川金丝猴肠,肝,胰的观察

对川金丝猴（Rhinioithecusrozxellane的肠、肝、胰作了观察。小肠全长284．0-296．0cm,其中十二指肠9．0－12．0cm,呈V形,余为空回肠。大肠长约120．0－130．0cm;无阑尾;升结肠短,仅7．0－8．0cm,横结肠19．0－20．0cm,降结肠及乙状结肠达80．0－90．0cm。肝分背、腹侧二部,腹侧部又分作上、下二部。胆总管开日于十二指肠上部。胰呈T形,胰头为十二指肠降、升部围绕,胰管由胰头发出,开口于十二指肠升部。对个体间的差别、盲结肠发达程度的相关因素、肝叶愈合与进化的关系作了讨论。     

菱臼齿兽((犭亚)目、哺乳纲)耳区的骨骼结构

本文详细描述了菱臼齿兽耳区各个部分的基本结构;并指出了耳区结构与某些啮齿类的相似性,以及中耳鼓泡组成成份与戈壁(犭亚)兽(Anagale gobiensis)的区别。     

An Ultrastructural Study on the Development of Egg- apparatus in Rice Embryo Sac

The development of the egg-apparatus (consisted of an egg cell and two synergids) of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) was studied at the uhrastructural level. The walls of the egg cell and synergids, immediately after their formation, possessed numerous plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata were also present on walls between the egg cell and synergids. During the enlargement phase of the egg cell and synergids, the walls at the tip region began to loosen and vesiculate. By the time the embryo sac became mature, the part of the wall of the egg cell and synergids, facing the chalaza, disappeared. Consequently, the tip regions of the egg cell and synergids were only protected by a plasma membrane. When the embryo sac reached full maturity, the upper and middle region of the wall of the synergids broke up into pieces. At that time one synergid began to degenerate. Plasmodesmata persisted at the hook region of the wall of both the egg cell and synergids. Most plastids in the egg cell contained starch grains that persisted throughout the period of the embryo sac development. Starch grains in the plastids of the synergids appeared only before the time when the two polar-nuclei moved into the region above the egg-apparatus. They then disappeared and did not appear again until the embryo sac had reached full maturity. The size and location of the vacuoles in the egg cell were different from those in the synergids. The time of formation was also different. Vacuoles in the egg cell formed late in comparison with the synergids. Vacuoles in the chalazal region of the egg cell (especially at the early stage of the embryo sac development) were much larger than those in the micropylar region. Vacuoles in the synergids tended to concentrate mainly in the chalazal region. There was a peak period of lipid formation in the two synergids. The peak appeared when the embryo sac neared maturity. At the early stage of development, the nuclei of the synergids were elliptical in shape and were situated at the central region near the micropyle. The shape of the nuclei at the late stage of development became less regular and tended to move more towards the micropylar region. Changes in the uhrastructure of the egg cell and synergids of rice appeared to be closely related to the metabolic processes controlling the embryo sac formation and development.     

Circular-dichroic properties and secondary structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa soluble cytochrome c oxidase.

The c.d. spectra of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c oxidase in the oxidized state and the reduced state are reported in the visible- and u.v. absorption regions. In the visible region the comparison between the spectra of reduced cytochrome c oxidase and ferrocytochrome c-551 allows the identification of the c.d. bands mainly due to the d1 haem chromophore in cytochrome c oxidase. In the near-u.v. region the assignment of some of the observed peaks to the haem groups and to the aromatic amino acid residues is proposed. A careful analysis of the data in the far-u.v. region leads to the determination of the relative amounts of alpha-helix and beta-sheet in the enzyme, giving for the first time a picture of its secondary structure. A significant difference in this respect between the reduced and the oxidized species is observed and discussed in the light of similar conclusions reported by other workers.     

The effects of osmotic experiments and prolactin on the mucous cells in the skin and the ionocytes in the gills of the teleost Cichlasoma biocellatum

Summary Adult Cichlasoma biocellatum were kept in deionized water, 25% sea-water and tap-water. The mucous cells in the epithelium of the gills and the buccal floor were not affected by the osmotic experiments. In animals kept in deionized water the mucous cells in the skin remained unaffected, but the ionocytes (chloride cells) in the gills were strongly stimulated. Keeping the animals in salt water led to a strong regression of the epidermis including the mucous cells, and of the ionocytes. The regression could be counteracted by prolactin injections. The changes in the skin and the ionocytes could be correlated with the activity of the prolactin producing cells in the adenohypophysis. It is suggested that the epidermis and its mucous cells as well as the ionocytes are under prolactin control.The authors gratefully acknowledge the interest and helpful suggestions of Prof. Dr. P. G. W. J. van Oordt. Thanks are also due to Mr. H. van Kooten for making the photographs, to Dr. L. Boomgaart for correcting the english, and to the N. I. H., Bethesda, Maryland (U.S.A.) for presenting the ovine prolactin.     

高寒草甸退化对鹅绒委陵菜克隆生长特征的影响

为了揭示高寒草甸典型匍匐茎克隆植物对不同生境的生态适应对策,验证生境适应假说,并为高寒草地的退化演替机理研究提供依据,以调查统计和比较样地法研究了江河源区高寒草甸退化对鹅绒委陵菜克隆生长特征的影响。研究表明,重度退化草甸的植物群落结构、功能以及土壤特征发生了明显的变化,继而对鹅绒委陵菜无性系的克隆生长行为和形态特性产生了影响。高寒草甸退化后鹅绒委陵菜的匍匐茎增多,分支强度加大。退化草甸内鹅绒委陵菜的基株高度小于未退化草甸,根长大于未退化草甸,基株的叶片数目问没有明显差别。退化草甸的分株高度显著小于未退化草甸,而分株叶数大于未退化草甸,根长小于未退化革甸且差异不显著。未退化草甸内鹅绒委陵菜无性系的问隔子长度、粗度和匍匐茎长度大于退化草甸,间隔子平均数目少于退化草甸,差异都不显著。随着鹅绒委陵菜无性系匍匐茎数目的增加,不论重度退化草甸与未退化草甸,用于鹅绒委陵菜克隆繁殖的能量投资也逐渐增加。鹅绒委陵菜在未退化草甸用于克隆繁殖的能量投资比例高于退化草甸,其中未退化草甸内鹅绒委陵菜基株的干重占无性系总生物量的比例略低于退化草甸,分株和匍匐茎的干重占无性系总生物量的比例高于退化草甸。高寒草甸退化对鹅绒委陵菜克隆生长特征的这些影响,与植物群落结构和功能的变化导致生境变异密切相关,是其对高寒草甸退化导致的资源和生境差异的反应,也是对资源利用达到的最合理状态,是一种选择适应的结果,有利于克隆繁殖潜力的发挥。同时为生境适应假说提供了又一例证。     

以礼草属的地理分布

根据植物类群的地理分布与系统发育相统一的原理,本文讨论了以礼草属的分布中心、起源地、 起源时间和现代分布格局的形成。以礼草属全世界约26种、6变种,隶属于3个组,主要分布于中国,哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、阿富汗和伊朗也有分布。其中,中国的青藏高原汇聚了该属的大多数种类,且不同等级和演化水平的类群均集居于此,使其成为该属的现代分布中心;而该属的原始类群、以及与原始类群很近缘的鹅观草属却分布在这一中心之外的天山地区,加之天山地区自新生代的晚第三纪再次抬升以来,具备了以礼草属发生和繁衍的自然条件,因而天山地区很可能就是该属的起源地,起源时间也可能在晚第三纪或第四纪初。以礼草属自天山起源后,扩散的途径大概有3条,其中西南向途径和东南向途径从东、西两侧侵入青藏高原,在青藏高原得到极度发展,并随着高原的继续隆起,进一步衍生出最高级的类群短穗组,从而形成了以礼草属现今的分布格局。     

Influence of light and darkness on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Rana temporaria L.

Summary The influence of a long daily photoperiod and continuous darkness was studied on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of Rana temporaria. After six weeks of treatment (December-January 1968/1969) the secretory activity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the light-treated animals was enhanced.The amount of aldehyde-fuchsin positive material in the preoptic nucleus increased as a result of the light treatment, and decreased in the median eminence, whereas in the posterior lobe no difference could be observed between the light- and dark-treated animals.The karyometric results showed an increase of the nuclear volume of the cells of the preoptic nucleus after light treatment; small differences were noticed between distinct areas of the preoptic nucleus.Autoradiographic data especially showed that light influenced the hypothalamo-hypophysial system to a high degree. Half an hour after the injection of ³⁵S-cysteine, the incorporation of the isotope in the preoptic nucleus of the light-treated animals was five times as much as in the dark-treated animals. In the median eminence and in the posterior lobe, the autoradiographic results confirmed the results found with regard to the amount of aldehyde-fuchsin positive material. Labelled material is released only from the median eminence and not from the posterior lobe.The author is indebted to Prof. Dr. J. C. van de Kamer and Dr. F. C. G. van de Veerdonk for their interest and helpful encouragement. Thanks are also due to Ir. J. J. Bezem for his assistance in solving the statistical problems and to Mr. H. van Kooten and his staff for making the illustrations. The co-operation of the student Mr. E. Schenk is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. L. Boomgaart was so kind to check and amend the English writing.     

Sublingual structures in primates. Part 1: Prosimiae, Platyrrhini and Cercopithecinae

1. The sublingual structures of primates have been studied light-microscopically. There are 3 different sublingual structures in the species studied. The plica sublingualis occurs in all primates. The sublingual organ is a topographically modified plica sublingualis which occurs exclusively in Callicebus. A sublingua is present only in the prosimians. 2. The plica sublingualis contains the excretory ducts of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. The sublingua is ventrally adherent to the body of the tongue and is, with a few exceptions in Tupaia, characterized by a skeleton of cartilage tissue. A sublingua never exhibits excretory ducts or salivary glands. 3. In some Platyrrhini (Ateles, Aotus, Lagothrix, Alouatta, Callicebus), there are taste buds in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis. They are especially concentrated near the orifices of the salivary glands. 4. The fresh saliva of the submandibular and sublingual gland can be tested by the taste buds on the plica sublingualis, because there is a topographical coincidence. 5. There is a complete absence of taste buds at the plica sublingualis of the prosimians and the Cercopithecinae. 6. There are no taste buds in the epithelium of the sublingua. In the Lorisiformes and in the Lemuriformes the sublingua is a cleaning device of the anterior dentition, most probably in connection with a tactile sensibility. In the Tupaiformes and in the Tarsiiformes the sublingua is less developed. 7. There is no anatomical connection between the skeleton of cartilage tissue in the sublingua and the lytta, or the skeleton of the hyoideum. 8. In some Cercopithecinae (Macaca, Papio) a glandula apicis linguae is present.     

扬子鳄皮肤腺结构与发育的初步观察

扬子鳄有三种皮肤腺:背腺、泄殖腔麝腺和下颌腺。背腺位于背中线左右两侧第二行鳞片下方,其确切位置个体间差异很大,如表1。幼鳄背腺形态多种多样,但显示出是一种退化器官,未观察到腺开口,也未观察到半成鳄和成鳄的背腺,因此扬子鳄背腺可能不具功能。泄殖腔麝腺位于泄殖腔腹唇内,梨形,腺管开口于泄殖腔腹壁,成体腺腔很大,腺的底部壁较厚,腺细胞明显地分成若干小叶,其它部位壁较薄,小叶不明显,属全泌腺,分泌油脂物,繁殖期特别发达,但性未成熟个体亦具功能,是一种信息素下颌腺位于下颌后方两侧皮肤内,圆柱状,脉管开口于下颌腹侧皮肤表面,成体腺腔不规则,腺壁厚,从包囊到腺腔,腺细胞可明显地分成三个区,属全泌腺,分泌油脂物,在繁殖期特别发达,此腺到性成熟才具功能。     

Effects of vanadate, N2 and light on the membrane potential of motor cells and the lateral leaflet movements of Desmodium motorium

The lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. exhibit ultradian up- and down movements, which are paralleled by oscillations of the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. By different treatments we have tested the hypothesis that both that both oscillation-types are causally related. The reactions of the leaflet movement and the membrane potential were evaluated by the following approaches. (1) Application of vanadate. an inhibitor of the proton pump in the plasmalemma. and N₂ suppressed leaflet movements and finally arrested the leaflet in the lower position. Before the oscillations damped out, a strong lengthening in period was found. This indicates that the pump is part of the ultradian clock. A period lenthening and a final suppression of the rhythm by vanadate was also seen in the extracellular electric potential of the pulvinus. Intracellular recordings in situ showed that vanadate application depolarized the motor cells. (2) Light of high fluence rates diminished the amplitude of the oscillations of the membrane potential of single motor cells and shortened the period. The same effects were observed when monitoring the lateral leaflet movement. The leaflet always moved towards the direction of the light. whether it was applied from the abaxial or from the adaxial part of the pulvinus. (3) When light was applied to the pulvinus of lateral leaflets. which had spontancously stopped moving in an upper position. oscillations were induced transiently. This effect was also found for the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. - Our results thus provide further evidence that the membrane potential controls the volume state of the motor cells in the pulvinus of lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium .     

小流域治理20年后的千烟洲植物多样性

研究了小流域治理20年后千烟洲植物α多样性和β多样性,结果如下:1)优势度:所有人工林乔、灌、草3层均以乔木层优势度最大,且乔木层优势度均大于天然次生林和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)林,而所有天然次生林及枫香林均以乔木层优势度最小。12种类型群落灌木层优势度都较小,均值仅0.17。草本层,白茅(Imperata cylindrica var. major)草丛和檵木(Loropetalum chinense)-疏花雀麦(Bromus remotiflorus)灌丛优势度较大,分别为0.53和0.51。2)多样性:从乔、灌、草3层比较,枫香林、天然马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以乔木层最大,其它群落以灌木层最大,而所有人工林以乔木层最低。乔木层中枫香林最高(2.61);灌木层和草本层多样性存在相似之处:马尾松 + 湿地松(Pinus elliottii)林最高,除马尾松+山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba)林、板栗(Castanea mollissima)+枫香林外,其它人工林多样性均高于天然次生林和枫香林。3)丰富度:各群落均以灌木层最大;枫香林乔木层和灌木层种类丰富度均很高,但草本层很低;天然次生林乔木层丰富度指数大于人工林。4)均匀度:从灌、草层比较,除檵木-疏花雀麦灌丛和白茅草丛外,其它群落草本层均匀度均大于灌木层。乔木层,板栗+枫香林和马尾松+山鸡椒林均匀度指数很大,大于0.76,其它人工林均匀度小于天然次生林和枫香林。灌木层,除板栗+枫香林外,其它人工林均匀度都大于天然次生林和枫香林。5)β多样性与α多样性相互补充,很好地反映了不同群落类型之间的差异。β多样性将12种类型群落分成3大类,草丛、灌丛、具乔木层的群落,其中草丛与其它类型群落相异性最大。枫香林是位于人工林与天然次生林之间的过渡类型。     

腊梅的受精作用及胚胎发生

腊梅 (Chimonanthuspraecox)花两性 ,离心皮雌蕊着生在杯状花托上 ,柱头线形 ,干性。花粉经昆虫传播 ,落在柱头上 1d后萌发 ,第 8d从珠孔进入 ,第 1 4d左右完成双受精 ,为珠孔受精。胚乳为核型胚乳 ;初生胚乳核经短暂休眠进行核分裂 ,位于合点端的游离核首先形成细胞 ,并从合点向珠孔端细胞化 ,第 37d胚乳充满整个囊腔。合子经过近 2周的休眠后开始分裂 ,随着胚的发育 ,大部分胚乳降解 ,为胚的发育提供营养。合点端的胚乳细胞则侵入合点珠心组织 ,为胚进一步发育提供营养。其胚胎发生为柳叶菜型。     

蚊幼虫感染苏云金杆菌以色列变种后病理的研究

本文用电子显微镜、蛋白质凝胶电泳和蛋白水解酶测定的方法,比较研究了三种蚊幼虫在感染苏云金杆菌以色列变种后中肠组织的病变,经苏云金杆菌以色列变种处理10分钟后,中肠细胞的细胞器即呈现病变,最明显的是线粒体呈现极度的电子致密状态,细胞质的粗糙内质网也开始瓦解,处理16小时后,细胞核膨胀,各种细胞器进一步瓦解,而围食膜仍然完好。此时细胞的盐溶性蛋白含量减少,图谱上明显缺少一条蛋白区带。另方面,感染10分钟后,中肠的蛋白水解酶活性便下降,不同蚊种的酶活性相差比较大,幼虫中肠的蛋白水解酶主要为胰蛋白酶。 根据结果分析,我们初步认为,苏云金杆菌以色列变种,对蚊幼虫的毒效是苏云金杆菌以色列变种的毒素对中肠细胞能量代谢和中肠蛋白酶活性产生抑制的结果。     

The functional and structural border of the neurohemal region of the median eminence

Summary In stressed rats the tanycytes of the ventrolateral wall of the third ventricle exhibit by light microscopic immunohistochemistry a positive staining for neurohormones which is distinctly limited to the distal perivascular end of the tanycyte process. Since by electron microscopic immuncytochemistry the tanycyte cytoplasm does not show any reaction product, the light microscopic reaction most likely results from a labeling of the intercellular space in the direct vicinity of the subendothelial cleft. Whether this subendothelial space is permeable to neurohormones was tested by injection of HRP¹. In the region of the arcuate nucleus 30 min after intravenous application, the marker is affixed to the membranes of the perivascular tanycyte processes in the subendothelial cleft of capillaries possessing non-fenestrated endothelia. Occasionally, HRP penetrates for a short distance between the tanycytes. Then the labeling of the intercellular cleft ends abruptly. Here, several parallel ridges of tight junctions between the perivascular distal tanycyte processes are found by the freezeetching technique. Since HRP cannot reach the subendothelial clefts of this region by passing through capillary walls due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier, it is suggested that the marker penetrates from the median eminence this far via the subendothelial extracellular space. It is prevented from spreading further by the tight junctions of the perivascular tanycyte endings. The same way may be taken by the neurohormones. Hence, a border area exists adjacent to the dorsolateral aspect of the neurohemal region of the median eminence where the tanycytes isolate the neuropil from the cerebrospinal fluid not only by their apical tight junctions, but also by basal tight junctions from the subendothelial cleft. This communicates with the perivascular space of the portal vessels.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant Nr. Kr. 569/2) and Stiftung VolkswagenwerkDedicated to Professor Dr. R. Ortmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday.The skilful technical assistance of Miss K. Bielenberg, Mrs. A. Hinz and Mrs. H. Prien is thankfully acknowledged     

江汉水牛与摩拉水牛顶间骨形态比较研究

对摩拉水牛头骨形态特征进行研究,并对2例(1,4号)摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行研究,与2例(2,3号)江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行形态特征比较,结果表明摩拉水牛顶间骨发达,是由完整的对骨组成.该研究进一步论证了摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨形态结构与江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨之间存在很明显差异,摩拉水牛顶间骨比江汉水牛的顶间骨发达.     

Host-plant choice and larval growth in the cinnabar moth: do pyrrolizidine alkaloids play a role?

Witte et al. (1992) described two distinct chemotypes of Senecio jacobaea L. Asteraceae, a chemotype with jacobine as one of the major pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and a chemotype with erucifoline as one of the major PAs. We hypothesized that the presence of erucifoline might be the factor responsible for the lack of success of the cinnabar moth on Senecio erucifolius L. Asteraceae and the S. jacobaea erucifoline chemotype. We performed a survey of the distribution of the two chemotypes in the Netherlands and compared this with the distribution map of Tyria jacobaeae L. Lepidoptera, Arctiidae. The distribution of the two chemotypes in the Netherlands is poorly correlated with the distribution of the cinnabar moth. The jacobine chemotype occurs along the coast and the erucifoline chemotype predominantly inward.An oviposition experiment showed that the cinnabar moth did not discriminate between the two chemotypes of S. jacobaea and S. erucifolius. Larval performance did not differ between the two chemotypes and species. Although the distribution of S. jacobaea jacobine chemotype is loosely associated with the abundance of the cinnabar moth the oviposition and growth experiments indicate that other factors than the presence of erucifoline play a role in this association.The absence of recordings of S. erucifolius as a foodplant for the cinnabar moth might be explained by the phenology of the foodplant. Ovipositing females of the univoltine cinnabar moth prefer flowering plants for oviposition. S. erucifolius starts flowering about 1–2 month later than S. jacobaea just after the peak density of moths.     

Distribution of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase in the amygdala of the guinea pig

Summary A study of the amygdala of the guinea pig was carried out on material stained by the Nissl, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) methods. The material stained for Nissl substance was used primarily as a reference in determining the distribution of the two enzymes. Regional differences in cell size and/or distribution were noted within the lateral, basal, medial and cortical nuclei. In the AChE preparations, it was observed that the large-celled part of the basal nucleus stained very intensely, the small-celled part of the basal nucleus and ventromedial part of the lateral nucleus more moderately, and the dorsolateral part of the lateral nucleus and cortical nucleus lightly. The central and medial nuclei showed almost no reaction. With the MAO method, the greatest staining reaction was seen in the medial nucleus, the medial part of the cortical nucleus, the anterior amygdaloid area and the ventromedial wedge of the putamen adjacent to the central nucleus. In addition, fibres of the stria terminalis stained very darkly.These findings are discussed in relation to the observations of previous authors employing the same methods.Supported in part by the Canadian Medical Research Council Grant No. M.T. 870 and U.S. Public Health Service Grant No. NS-07998. This aid is gratefully acknowledged. We are indebted to Dr. Gorm Danscher for additional material and to Mr. A. Meier, Mrs. L. Munkøe, Mrs. K. Sørensen, Miss M. Sørensen, Miss D. Valgaard, and Miss B. Ørum for skillful assistance.     

The bronchial tree and blood vessels of the Japanese monkey lung

The author injected various colored celluloid solutions into the bronchial tree and blood vessels of the lungs of five adult Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in order to prepare cast specimens. These specimens were investigated from the comparative anatomical viewpoint to determine whether the bronchial ramification theory of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980) can be applied to the Japanese monkey lung or not. The bronchioles are arranged stereotaxically like those of other mammalian lungs. The four bronchiole systems, dorsal, ventral, medial, and lateral, arise from both bronchi, respectively, although some bronchioles are lacking. In the right lung, the bronchioles form the upper, middle, accessory, and lower lobes, while in the left lung, the upper and accessory lobes are lacking and bi-lobed middle and lower lobes are formed. In the right lung, the upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The lower lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems. In the left lung, the middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The lower lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles. Thus, the bronchial ramification theory of the mammalian lung applied well to the Japanese monkey lung. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole. It then runs along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus between the dorsal bronchiole system and the lateral bronchiole system. On its way, it gives off branches of the pulmonary artery which run along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole except in the ventral bronchiole system. In the ventral bronchiole system, the branches run along the ventral side of the bronchioles. The distributions of the pulmonary artery in the left lung are the same as those in the right lung. The pulmonary veins do not always run along the bronchioles. Most of them run on the medial or ventral side of the bronchioles. Some of them run between the pulmonary segments. In the right lung, these pulmonary veins finally form the right upper lobe vein, right middle lobe vein and the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk before entering the left atrium. However, the right accessory lobe vein runs on the dorsal side of the bronchiole and pours into the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk. In four cases out of the five examples, part of the right lower lobe veins pour into the right middle lobe vein, while the others enter the right lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk. In the left lung, the branches of the pulmonary veins finally form the left middle lobe vein and the left lower lobe pulmonary venous trunk.     

Differentiation of the Shoot Apex and its Relationship to the Development of the Vegetative Organs in Spring Wheat (Yu-Chung-Hung and Kansu 96) under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents

1. In each stage of the differentiation of the growing cones of these two varieties of wheat, their morphological characters are the same as of the general wheat, their fourth stage being the sign of the beginning of their reproductive structures. 2. The sequence of the differentiation in the development of spikelets is as follows: first the outer glume, then the inner glume, the lemma of the first flower, the primordium of the first flower, the lemma of the second flower and finally the primordium of second flower, etc.; while it is the palea, the stamens, the pistil and the lodicules for the flower part. 3. The differentiations of the primordiums of stamens and pistil start at the same time as the appearance of the awn. 4. It was found that in Kansu 96 the rate of the differentiation of the growing cones is more rapid, its volume bigger, the number of its spikelets and flowers, the chance of fruitification and its yield higher, than those of Yu-Chung-Hung, but the average individual weight of the grain is lower than that of the latter. 5. The rate of the differentiation of the growing cones will be slowed, and the numbers of spikelets, flowers and grains increased if a high moisture content of soil is present. The shape of the spike is grand and close under irrigation, but under drought it is slender and soft. Although the yield of Yu-Chung-Hung is lower than that of Kansu 96, but it appears to have a higher hydronasty than the latter. 6. It was shown in our investigation that the Kansu 96 appears to be of drought resistance. 7. Under normal conditions and in the same variety, the appearances of the leaf and the node of the stem, and the developmental phases of plants may be suggested as an indication of the differentiation of the growing cones. It is recommended that they can be used as a field crop.