新疆天然胡杨林地区根际微生物的种群分析

】在新疆塔里木河流域的现存世界上面积最大的天然胡杨林采集了根际土壤样品,共分离纯化得到140个菌株,并真空冷冻干燥保存于中国典型培养物保藏中心。随机选取其中53株细菌的基因组进行16S rDNA测序,并通过NCBI进行比对来初步鉴定。以16S rRNA基因相似性低于97%时作为不同的分类单元定义,这些菌株可以划分为47个不同的分类单元。系统发育树将这些菌株聚类于厚壁菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等5个门。其中优势种群为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）细菌。分离菌株中潜在的新分类单元（相似性< 97%）所占比例较高,约占分离总数的26.4%。其中,菌株R37与T44相关的多相分类数据已经发表于国际系统与进化微生物学杂志上,分别代表了一个新属（Parasegetibacter luojiensis gen. nov., sp. nov.）与一个新种（Niastella populi sp. nov.）。该研究一方面对胡杨林根际土壤可培养微生物进行了种群分析,了解了其微生物群落的多样性;另一方面获得了大量新的菌种资源,为进一步的开发利用提供条件。     

西藏卡拉山土样中放线菌的多相分类研究

从西藏念青唐古拉山卡拉山支脉的土样中分离到40株放线菌,对其中的13株菌进行了多相分类。形态、培养特征和系统发育结果表明,所有菌株均属于链霉菌属。从系统发育结果看,840018、850003和Z851023各处于一个独立的分支,分别与Streptomyces rishiriensis、Streptomyces cyanoalbus和Streptomyces albus subsp.albus的相似性达到99%。菌株Z851010、Z851004、850011和850070聚成一个小群,它们之间的相似性达到95%,与Streptomyces sp.YIM26的相似性达到98%;Z851013和Z851024聚成小群,它们之间的相似性达到100%,它们有可能是同一种菌株;850008和Z851020聚成小群,它们的相似性达到95%;Z850007和850040聚成小群,与已知菌种的相似性只有96%,有可能是新的分类单元。     

新的系统发育标记及其应用*

系统发育标记是阐明个体间遗传关系的基因片段,为了区别遗传关系接近的分类单元,有许多新的系统发育标记被应用,配合其它分类手段的使用,为多相分类的研究注入了新的活力。本就几种系统发育标记的特性及其在细菌系统发育研究中的作用做简要介绍。     

放线菌的多相分类

随着科学技术的发展,人们对放线菌的认识已由早期的描述分类发展到现代的化学分类（Ｃｈｅｍｏｔａｘｏ－ｎｏｍｙ）和分子分类（Ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒｔａｘｏｎｏｍｙ）,以至于现在的多相分类（Ｐｏｌｙｐｈａｓｉｃｔａｘｏｎｏｍｙ）。分子分类的规则来源于细胞中的核...     

关于细菌新分类单元描述的标准化

为了提高微生物新分类单元描述的质量 ,便于撰稿和编审 ,IJSEM编辑部对新分类单元的描述提出了要求。对论文写作格式 ,使用的实验方法 ,分子分析 ,新物种的确定及描述等相关问题进行了介绍 ,供国内同行撰文时参考。     

西藏林芝土壤放线菌抗肿瘤活性菌的筛选及鉴定

【目的】筛选并鉴定西藏林芝八一镇土壤中产生抗肿瘤活性物质的放线菌。【方法】用平板稀释法分离放线菌, 用MTT法和纸碟法对放线菌发酵产物进行体外抗肿瘤与抑菌活性检测, 并用多相分类技术对抗肿瘤活性菌株进行鉴定。【结果】共分离出29株放线菌, 得到6个抑制体外肿瘤细胞增殖的活性菌株(20.7%), 同时它们也具有抑菌活性, 其中4株菌的检测样品对Hela细胞的抑制率达80%以上。多相分类研究表明, 6个活性菌株分别隶属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的3个已知物种的变种。【结论】林芝八一镇土壤放线菌中蕴藏抗肿瘤活性链霉菌, 是一个潜在的抗肿瘤药用微生物资源。     

根瘤菌的现代分类及其系统发育

根瘤菌是一类与农业生产关系甚为密切的细菌,它们与豆科植物共生具有很高的固氮效率。根瘤菌的分类因而成为生物固氮和细菌分类学两个领域的结合点,它的发展与这两个领域的发展有着直接的联系。近年来,随着根瘤菌资源的不断挖掘和发现以及新技术的不断发展和应用,根瘤菌的分类也经历了很大的变化和发展。特别是多相分类方法与d（N测序技术的发展和应用,使得根瘤菌的分类及其系统发育研究有了突破性进展。在这些多相分类研究的方法中,数值分类为大量菌株提供了生理学、形态学、血清学等各个表型方面的综合信息;分子技术的应用,如DN…     

陕西汉中古旱莲内生真菌的多样性研究

[目的]了解古旱莲(Magnolia denudate Dest var.purpurascens Rehd et Wils)内生真菌组成及多样性。[方法]纯培养分离古旱莲内生真菌,提取菌株DNA,用真菌通用引物ITS1/ITS4进行28S rRNA序列扩增,提交测序分析,构建系统发育树。[结果]共分离内生真菌122株,共67个形态类群,根据测序结果不同,将菌株归为16个分类单元(OUT)。系统发育学分析表明,这些菌株分属5个门,半知菌亚门(Deuteromycotina)下6个分类单元,占总数的65.7%;子囊菌亚门(Ascomycota)下6个分类单元,占总数的22.4%;担子菌亚门(Basidiomycota)下2个分类单元,占总数的5.9%;接合菌亚门(Zygomycota)下2个分类单元,占总数的2.9%;球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)下1个分类单元,占总数的2.9%。[结论]从古旱莲中分离到内生真菌122株,分别属于5个门,古旱莲内生真菌多样性丰富。     

一株具有IMPDH抑制活性的稀有放线菌的筛选和鉴定

从重庆南川药用植物乌头根际土中分离到一株具有次黄嘌呤核苷磷酸脱氢酶(IMPDH)抑制活性的根际稀有放线菌株.通过菌株形态特征、培养特征观察、生理生化特征测定、细胞化学组分分析及16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析等多相分类特征研究,确定I06-03147属于动孢囊菌属(Kineosporia)的菌株.     

2株产纤维素酶放线菌的筛选及分类鉴定

从海南热带生境中采集样品14份,以CMC-Na为唯一碳源的培养基,筛选获得纤维素酶活性较高的放线菌DA08506和DA08602,CMC酶活力分别为276.642U/mL、773.982U/mL,FPA酶活力分别为82.638U/mL、325.674U/mL。通过多相分类,初步鉴定菌株DA08506可能是Streoptomyces的一个新种;菌株DA08602鉴定为Streptomyces chartreusis。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism