近30年官厅水库流域景观结构的时空演变

以官厅水库流域为研究区,以1978-2009年的6期Landsat系列遥感影像为基础数据解译景观分布图.利用经济学中的洛伦兹曲线及基尼系数对景观类型分布的均匀性及其动态进行分析,采用缓中区分析方法对现有方法进行改进,使得洛伦兹曲线更加平滑,基尼系数更加准确.结果表明:各种景观类型分布的均匀性存在明显的时空差异,耕地始终是分布最均匀的景观类型,1978-1998年人工林地是分布最不均匀的景观类型,2004年以后天然草地成为分布最不均匀的景观类型;景观类型分布的均匀程度与该景观类型面积的大小存在负相关关系,其分布均匀性的变化与该景观类型面积的变化方式有关,局部变化还是全局变化会使该景观类型分布的均匀性向不同的方向发展;在近30年的时间里,自然景观全面退化,表现在面积减小和分布越来越不均匀,自然景观不断被人工景观取代.     

林木个体大小不一致性指标对人工林间伐方式的即时性响应

以广西14年生杉木和马尾松人工林为对象,设同一疏伐强度的下层疏伐、上层疏伐、机械疏伐和干扰树间伐4种处理,分别用标准差、变异系数、偏度、Gini系数、库兹涅茨系数和洛伦茨不对称系数6种指标对4种间伐方式下采伐前后林木个体大小差异进行评价.结果表明: 与间伐前相比,马尾松和杉木人工林下层疏伐或上层疏伐后,林木个体材积的标准差、变异系数、Gini系数和库兹涅茨系数均变小,偏度变大;干扰树间伐后标准差、变异系数、Gini系数和库兹涅茨系数均变大,偏度则不一定.马尾松林和杉木林下层疏伐后洛伦茨不对称系数变大,上层疏伐或干扰树间伐后则变小.机械疏伐后各指标无明显变化规律.干扰树间伐后林木个体大小差异性增加,上层疏伐和下层疏伐后林木个体大小差异性减小.洛伦茨曲线、Gini系数和洛伦茨不对称系数均能较好地反映林木个体大小不一致性,可以进行不同林分间个体差异程度静态和动态比较,较好地反映不同间伐方式引起的林木个体差异.洛伦茨不对称系数可以判断林木个体大小不一致性的来源是大树还是小树.近自然森林经营中干扰树间伐措施可以在减小目标树竞争压力的同时拉大林木个体大小差距,有助于保持目标树在林分中的优势地位.
     

刺参池塘底质微生物群落功能多样性的季节变化

利用BIOLOG技术和冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)方法对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘底质环境(底泥、附着基)微生物群落功能多样性的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)刺参池塘底泥和附着基微生物对碳源总量和单类碳源的利用均具有显著的季节变化,总体表现为春、夏、秋季节高于冬季,其中,底泥微生物利用比例较高的碳源类型为聚合物、糖类、羧酸和氨基酸,附着基微生物利用比例较高的碳源类型为聚合物、糖类、氨基酸和胺。(2)主成分分析表明,刺参池塘底泥和附着基微生物碳代谢方式均具有显著的季节变化。底泥中,与主成分显著相关的碳源有18种,其中与主成分1显著相关的主要是糖类、羧酸和氨基酸,与主成分2显著相关的主要是聚合物和糖类;附着基中,与主成分显著相关的碳源有22种,其中与主成分1显著相关的主要是聚合物、糖类、羧酸和氨基酸,与主成分2显著相关的是羧酸。(3)刺参池塘底泥和附着基微生物多样性指数Shannon、McIntosh、Simpson和S-E均匀度均存在显著的季节变化,但不同指数之间的变化有较大差异。(4)RDA分析表明,TP、NO3-N和PO4-P是影响底泥微生物功能多样性季节变化的主要因素,SOM、NO3-N和TN是影响附着基微生物功能多样性季节变化的主要因素。结论认为,刺参池塘底泥和附着基微生物功能多样性具有显著的不同的季节变化,这些变化与环境因子具有很好的相关性。     

刺参养殖池塘水体微生物群落功能多样性的季节变化

利用Biolog技术和冗余分析(RDA)方法对刺参养殖池塘水体微生物群落功能多样性的季节变化及其与环境因子间的关系进行研究.结果表明： 刺参池塘水体微生物对碳源总量和单类碳源的利用均具有显著的季节变化,总体表现为夏季最高、冬季最低,其利用比例较高的碳源类型为聚合物.主成分分析表明,刺参池塘水体微生物群落碳代谢方式具有显著的季节变化,其中,与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要有10种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、羧酸、氨基酸和胺.刺参池塘水体微生物碳代谢多样性指数Shannon、McIntosh、Simpson和S E均匀度均存在显著的季节变化,但不同指数之间的变化有较大差异.RDA分析表明,TP、NO₃^--N、TN和PO₄^3--P是影响刺参池塘水体微生物群落功能多样性季节变化的主要因素.     

戴云山南坡不同海拔森林土壤微生物功能多样性特征及影响因素

土壤微生物作为森林生态系统的主要分解者,参与土壤养分循环,在维持土壤生态系统功能和服务中发挥着重要作用。探讨不同海拔土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的季节变化,对维持土壤生态系统稳定具有重要研究价值。以戴云山南坡不同海拔土壤为研究对象(900-1500 m),采用Biolog-ECO微平板法,研究不同海拔土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的季节变化(夏季与冬季),揭示驱动戴云山不同海拔土壤微生物季节变化的主要因素。结果表明:(1)夏季海拔1400 m区域土壤微生物的碳源利用最强,微生物活性最高。冬季表现为海拔900 m处土壤微生物对碳源利用最强,活性最高。(2)土壤微生物群落对碳源利用特征的研究表明,夏季与冬季中氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源是7个海拔土壤微生物利用的主要碳源,且夏季碳源利用程度高于冬季。(3)冗余分析表明夏季和冬季戴云山南坡7个海拔土壤微生物群落功能多样性均受土壤环境因子驱动,解释量分别为72.63%和44.12%,均高于地形因子的解释量。(4)土壤温度和全钾含量等因子是驱动夏季土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化的主要因素;土壤全钾、全磷、有效磷含量和坡向是驱动冬季土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化的主要因素。海拔和季节变化通过调节土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性,进而影响森林土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性。     

猫儿山不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性

为研究中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征及其随海拔梯度的变化,应用Biolog微平板技术,对猫儿山不同海拔植被带(常绿阔叶林(EBF)、落叶阔叶混交林(DBF)、针阔混交林(CBF))土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异进行了比较。结果表明,不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间延长而逐渐增加,随着海拔升高,土壤AWCD值逐渐降低,大小顺序为EBFDBFCBF。土壤微生物群落Shannon指数和丰富度指数的总体趋势为EBF最高,DBF次之,CBF最低。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落均匀度指数之间差异不显著。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物对不同碳源的利用能力存在差异,其中EBF利用率最高,CBF利用率最低,氨基酸类、胺类和酯类碳源为各海拔植被带土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。主成分分析结果表明,主成分1和主成分2分别能解释变量方差的40.42%和15.97%,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是酯类、胺类和氨基酸类碳源。土壤理化性质与土壤微生物群落功能多样性之间的相关性分析结果表明,微生物群落多样性的Shannon指数与全钾(TK)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与含水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、有效P(AP)之间的相关性显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),且为负相关。土壤TK含量和含水量可能是造成不同海拔土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异的主要原因。     

浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性研究

目的 对浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性进行分析,为我省卫生行政部门加强护理人力资源的管理及合理配置提供借鉴。方法 采用洛伦兹曲线（Lorenz Curve）与基尼系数（Gini Coefficient）来评价浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性。结果 2011年浙江省各地护理人力资源按人口、面积分布的洛伦兹曲线均分布在绝对公平线附近;按人口分布的基尼系数为0.16,按面积分布的基尼系数为0.28。结论 浙江省护理人力资源配置总体上公平,但布局欠合理,其人口公平性优于地理公平性。     

广西壮族自治区县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性研究

目的 对广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性进行分析。方法 采用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数等方法,从人口和地理分布对广西91个县域医疗卫生资源(床位、卫生技术人员、医生)的配置公平性进行分析。结果 广西县级医疗卫生资源中床位、卫生技术人员、医生按人口分布的基尼系数分别为0.230 3、0.239 6、0.250 4,按地理分布的基尼系数分别为0.346 1、0.353 4、
0.352 3。结论 广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性较好,其中人口分布优于地理分布,床位分布优于卫生人力资源分布。广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性低于广西总体水平,但优于城区医疗卫生资源的配置。应进一步加大县级医疗卫生资源的投入,不断缩小城乡差距,提高县级医疗卫生资源在人口和地理配置的公平性。     

Microbial Community Profiles in Wastewaters from Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Technology

The aim of the study was to determine the potential of community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) methodology as an assay for characterization of the metabolic diversity of wastewater samples and to link the metabolic diversity patterns to efficiency of select onsite biological wastewater facilities. Metabolic fingerprints obtained from the selected samples were used to understand functional diversity implied by the carbon substrate shifts. Three different biological facilities of onsite wastewater treatment were evaluated: fixed bed reactor (technology A), trickling filter/biofilter system (technology B), and aerated filter system (the fluidized bed reactor, technology C). High similarities of the microbial community functional structures were found among the samples from the three onsite wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as shown by the diversity indices. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the diversity and CLPPs of microbial communities depended on the working efficiency of the wastewater treatment technologies. This study provided an overall picture of microbial community functional structures of investigated samples in WWTPs and discerned the linkages between microbial communities and technologies of onsite WWTPs used. The results obtained confirmed that metabolic profiles could be used to monitor treatment processes as valuable biological indicators of onsite wastewater treatment technologies efficiency. This is the first step toward understanding relations of technology types with microbial community patterns in raw and treated wastewaters.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区地形变化对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区破碎地形对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,对于理解复杂地形区生态过程与系统功能的空间变化具有重要意义。选择陕西省安塞县陈家洼为研究区,依据坡面地形变化选择不同坡位土壤,采用Biolog微平板培养法探究地形变化对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。实验发现,土壤微生物群落培养的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)增长曲线总的呈现出坡下部坡中部坡上部的规律,且坡下部AWCD值与坡中部、坡上部间差异显著(P0.05);坡下部土壤微生物群落功能多样性显著高于坡中部和坡上部,但不同土层深度(0—10 cm、10—20 cm)间无显著性差异(P0.05);对土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异贡献较大的碳源是糖类、羧酸类和多酚化合物类碳源;土壤含水率高低是不同坡位土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著的主要原因;微生物群落丰富度(H)和均一度(D)与土壤全氮含量正相关,优势度(U)反之,土壤全碳、全磷和p H对土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性差异作用不显著。     

不同海拔红松林土壤微生物功能多样性

为全面了解红松林土壤微生物碳源利用特点,以长白山海拔700～1100 m红松林0～5和5～10 cm表土为研究对象,采用Biolog微平板法,分析了土壤微生物功能多样性沿海拔的垂直分布特征和变化规律.结果表明: 不同海拔红松林土壤微生物功能多样性差异显著,平均每孔颜色变化率（AWCD）随培养时间延长而增加,同一深度土层的AWCD值随海拔升高而降低;Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数也随海拔升高呈现下降趋势,且不同海拔间3个多样性指数差异显著;物种多样性和功能多样性表现出相同的变化规律.土壤微生物对6大类碳源利用强度存在差异,各海拔土壤微生物对氨基酸类碳源利用率最高,为优势碳源;主成分分析表明,不同海拔土壤微生物在碳源利用上有明显的空间分异,土壤微生物功能多样性垂直地带性差异主要体现在对碳水类、氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源的利用上,其中碳水类尤为突出.对不同海拔土壤微生物群落功能多样性聚类分析表明,样地植被组成会对土壤微生物组成和功能活性产生重要影响.     

海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的时空变化

功能多样性是联系物种、生态环境和生态系统功能的基础.从功能多样性的角度研究群落结构,有助于更好地理解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系.本研究根据2011—2017年(除2012年外)春、秋季海州湾渔业资源底拖网调查数据,选取反映鱼类摄食、运动、生态适应性、繁殖行为和种群动态特征的13个功能性状,利用功能丰富度指数、功能均匀度指数、功能离散度指数和群落特征加权平均数指数(CWM),研究了海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性的季节、年际和空间的变化.结果表明: 海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性指数具有显著的季节差异,其中秋季功能丰富度指数显著高于春季,春季功能离散度指数显著高于秋季,鱼类洄游是造成功能多样性指数季节变化的主要原因;CWM分析表明,春季鱼类群落优势种为营养级较高、运动能力较强、生长系数、恢复力和脆弱性较高的冷/暖温性鱼类,秋季则相反,春、秋季鱼类群落均以产浮性卵鱼类为主;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现一定的年际变化,其中春、秋季各功能多样性指数在不同年际均呈波动趋势,表明海州湾鱼类群落稳定性较低;鱼类群落功能多样性指数呈现显著的空间差异,其中20 m以深远岸水域功能离散度指数较高.海州湾鱼类群落功能多样性具有明显的时空变化特征,鱼类生态位与其对资源的利用均随季节、年际和空间而变化.     

Examination of the reproducibility of grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics on maximal repeated rhythmic grip exertion

The contribution of physiological mechanisms involving force-exertion value during maximal repeated rhythmic muscle contraction work changes over time. The purpose of this study was to examine the reproducibility of grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics with a decrease of the gripping force during maximal repeated rhythmic grip (RRG). Subjects were 10 males, aged 20-26 years (height 173.9+/-7.3 cm, body weight 71.5+/-11.2 kg). Each subject performed maximal repeated rhythmic grip as a target value with a target frequency of 30 grips.min(-1) for 6 min. The trial-to-trial reproducibility of Oxygenated haemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), Deoxygenated haemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb), Total haemoglobin (Total Hb) and grip force during the RRG (6 min) was very high (r(xy)=0.919-0.966) and the decreasing pattern of the force-time curve was consistent. The cross correlation coefficients of the grip force (r(xy)=0.985) and muscle oxygenation kinetics (Total Hb: 0.996, Oxy-Hb: 0.992, Deoxy-Hb: 0.995) in the pre-inflection phase (marked force decreasing phase) were very high, while these coefficients in the post-inflection phase (almost steady state phase) were low as compared with those in the pre-inflection phase. The trial-to-trial reliabilities of any parameter regarding grip were fair or high (ICC=0.686-0.927). The changing points of muscle oxygenation kinetics appeared before reaching an almost steady state, which showed a high reliability and they were considered to reflect the shift of physiological mechanisms. In particular, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the time to reach maximum Deoxy-Hb and Oxy-Hb values and regression coefficient in an increasing phase of Oxy-Hb were very high (ICC=0.894-0.947). It was found that the trial-to-trial reproducibility of grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics is very high during the whole 6 min in RRG, but is poor during the post-inflection phase. The reproducibility of the grip force and muscle oxygenation kinetics in the phase before reaching an almost steady state during RRG is fair, and the decrease of the grip force in this phase may be influenced by the muscle oxygenation kinetics.     

The relationship of the potassium transport function of human erythrocyte membranes to the structural state of the glycocalyx

The two structural-functional state parameters of erythrocyte membrane in healthy donors and ischemic heart disease patients have been compared--the potassium exchange rate constant (x), and the quantity of Alcian blue sorption capacity of glycocalyx (y). The connection between the first parameter--x--and the other one--y--has been observed in cases, when the value of the latter experienced both the seasonal oscillations (the coefficient of lineal correlation was: r = -0.87, P less than 0.01) and the changes in the cause of ischemic heart disease (r = -0.72, P less than 0.01) and its treatment (the coefficients of correlation attitude of each of parameter changes were: eta xy = 0.83, P less than 0.01; eta yx = 0.52, P less than 0.05). The above connection may indicate the participation of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids in a regulation of the cation transport function of the erythrocyte membrane.     

Role of vermicompost chemical composition, microbial functional diversity, and fungal community structure in their microbial respiratory response to three pesticides

The relationships between vermicompost chemical features, enzyme activities, community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs), fungal community structures, and its microbial respiratory response to pesticides were investigated. Fungal community structure of vermicomposts produced from damaged tomato fruits (DT), winery wastes (WW), olive-mill waste and biosolids (OB), and cattle manure (CM) were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 18S rDNA. MicroResp? was used for assessing vermicompost CLPPs and testing the microbial response to metalaxyl, imidacloprid, and diuron. Vermicompost enzyme activities and CLPPs indicated that WW, OB, and DT had higher microbial functional diversity than CM. The microbiota of the former tolerated all three pesticides whereas microbial respiration in CM was negatively affected by metalaxyl and imidacloprid. The response of vermicompost microbiota to the fungicide metalaxyl was correlated to its fungal community structure. The results suggest that vermicomposts with higher microbial functional diversity can be useful for the management of pesticide pollution in agriculture.     

一种新的分子遗传相似度计算方法

指出了Nei氏遗传相似度仅仅是用来描述两个二进制变量差异相似程度程度的一种距离系数或相似系数,与个体间亲缘程度没有必然联系。根据亲缘系数的定义,提出新的遗传相传相似计算公式即rA(x,y)=2N^2xy/NxNy或rA(x,y)=N^2/NxNy。并通过实例验证了该公式可用于判断个体间亲缘程度方面。     

独山子区优势草本植物根际与非根际土壤微生物功能多样性

以独山子区3种优势草本植物的根际与非根际土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法对土壤微生物功能多样性进行了研究。结果表明:3种不同植物根际与非根际土壤微生物代谢活性(AWCD)、丰富度指数Shannon(H)和均匀度指数Mc Intosh(U)均存在不同差异,且博乐蒿根际土壤微生物功能多样性均优于非根际土壤及其他两种植物;根际土壤微生物对糖类、脂类、酸类和胺类碳源物质比较敏感,非根际土壤微生物敏感于酸类、氨基酸类以及糖类碳源,根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力更强,且不同植物根际环境微生物碳源利用特征不同;微生物活性、丰富度指数和微生物均匀度指数与土壤pH值、SOM、AP和NO-3-N存在显著正相关(P0.05);博乐蒿根际土壤养分含量与微生物活性均较高,对环境的适应性更强,在独山子区生态环境管理与建设中可对其进行关注。     

An improved method to set significance thresholds for β diversity testing in microbial community comparisons

Exploring the variation in microbial community diversity between locations (β diversity) is a central topic in microbial ecology. Currently, there is no consensus on how to set the significance threshold for β diversity. Here, we describe and quantify the technical components of β diversity, including those associated with the process of subsampling. These components exist for any proposed β diversity measurement procedure. Further, we introduce a strategy to set significance thresholds for β diversity of any group of microbial samples using rarefaction, invoking the notion of a meta‐community. The proposed technique was applied to several in silico generated operational taxonomic unit (OTU) libraries and experimental 16S rRNA pyrosequencing libraries. The latter represented microbial communities from different biological rapid sand filters at a full‐scale waterworks. We observe that β diversity, after subsampling, is inflated by intra‐sample differences; this inflation is avoided in the proposed method. In addition, microbial community evenness (Gini > 0.08) strongly affects all β diversity estimations due to bias associated with rarefaction. Where published methods to test β significance often fail, the proposed meta‐community‐based estimator is more successful at rejecting insignificant β diversity values. Applying our approach, we reveal the heterogeneous microbial structure of biological rapid sand filters both within and across filters.     

Analysis of bacterial and archaeal diversity in coastal microbial mats using massive parallel 16S rRNA gene tag sequencing

Coastal microbial mats are small-scale and largely closed ecosystems in which a plethora of different functional groups of microorganisms are responsible for the biogeochemical cycling of the elements. Coastal microbial mats play an important role in coastal protection and morphodynamics through stabilization of the sediments and by initiating the development of salt-marshes. Little is known about the bacterial and especially archaeal diversity and how it contributes to the ecological functioning of coastal microbial mats. Here, we analyzed three different types of coastal microbial mats that are located along a tidal gradient and can be characterized as marine (ST2), brackish (ST3) and freshwater (ST3) systems. The mats were sampled during three different seasons and subjected to massive parallel tag sequencing of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA genes of Bacteria and Archaea. Sequence analysis revealed that the mats are among the most diverse marine ecosystems studied so far and consist of several novel taxonomic levels ranging from classes to species. The diversity between the different mat types was far more pronounced than the changes between the different seasons at one location. The archaeal community for these mats have not been studied before and revealed a strong reaction on a short period of draught during summer resulting in a massive increase in halobacterial sequences, whereas the bacterial community was barely affected. We concluded that the community composition and the microbial diversity were intrinsic of the mat type and depend on the location along the tidal gradient indicating a relation with salinity.