转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤表型性状与体质量的相关性及通径分析

随机选取二龄转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤和对照鲤各30尾,运用相关分析和通径分析的方法研究全长、体长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长、头长、吻长、眼径、眼间距、体厚10个表型性状对体质量的影响程度,以此确定影响二龄转基因鲤和对照鲤体质量的主要表型参数.相关分析结果表明:转基因鲤和对照鲤的大部分表型性状与体质量间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01).通径分析结果显示:体长和体高可以作为预测转基因鲤体质量的主要表型参数,转基因鲤体长对体质量的通径系数为0.572,体高对体质量的通径系数为0.415,体长和体高直接决定体质量;而体厚和头长可以作为预测对照鲤体质量的主要表型参数,对照鲤体厚对体质量的通径系数为0.610,头长对体质量的通径系数为0.377,体厚和头长对体质量具有决定作用.     

鲤鱼的杂种优势与性状遗传分析

本试验结果表明,利用不同品种鲤鱼的杂交(红鲤×团鲤),杂种一代表现有良好的杂种优势,体型较好,头较小,生长快,体重比亲本增长10.1—14.9％。 近亲繁殖,后代生活力低,畸形多,故在生产与选种时应设法避免近亲繁殖。 鲤鱼的体型与体重有一定的正相关性,如体长与体高较大,个体的体重也相应增加,体长     

东海南部竹筴鱼形态特征参数及其相关性比较分析

2012年4月采集东海南部水域100尾竹筴鱼样本,测量其体长、全长、头长、头高、体高、体厚、吻长、眼径、眼后头长、尾柄长、尾柄高、体重等共12个形态特征指标.采用方差分析、偏相关分析、通径分析及回归分析,研究竹筴鱼东海南部种群各形态特征参数间的相关关系,确定与竹筴鱼体重显著相关的主要形态特征参数.结果表明:东海南部竹筴鱼的头长、头高、体厚、吻长、眼径、眼后头长、尾柄高、体重与体长呈指数相关(P＜0.01);而全长、体高、尾柄长则与体长呈线性相关(P＜0.01).竹筴鱼体长和体重的拟合方程为:y=0.0185x28736 (R2=0.9714);竹筴鱼的b值为2.8736,小于3,为负异速增长,即体长的增长速度要高于体重.头长、头高、体高、眼后头长、尾柄高对竹筴鱼体质量的影响存在显著关系;对竹筴鱼体质量的直接作用影响大小依次为:头长(0.242**)＞尾柄高(0.223**)＞头高(0.197**)＞眼后头长(0.161**)＞体高(0.155**),建立了竹筴鱼体质量的最优回归数学模型:y=-46.845 +3.892x1+9.623 x2+ 12.354x3+7.128x4+ 8.361x5.     

3×3完全双列杂交F1不同阶段生长特点的分析

为了了解鲤杂交F1不同组合、不同阶段生长性状的变化情况,研究以建鲤、黄河鲤和黑龙江野鲤3个鲤品种双列杂交F1为试验材料,通过组合、组合内性别间、性别、不同时期体重、体增重以及协方差分量的分析,来确定完全双列杂交F1生长性状的变化特点,以及在此过程中起重要作用的影响因素。结果表明:不同时期各个组合体重不同,不同时期组合内性别间体重差异不同;不同时期不同性别间体重差异不同;不同协方差分量,同一组合PIT标记17个月时的体重的最小二乘估计值不同,同一个协方差分量,9个组合中极值估计值出现的组合也不同;除PIT标记17个月后的体厚作为协方差分量外,性别之间体重没有差异,其余分量均是雌鱼体重显著高于雄鱼体重。这些说明选取合适的协方差分量对组合的选择和育种的结果有重要影响。     

大菱鲆幼鱼表型形态性状与体重之间的关系

随机选取1120尾3月龄大菱鲆幼鱼,测量其体长、全长、体高、头长、吻尖至鳃裂前缘长、尾柄长、尾柄高、体厚、体重等9个性状,计算各性状间的相关系数,采用通径分析方法计算以表型形态性状为自变量对体重作依变量的通径系数、决定系数及复相关指数, 对各性状的影响大小进行剖分,明确影响大菱鲆三月龄幼鱼体重的主要外部形态性状,为大菱鲆选育提供理论依据和理想的测度指标.结果表明:所测各表型性状与体重之间的相关系数均达到极其显著水平(P＜0.01＝;全长对体重的直接影响(R=0.702)最大, 对体重的决定程度(R2=51.84%)最高,是影响体重的主要因素;体高、体厚对体重的直接作用 (0.211 ,0.094)相对较小,主要通过体长的间接作用(0.5558,0.4342)影响体重.所选表型性状对体重的回归系数R2=0.911,表明所选性状是影响体重的主要性状.利用逐步回归分析方法建立以体长、体高、体厚为自变量估计体重的多元回归回归方程为:y=-6.216 1.294x1 0.518x2 1.293x3[动物学报 54(3):540-545,2008].     

广西野生瑶山亚种树鼩体重、体尺指标的测定与分析

为了研究瑶山亚种树鼩的体型特征,及体重与体尺性状间的关系,该研究对84只广西金秀大瑶山地区野生瑶山亚种树鼩的体重、体尺指标进行了测定和分析。数据测量结果显示雌、雄个体间,体重、胸宽差异显著(p0.05),体高差异极显著(p0.01)。在体重与体尺以及体尺指标之间的相关性研究中,除体重与躯干长,躯干长与体高、体斜长、胸宽、胸深无显著性相关关系(p0.05)外,体长与胸宽、尾长与躯干长呈显著的相关关系(p0.05),其余各项体尺指标之间均存在极显著的相关关系(p0.01)。以体重为因变量,体高、体长、尾长、体斜长、胸宽、胸深、躯干长指标作为自变量作逐步回归分析,回归方程:体重=-138.63+5.73×体长+9.51×体斜长+22.78×胸宽。该研究确定了广西野生瑶山亚种树鼩的体尺正常范围,为中缅瑶山亚种树鼩的鉴定提供更完善的基础生物学数据。     

短吻舌鳎生长特性的研究

用多元统计分析方法对短吻舌鳎的生长规律、生长特性及雌雄之间的生长差异进行了研究。结果表明：1-4龄的短吻舌鳎处于生长期。在生长速度上,1-2龄生长速度最快。以后生长速度逐渐减慢;在生长方式上,1-2龄体长、体高、体厚的生长基本同步,3龄,体高、体厚生长更快,到4龄。以体厚生长最快;生长方式不同,使不同年龄鱼的体型不同。3-4龄鱼比1-2龄更宽厚;在同一年龄组中,雄鱼不仅显著地小于雌鱼,而且比雌鱼更细长、侧扁,用多项式来描写短吻舌鳎的生长过程,并求出生长拐点年龄为2．35龄。     

建鲤GHR基因多态性及与增重相关的SNP位点的筛选

生长激素是调控动物生长的关键因子,它通过与膜蛋白生长激素受体结合后发挥作用,因此生长激素受体基因的变异对动物生长有着重要的影响。实验根据已分离的4个建鲤jlGHRs基因,通过测定来自6尾建鲤的序列,共找到38个SNP位点。使用PCR-RFLP方法检测了353尾建鲤在其中5个SNP位点(1a内含子3 A43G、1a外显子8 A361G、1b外显子8 C12T、2a外显子8 A555G和2b外显子8 A315G)的基因型,分析了不同基因型与生长性状的相关性。结果表明5个位点均与增重显性相关;1a内含子3 A43G还与体高/体长和体厚/体长显性相关;1b外显子8 C12T与体高/体长和尾柄高/尾柄长显性相关;1a外显子8 A361G和2a外显子8 A555G也与尾柄高/尾柄长显性相关。数据分析还显示增重标记个数富集4个以上的个体明显比标记少的个体生长快,在选育群中增重标记数有2个的个体最多占30%,而增重标记数4个以上的只占14%,说明存在着较大的选育空间。实验筛选的5个位点可以作为建鲤分子育种的有效标记。       

镜鲤体长、体高、体厚性状QTL定位分析

以镜鲤全同胞家系为材料,用246个SSR和306个SNP标记构建了鲤鱼的连锁图谱,利用GridQTL软件对体长(SL)、体高(H)、体厚(BT)和体长/体高(SLH)进行了QTL定位分析。结果显示:共检测到14个相关的QTL,分布在7个连锁群上。其中,7个与体长相关的QTL——LG6、LG17、LG21、LG23和LG35连锁群上的QTL为显著水平(P<0.05),LG1和LG28上达到极显著水平(P<0.01),可解释表型变异为6.6%~12.6%;3个与体高相关的QTL均为极显著水平(P<0.01)位于LG17、LG23和LG28上,可解释表型变异分别为11.6%、12.7%和15.6%;2个与体厚相关的QTL均为显著水平(P<0.05)位于LG23和LG28上,可解释表型变异分别为8.6%和7.2%;2个与体长/体高相关的QTL均为显著水平(P<0.05)位于LG21和LG35上,可解释表型变异均为8.2%。     

鲤鱼微卫星标记与体重、体长和体高性状的相关分析

利用47个鲤鱼微卫星标记, 对柏氏鲤和荷包红鲤抗寒品系自交F2代的92个个体基因组DNA进行检测, 得到162个等位基因, 各座位等位基因数2~6个, 片段长度100~444 bp, 有效等位基因数1.3069~4.2288, 杂合度0.2361~0.7677, 位点多态信息含量0.5368。利用统计软件SPSS的GLM程序对47个微卫星标记与鲤鱼体重、体长和体高相关性进行了分析, 结果表明HLJ695、HLJ716、HLJ739、HLJ759、HLJ774、K16与体重、体长和体高相关, HLJ776与体高相关。对同一标记不同基因型间进行多重比较, 找到与3种性状相关的基因型。     

中华鳖GHSR基因SNPs的筛选及生长性状的关联分析

为探究GHSR基因多态性对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)生长相关性状的影响,采用直接测序法在GHSR基因5'侧翼和3'侧翼上筛选SNPs位点,共检测到5个单核苷酸多态性位点:A335T、G397T、A527G、A13482C和T13526A。随机选取同批繁殖的1冬龄200只中华鳖用直接测序法进行SNPs位点的分型,并分析与生长性状的相关性。检测结果显示,所有SNP位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(p>0.05)。方差分析显示,A336T位点的AT、TT基因型的体重、背甲长、背甲宽和裙边宽4项生长数据均显著高于AA基因型。A13482C位点的AC基因型的体重、背甲长、背甲宽和裙边宽4项数据均显著高于AA基因型(p<0.05)。研究表明,本实验在GHSR基因上获得的这些SNP位点可能影响着中华鳖的生长性状或与之紧密连锁,可为中华鳖分子辅助育种提供助力与参考。     

Effect of Rainbow Trout Growth Hormone Complementary DNA on Body Shape,Carcass Yield,and Carcass Composition of F1 and F2 Transgenic Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio

The effect of rainbow trout growth hormone complementary DNA on body shape, dress-out yield, and body composition were assessed in the F1 and F2 generations of transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio). All measurements were compared with those for nontransgenic full-sibling common carp in their respective families, and the fish were communally evaluated in earthen ponds. The body weight and length were highly correlated (P <0.01) in both genotypes in all the families. Head morphometrics were negatively correlated (P <0.05) to weight and length of the fish. Various head, body, and caudal traits grew disproportionately faster in transgenic fish in both generations. The altered body shape of transgenic fish resulted in improved dressing percentage in the F2 generation. The carcass composition of transgenic muscle had a lower percentage of (P <0.01) moisture and lipids and higher (P <0.01) percentage of protein in both generations. Six of the 18 amino acids analyzed in F1 transgenic common carp muscle were higher F1 (P <0.05) than the control genotype; however, amino acid ratios were minimally changed. Also, the fatty acid profiles of both genotypes were minimally altered. Higher histidine and lysine ratios in the diet are recommended for maximum growth and health of transgenic common carp in intensive culture systems on the basis of essential amino acid ratios.     

利用耳石日轮技术研究长江中游草鱼幼鱼的孵化期及生长

根据耳石日轮对2004年采自洞庭湖和新滩口江段的草鱼幼鱼进行日龄(D)鉴定,孵化时间推算以及生长的研究。草鱼幼鱼所有样品体长(BL,mm)生长方程为BL=-53.4195 3.1650D,体重(W,g)生长方程为W=0.9816 e0.0633D,体长体重相关方程为W=0.00001BL3.1003。孵化时间最早为5月14日,最晚为7月11日,主要集中在5月下旬和6月份。研究发现三峡大坝在139m水位运行后长江中游仍有草鱼产卵,最早繁殖时间稍晚于历史记录。     

人工育幼豚鹿幼仔的生长发育规律初步研究

测定了成都动物园圈养种群中9只人工育幼豚鹿幼仔(2004～2007年)体重和8只豚鹿的体尺,并观察了8只豚鹿的牙齿(0～63 d)的生长情况.结果为:幼仔在0～54 d内体长、肩高、后足长、耳长和尾长以及体重都随日龄呈直线增长趋势,其中体长和肩高与幼仔的日龄显著相关(P<0.01).初生幼仔齿式2(I 0/2, C 0/0, P 0/0),2周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/0, P 2/2),7周龄齿式2(I 0/2,C 0/2或C 1/2, P 2/2).     

池养条件下似刺鳊鮈早期发育阶段的摄食与生长特性

对人工培育的似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的生长与摄食节律进行了研究。结果显示,在1～70日龄间,似刺鳊鮈全长平均日增长率为3．55％,体重平均日增长率为11．26％,头长／全长值随着日龄的增长而变小。全长（L,mm）与体重（M,mg）的关系式为M=O．0012L^2-0．0564L＋0．6504;体重（M,mg）与日龄（D,d）的关系式为M=O．0043e^0.0936D;全长（L,mm）和日龄（D,d）的关系式为L=0．0154D^2-0．0128D＋8．1965。在饵料充足的条件下,20日龄晚期仔鱼全天均有很高的摄食发生率,小高峰出现在8：00时;40日龄稚鱼则表现出明显的昼夜摄食节律,属于典型的白天摄食类型,日摄食率2．3376％。20日龄仔鱼和4013龄稚鱼饱食后分别经6h、5h整个消化道排空。在水温25℃及饥饿空胃状态下,10日龄仔鱼只经3d即开始出现死亡个体,经5d全部死亡;20日龄仔鱼经6d开始出现死亡个体,经9d全部死亡;40日龄稚鱼经7d才开始出现死亡个体,10d后全部个体均死亡。     

Physiological energetics of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha in lakes I. Growth and reproductive effort

Shell growth of tagged zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) was monitored in lakes at 3 sites over 1 1/2 years. It varied greatly with the season and was almost absent during winter months. Shell growth was significantly correlated with seston concentration, but not with water temperature. The theoretical maximum size (L∞) of the v. Bertalanffy growth equation did not vary seasonally. Tissue weight underwent a pronounced seasonal cycle. In animals of 20 mm shell length, minimum weights recorded in September only corresponded to one quarter to one third of the maxima in late spring. Tissue weight of animals from the 3 sites was distinctly different. Carbohydrate content of the tissue stayed below 10 per cent and tended to be highest in spring. Spring maxima of lipids were very pronounced. These lipids were primarily located in the digestive gland. These data were combined with data of gonad size by Borcherding (1991). Results imply that production of reproductive tissue even continues at a retarded rate during winter months, if food conditions were favourable. With poor food conditions, no production of reproductive tissue was estimated during winter; this, however, was followed by an elevated rate of reproductive tissue production in spring. Weight specific production decreased with a weight exponent of −0.24. Shell and byssus production contributed only in the range of 10 per cent to total production. Reproductive effort showed maxima of 30 to 45%. It increased with shell length at 2 sites and decreased at the other site with the largest animals.     

Construction of Three High-Density Genetic Linkage Maps and Dynamic QTL Mapping of Growth Traits in Yellow River Carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)

To provide the theoretical basis for researching growth, development, and molecular marker-assisted breeding of the economically important Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) using dynamic quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we constructed three genetic linkage maps from 207 progeny using a new modified genotyping-by-sequencing method. The three maps contained 16,886, 16,548, and 7482 single nucleotide polymorphism markers, respectively, with an average interval of 0.36 cM, 0.45 cM, and 1.00 cM. We identified 148 QTLs related to four growth traits that were located on 25 chromosomes from three growth stages of Yellow River carp. A total of 32, 36, 43, and 37 QTLs were associated with body length, height, width, and weight, respectively. Among them, 47 QTLs were detected for only one growth trait in one stage, but all of the other QTLs were co-localized. Of the 14 main QTLs, 13 were located on chromosome 12, which suggests the presence of growth-related genes on this chromosome. We then detected 17 candidate genes within 50 K upstream and downstream of the 14 main QTLs. This is the first report of the dynamic QTL mapping of growth traits of Yellow River carp, and the results can be used in future studies of growth, development, and molecular-assisted breeding of this species.     

Body morphology of crucian carp Carassius carassius in lakes with or without piscivorous fish

Crucian carp Carassius carassius was sampled during 1993 and 1994 in 21 lakes and ponds in east Norway In 10 of these lakes and ponds no piscivorous fish species was present, and in the remaining 11 lakes and ponds predators such as perch Perca fluvtalilis. pike Esox lucius, and trout Salmo trutta were common In general, crucian carp was larger in the lakes with predators than in those without predators The relative body depth (body height/body length) of crucian carp was significantly deeper in populations sympatric with predators (mean 0 358), compared to allopatric populations (mean 0 286) The variation in relative body depth was larger among the sympatric populations than among the allopatric populations The observed difference in relative body depth may be due to 1) predator induced changes m body morphology, 2) increased growth rates in lakes containing predator due to reduced intraspecific competition, and 3) size-selective predation