October–December, samples in the light trap comprised exclusively Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) and small numbers of one or two other species. T. akamusi, Procladuis (Holotanypus) culiciformis (L.), and Chironomus plumosus (L.) constituted 91.6% of the annual catch of chironomid adults. The predominance of T. akamusi (75.3 % of chironomid catch) and the high ratio (13) of T. akamusi to C. plumosus was more marked in this lake than other Japanese eutrophic lakes. Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa and Dicrotendipes pelochloris (Kieffer) were also caught abundantly with the light trap, but not with surface traps, indicating these were littoral species. The dry weight of emerging adults during May–December 1982 was 2.87 g m^–2, of which 1.92 gm^–2 (67%) was T. akamusi and 0.67 gm^–2 (23%) C. plumosus and 0.23 g m^–2 (8%) Clinotanypus sugiyamai Tokunaga and 0.03 gm^–2 (1%) P. (H.) culiciformis. The weight of emerging Tanypodinae was much higher than the annual mean larval biomass or estimated larval production, which have been due to underestimating the population density using an Ekman-Birge dredge. High numbers of individuals and species of chironomids were caught during April–July, presumably as a result of the high food supply for chironomid communities.     

The genus Alterosa Blahnik, 2005 (Trichoptera,Philopotamidae, Philopotaminae) in northeastern Brazil,including the description of three new species and an identification key for the genus

Alterosa Blahnik, 2005 contains 35 described species distributed in southern and southeastern Brazil. Three new species of Alterosa from northeastern Brazil are described and illustrated, Alterosa amadoisp. n., Alterosa castroalvesisp. n. and Alterosa caymmiisp. n., the first records of the genus from northeastern Brazil. An identification key for all known species of the genus is also presented.     

Abundance and Community Structure of Limnetic Zooplankters in Kumaun Lakes,India

The zooplankton compositions in the limnetic zones of two subtropical lakes, the Nainital and the Bhimtal (U.P., India) were more or less similar in terms of species composition. Numerically, zooplankters were abundant during the thermal stratification (summer-autumn) period and scarce during the over-turn (winter). The density of the zooplankton population reported from the eutrophic Lake Nainital was higher than in the oligotrophic Lake Bhimtal. Among the three groups studied copepods dominated over cladocerans and rotifers in both the lakes. The Shannon Weaver diversity was higher for Lake Bhimtal than for Lake Nainital. The community structure has also been discussed on the basis of crustacean species.     

Intranidal mating,emergence, and sex ratio in a communal beeAndrena jacobi Perkins 1921 (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

The extent of preemergence intranidal mating, schedules of emergence, and sex ratio at emergence were documented forAndrena jacobi, a communal, univoltine bee, by collecting and dissecting adults as they emerged from their fossorial nests in 1994. Over 70% of females had mated intranidally with nestmate males, thus potentially incestuously, before emerging. Preemergence intranidal mating did not vary during a day or between nests within a day, though it was less frequent at the start and end of the period of emergence. It was independent of a female's size.A. jacobi was protandrous, though some males emerged after all females. The sex ratio at emergence was remarkably female biased, possibly a consequence of local mate competition. Intranidal mating may represent a characteristic trait of communal bees where a high density of receptive females are predictably aggregated within a nest.     

Reproductive and feeding biology of the Natal mountain catfish, Amphilius natalensis (Siluriformes: Amphiliidae)

Aspects of the biology of the Natal mountain catfish, Amphilius natalensis, including gametogenesis, spawning season, size-at-maturity, sex ratio, diet and feeding morphology were determined from fish collected in the Songimvelo Game Reserve, South Africa, between 1989 and 1990. Female sexual maturity was established at 63 mm total length. A. natalensis is an asynchronous, iteroparous spawner, breeding throughout summer from August to February. Sex ratio of females to males was 2.2:1, with females attaining a significantly larger size than males. Gametogenesis followed a pattern similar to that of other freshwater teleosts peaking over the spawning period. Stomach content analysis and observations on feeding morphology revealed that A. natalensis was an opportunistic predator with large fish consuming larger prey from a greater variety of taxonomic groups. The most abundant prey items eaten were dipteran (particularly Chironomidae) and ephemeropteran (particularly Baetidae) larvae.     

The impact of aquatic macrophyte (Salix sp. and Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl.) removal on habitat conditions and macroinvertebrates of tufa barriers (Plitvice Lakes, Croatia)

The effects of aquatic macrophyte (willows and sawgrass) removal on flow velocity, tufa deposition, POM dynamics, and macroinvertebrate community structure were studied in the tufa barrier habitats of the barrage system of Plitvice Lakes, Croatia. Samples were collected from two hydraulic habitats (fast > 100 cm s⁻¹ and slow < 100 cm s⁻¹) at both a control (no macrophytes removed) and impact (macrophytes removed) site. Samples were collected with a core sampler (four layers in vertical profile of barrier bed) monthly on 6 dates before and 7 dates after the removal of macrophytes. Macrophytes were removed in May 2002 at the impact site. After the macrophyte removal flow velocity decreased significantly at both hydraulic habitats. Retarded flow resulted in: (a) a decrease in macroinvertebrate density and diversity since most of the taxa were rheophilic (preferring habitats with higher flow velocity) and (b) an increase in POM concentrations (FPOM and UPOM) since decreases in flow velocity facilitate particle deposition in lotic habitats. The effects of macrophyte removal were present, and diminish along the vertical sediment profile of the barrier bed. Tufa deposition was not influenced by the macrophyte removal. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Composition and structure of reef fish communities in Paraíba State,north‐eastern Brazil

The composition and trophic structure of reef fish communities in two natural and two artificial reefs along the coast of Paraíba State in north‐eastern Brazil were investigated. A total of 114 species of fish belonging to 47 families were recorded during 120 stationary visual surveys, slightly less than half (46·55%) of which were recorded at all four surveyed localities. Most species are widely distributed on the western Atlantic coast, but several are endemic to Brazil. The greatest diversity and equitability indexes were recorded at the reefs of Sapatas and Cabeço dos Cangulos, whereas the greatest richness and abundance were found at the Queimado shipwreck. The Alvarenga shipwreck reef had the least richness, diversity and equitability. The four localities studied had very similar ichthyofaunas, especially in relation to species composition. The reefs along the Paraíba coast are considered priority conservation areas by the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, and the information generated by this study will be useful for comparison with other reefs in the region and can be directly applied to programmes seeking to protect and manage these environments.     

茂兰喀斯特森林林隙幼苗出现的时空格局

通过4次对茂兰自然保护区喀斯特森林林隙内种子的天然萌发情况进行观测,分析了林隙内幼苗的萌发数量、存活率及幼苗出现的时空分布格局。结果发现：林隙中大多数萌发的幼苗存活率均较高,平均存活率达50%以上,林隙的形成,不但提高了喀斯特森林树种的萌发率,也提高了幼苗的存活率。林隙中心、近中心、林隙边缘各区域幼苗的密度存在显著的空间差异,山拐枣（Poliothyrsis sinensis）、多脉榆（Ulmus castaneifolia）等树种在林隙中心幼苗密度最大,圆果化香（Platycarya longipes）、翅荚香槐（Cladrastis platycarpa）、圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）、掌叶木（Handeliodendron bodinieri）、黄连木（Pistacia chinen-sis）和云贵鹅耳枥（Carpinus pubescens）等树种在林隙近中心幼苗密度最大,而樟叶槭（Acercinnamomifolium）、球核荚蒾（Viburnumpropinquum）、小叶青冈（Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia）、轮叶木姜子（Litsea verticillata）等则在林隙边缘光照较弱的地方生长良好。幼苗出现的时间分布特征明显,整个观察期幼苗都持续萌发,但大多数树种幼苗出现在第2观测期（3月）,幼苗出现数目从第2次到后面的几次观察期显著下降。林隙3个区域幼苗出现不是同步的,林隙中心的幼苗出现最快,与其它两个部位相比,林隙边缘的幼苗出现有滞后现象。研究结果表明林隙中心的环境条件有利于种子萌发,但林隙近中心却更利于幼苗存活。     

Composition and phenology of Chironomidae from the Nelson Environmental Study Area,University of Kansas

The Nelson Environmental Study Area (NESA) is maintained by the University of Kansas for experimental research in ecology. Since 1983, benthic and emergent aquatic macroinvertebrates have been collected as part of several research projects. In this paper, we present the taxonomic composition and emergence phenologies of Chironomidae collected at NESA. Emergence traps, artificial substrate samplers, light traps and hand-picked specimens from D-nets yielded a total of 123 species, 41 of which are new records for Kansas. Chironominae was the most species rich subfamily with 79 species, while Tanypodinae and Orthocladiinae were represented by 25 and 19 species, respectively. Emergence phenologies from small, replicated, experimental ponds were determined by quantitative sampling in 1988 and 1989. In both years, many taxa showed patterns of seasonal emergence, being restricted to one of the three seasons sampled, while 9 (1988) and 12 (1989) taxa emerged over most or all of the sampling periods.Cladotanytarsus spp. andPsectrocladius vernalis were the most abundant taxa in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Chironomid distribution patterns at NESA and their relevance to patterns across the state are discussed. Annotations are provided for selected taxa and new records for the state are indicated.     

Emergence of seedlings of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as affected by the size,roughness and position of aggregates in the seedbed

Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to quantify the effects of the size and roughness of aggregates placed in the seedling path of sugar beet, in order to help in decision making for soil tillage and sowing operations. Graded aggregates (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mm longest axis) were either laid on the soil surface or included in the soil over the seeds. The percent emergence decreased exponentially with aggregate size over 10 mm when the aggregates were included in the seedbed. The result was the same with aggregates laid on the soil surface, but for aggregates over 30 mm (mass>10 g). Aggregates on the soil surface could be lifted by the seedlings until their weight exceeded the seedling emergence force. Larger aggregates or aggregates in the soil layer could not be moved. Seedlings which did not emerge remained blocked in small cavities in the aggregate surface. No seedlings were blocked under smooth aggregates or glass beads. The experimental results fits with a model giving the probability to meet a hole according the distance covered and the diameter and density of holes. The results obtained under controlled conditions were similar to those obtained in field experiments for a wide range of aggregate sizes. These results will be incorporated into a computerised seedbed generator to simulate the effects of seedbed structure on seedling emergence.     

Habitats and Littoral Zone Fish Community Structure of Two Natural Lakes in Southeast Brazil

The fish community and habitat structure in the littoral zone of lakes Pedra and Hortência, middle Rio Doce Valley, Brazil, were investigated in three sampling periods from August 1992 to May 1993. A total of 9106 fishes were collected, including 11 species in Lake Hortência and 12 species in Lake Pedra. Diversity was higher in Lake Hortência, although total fish abundance was the same for both lakes, with no significant temporal differences. The length distribution of the majority of fish species was similar between lakes. Geophagus brasiliensis was the dominant species (number/biomass) in all habitats of the two lakes in all three sampling periods. A striking difference in total fish abundance in relation to habitat types, which we attribute to physical variables, especially the abundance of macrophytes was observed. Negative impacts attributable to the local Eucalyptus sp. plantations were not detected in the fish community structure of Lake Hortência, which is probably due to the maintenance of the riparian vegetation contributing to similar physical environmental conditions in the littoral zone and high similarity in fish community structure between the two lakes. However, further studies on fish community structure and potential Eucalyptus impacts are suggested as necessary to improve conservation measures of the lakes and their fish faunas.     

Mesoscale Patterns in the Floristic Composition of Forests in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka,India

We describe the mesoscale floristic patterns in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, through combined analysis of woody species abundance and stand structure data from a network of ninety-six 1-ha sampling plots spread across 22,000 km². A total of 61,906 individuals (≥10 cm gbh) comprising 400 plant species from 254 genera and 75 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae and Moraceae families constituted 23.5 percent of the total number of species encountered. The relative dominance of species was skewed with Poecilonueron indicum, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Anogeissus latifolia being dominant in some plots. Correspondence analysis (CA) and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of plots by species abundances data showed similar arching patterns, with significant correlation between the first axis of CA and NMDS (r=0.77). Hierarchical clustering of plot scores along the three first CA axes resulted in splitting the plots into five different categories that broadly reflect the major bioclimatic features of the region. A multiscale bootstrapping test indicated that categorization of the wettest (wet evergreen group 1 and 2) and driest (dry deciduous) groups were robust (P<0.05 with 1000 bootstraps), while the remaining two transitional groups were uncertain (P=0.12 and 0.26 for moist deciduous and semi-evergreen group, respectively). Principal component analysis revealed that plots with similar floristic composition can encompass contrastingly different physiognomic structures (canopy cover, canopy height and mean tree diameter) probably in relation to their levels of disturbance. Observed patterns in the floristic composition have been discussed in the light of the complex interaction between the bioclimatic and disturbance regimes that characterize the region.     

Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Associations in a Set of Alpine High Altitude Lakes: Geographic Distribution and Ecology

Species composition and interactions, biomass dominance, geographic distribution and driving variables were investigated for two key elements of the pelagic food web of Alpine lakes, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton, based on a single sampling campaign during summer 2000. Altogether, 70 lakes were surveyed, 49 of which located in three different lake districts of the west and eastern Italian Alps and 21 in the central Austrian Alps (within the uppermost Danube catchment). In addition to the analysis of environmental variables affecting distribution and species structure of the two planktonic compartments, a brief review of the main research lines and hypotheses adopted in the past for the study of phytoplankton and zooplankton in high Alpine lakes is given. The lakes, investigated partly within the European project EMERGE (EVK1-CT-1999-00032) and partly within a regional project in the eastern Alps, comprise a wide range of morphological, chemical and trophic conditions. The phytoplankton communities were found to be diverse and mostly dominated by flagellates (chrysophytes, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates), and only to a lesser extent by non-motile green algae, desmids and centric diatoms. The zooplankton communities were mainly dominated by Alpine cladocerans and copepod species, while rotifers were abundant within one group of Italian lakes (sampled in early summer). The multivariate statistical analyses (CCA) showed that catchment features (i.e. percentage of vegetation cover and geochemical composition) and nitrate concentration are essential drivers for the phytoplankton, whereas for zooplankton also trophic status of the lakes and phytoplankton structure are important. The combined variance analysis of the lake clusters outlined by the multivariate analyses on phytoplankton and zooplankton data, respectively, allowed the identification of four principal lake types (three located on siliceous and one on carbonaceous bedrock), each one characterised by a certain combination of habitat features, which in their turn influence trophic state, and phytoplankton and zooplankton species composition and functionality.     

温度对优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率及性比的影响

为探明温度与优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率、性比间的关系,明确繁殖时利于提高该蜂出蜂率、雌性比的温度,在18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃、33℃条件下,以橡胶盔蚧为寄主,测定了不同温度下优雅岐脉跳小蜂的出蜂率及性比。结果表明:18℃-33℃,随着温度的升高,优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂天数由14 d增加到22 d再降到0 d,21℃时出蜂天数最长;温度与出蜂天数呈线性关系。日出蜂率随温度升高呈现出先增加至峰值后减少的钟形曲线,24℃的日出蜂率最高为48.44%,33℃的最低为0;单雌出蜂量也表现为先增加后减少的趋势,由11.02头增加到峰值59.15头,然后减少到0,21℃时出现最大值。该蜂子代具偏雌性,18℃-30℃,雌性比随着温度的升高逐渐降低,由74.24%降至53.33%。33℃恒温条件下不会羽化出蜂。综合这两项指标,21℃-24℃是繁殖该蜂的适宜温度范围。