EGFR反义脱氧寡核苷酸及其硫代修饰片段抑制人肝癌细胞系BEL…

本文旨在研究针对ＥＧＦＲ ｍＲＮＡ的反义寡核苷酸片段对ＢＥＬ－７４０４细胞ＥＧＦＲ基因表达及其对细胞生长的影响。合成了互补于ＥＧＦＲ基因５’起始编码区的２１聚脱氧寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮｓ）。实验结果显示,３．２ｕｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＯＤＮｓ明显抑制ＢＥＬ－７４０４细胞生长,「３Ｈ」Ｔｄｒ掺入抑制试验显示其对细胞ＤＮＡ合成的抑制作用表现剂量依赖性;密度扫描分析显示ＯＤＮｓ处理６、２４ｈ后,肝癌细胞ＥＧＦＲ ｍＲＮ     

细胞松驰素B促微丝解聚对DNA合成的作用

利用微丝（ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔ,ＭＦ）解聚药物细胞松驰素Ｂ（ｃｙｔｏｃｈａｌａｓｉｎＢ,ＣＢ）处理Ｇ_０期小鼠Ｃ_３Ｈ_（１０）Ｔ_（１／２）成纤维细胞,对Ｇ_０至Ｓ期ＤＮＡ合成,胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶（ｔｈｙｍｉｄｉｎｅｋｉｎａｓｅ,ＴＫ）活性、ＴＫ基因表达、钙调素（ｃａｌｍｏｄｕｌｉｎ,ＣａＭ）水平和一些细胞周期早期基因的表达进行了观察,Ｇ_０期细胞经３ｍｇ／ＬＣＢ处理２ｈ,促ＭＦ解聚增强了血清对Ｓ期细胞ＴＫ活性、ＴＫ基因表达和ＤＮＡ合成的刺激作用,并促进细胞提前进入Ｓ期．血清刺激Ｇ_０期细胞进入晚Ｇ_１期和Ｓ期时,ＣａＭ水平明显升高,而ＣＢ预处理则使ＣａＭ含量进一步增加,特别是ＣＢ处理促使Ｓ期ＣａＭ增加向核内转移．ＣＢ处理明显增强血清对ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ基因表达的刺激作用,而ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ_７则抑制ＣＢ处理对这些基因转录的刺激作用,说明ＣＢ使Ｇ_０期细胞ＭＦ解聚刺激ｃ－ｊｕｎ、ｃ－ｆｏｓ和ｃ－ｍｙｃ的转录活性与ＰＫＣ的作用有关．结果表明Ｇ_０至Ｓ期早期ＭＦ的重组可促进细胞进入Ｓ期,增强ＤＮＡ合成．     

白介素10的临床应用研究

１９８９年,Ｆｉｏｒｅｎｔｉｏ等发现Ｔｈ２细胞分泌一种能抑制Ｔｈ１细胞功能的未知因子,称为细胞因子合成抑制因子（ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｅｓｙｎｔｈｅ－ｓｉｓｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒｙｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＣＳＩＦ）。Ｍｏｏｒｅ等发现ＣＳＩＦ与ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）中ＢＣＲＦ－...     

酪氨酸蛋白激酶和蛋白激酶C对N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶V的双重调控

在人肝癌细胞７７２１中研究了酪氨酸蛋白激酶（ＴＰＫ）和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）的激活剂［分别为表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）］和各种蛋白激酶抑制剂对Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ｖ（ＧｎＴ－Ｖ）活力的影响,以探讨ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的调节。结果发现,ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ处理细胞４８ｈ后,ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的活力明显增高;蛋白激酶的非特异性抑制剂槲皮素和染料木黄酮（ｇｅｎｉｓｔｅｉｎ）在抑制ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ的同时,抑制ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的基础活力,并完全阻断ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的增高作用;ＴＰＫ的特异性抑制剂Ｔｙｒｐｈｏｓｔｉｎ－２５和ＰＫＣ的特异性抑制剂Ｄ－鞘氨醇分别应用时,各自只能部分地取消ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的诱导。但当Ｔｙｒｐｈｏｓｔｉｎ－２５和Ｄ－鞘氨醇同时加入培养基中则可完全阻断ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的诱导激活。蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺和蛋白激酶抑制剂作用相仿,不但可抑制ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的基础活力,也可完全消除ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ对ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的激活。以上结果提示ＥＧＦ或ＰＭＡ通过蛋白激酶调节ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的酶蛋白合成,并且ＧｎＴ－Ｖ受到膜性ＴＰＫ和ＰＫＣ的双重调节,其中ｍ－ＴＰＫ较ｍ－ＰＫＣ更为重要。     

蛋白激酶C对鼻咽癌细胞P21~(ras)表达的影响

使用蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）抑制剂与抗Ｐ２１Ｈ－ｒａｓ单抗,通过免疫细胞化学,双参数流式细胞仪等方法,探讨鼻咽癌细胞ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ中ＰＫＣ与Ｈ－ｒａｓ表达的关系。结果：１）Ｐ２１ｒａｓ蛋白在ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ细胞主要在胞膜（２７％）与胞浆（９３．７％）表达。作用于ＰＫＣ调节区的抑制剂ｓｐｈｉｎｇｏｓｉｎｅ（ＳＳ）（２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）与作用于催化区的ｓｔａｕｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｎｅ（ＳＴ）（２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）在明显抑制细胞生长的浓度使Ｐ２１ｒａｓ表达程度均减弱,胞膜阳性率明显降低,分别为５．６％与１．６％。２）蛋白质－ＤＮＡ双参数流式细胞法测定发现在Ｇ１期细胞群Ｒａｓ蛋白表达差异较大,提示Ｒａｓ蛋白主要在Ｇ１期合成逐渐增多;经ＰＫＣ抑制剂ＳＳ与ＳＴ处理后,Ｇ１期细胞表达的差异减小,说明ＰＫＣ抑制剂抑制了Ｇ１期Ｒａｓ蛋白合成。本研究结果提示：ＰＫＣ对Ｒａｓ蛋白向发挥作用的部位胞膜的转移具有一定的调控作用。Ｒａｓ蛋白的表达可能与ＣＮＥ－２Ｚ细胞Ｇ１／Ｓ期的过渡有关。     

层粘连蛋白受体单克隆抗体抗原性质的鉴定

层粘连蛋白受体（ＬＮ－Ｒ）在癌细胞转移中具有重要作用。ＬＮ－Ｒ的单克隆抗体对于癌转移的基础研究及诊治应用都具有重要意义。本文旨在确定来自人肺巨细胞癌（ＰＧ）细胞ＬＮ－Ｒ的一种单克隆抗体（ＭｃＢ１）的抗原性质。经纯化的ＭｃＢ１能与完整细胞表面、细胞质膜提取物及纯化的ＬＮ－Ｒ制品特异性结合。实验证明经亲和层析纯化的ＬＮ－Ｒ制品中含有膜糖脂,用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及转移电泳将其所复合的膜脂去除后,仍具有与ＭｃＢ１结合的活性,表明此ＭｃＢ１所针对的抗原与其复合的膜糖脂无关。将含ＬＮ－Ｒ的细胞膜提取物经ＰｒｏｎａｓｅＥ消化后,用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ５０分离出的糖肽具有与ＭｃＢ１结合的活性,而不含糖的肽则无此活性。含ＬＮ－Ｒ的细胞膜提取物经高碘酸氧化不同时间,其与ＭｃＢ１结合的活性随氧化时间的延长而逐渐减弱乃至完全丧失;而经还原性烷基化反应的ＬＮ－Ｒ仍保持了与ＭｃＢ１结合的活性。用衣霉素（ＴＭ）处理细胞,细胞则丧失了与ＭｃＢ１结合的能力。以上几方面的结果一致证明此ＭｃＢ１的抗原表位确为ＬＮ－Ｒ的糖链部分。     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

利用DDRT-PCR技术分析神经生长因子低亲和力受体诱导的细胞凋亡过程中基因表达的差异

转染了Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ的Ｒ２神经细胞系Ｒ２Ｌ１在去血清的培养时可以诱导细胞凋亡的发生．此凋亡可以被ＲＮＡ合成抑制剂放线菌素Ｄ和蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰胺所抑制．利用ＤＤＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术比较了去血清培养的发生凋亡的Ｒ２Ｌ１细胞与有血清培养的不发生凋亡的Ｒ２Ｌ１细胞以及去血清培养的不发生凋亡的Ｒ２Ｐ细胞基因表达的差异．克隆了数个特异或差异表达的短ｃＤＮＡ片段,经Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实其中两个片段ＬＩＡＲＥＳＴ－１和ＬＩＡＲＥＳＴ－２表达量在凋亡细胞中显著高于不发生凋亡的细胞中,ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ检索表明此二片段为新的ｃＤＮＡ序列并给予登录号Ｕ４７３１５和Ｕ４７３１６．另有一个ｃＤＮＡ片段ＬＩＡＲＣＤ－３在凋亡细胞中受到了明显的抑制,经检索为一已知的与前强啡肽原上游调控区结合的ＤＮＡ结合蛋白ｃＤＮＡ编码区的一部分,首次被证实它与Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ诱导的神经细胞凋亡调控关联     

应用荧光原位杂交和RFLP标记检测多小穗小麦新种质10—A中的黑麦染 …

利用ＡＰＡＧＥ,荧光原位杂交技术和ＲＦＬＰ标记,对导入黑麦（ＳｅｃａｌｅｃｅｒｅａｌｅＬ．）多小穗等性状创制的小麦新种质１０－Ａ进行了分子标记检测,ＡＰＡＧＥ分析发现,１０－Ａ与其他１ＲＳ／１ＢＬ易位系一样,含有１ＲＳ的醇溶蛋白标记位点Ｇｌｄ１Ｂ３。以黑麦基因组总ＤＮＡ作探针,用中国春（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｕｍｃｖ．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＳｐｒｉｎｇ）基因组ＤＮＡ作封阻,与１０－Ａ根尖细胞有丝分裂染     

p75NGFR在哺乳动物神经细胞中的表达及其在诱导细胞凋亡中的功能

将从人胎儿基底前脑提取的总ＲＮＡ用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增并克隆在ｐＵＣ１２中的人神经生长因子低亲和力受体（ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ）基因分两步克隆到逆转录病毒表达载体ｐＸＴ－１中,经ＰＡ３１７细胞体外包装后收集假病毒上清感染大鼠小脑神经细胞系Ｒ２,在ＲＮＡ转录和蛋白质合成水平获得了表达。转染了ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ的Ｒ２细胞在去血清培养时可以诱导细胞凋亡的发生,此凋亡可被ＲＮＡ合成抑制剂放线菌素Ｄ和蛋白质合成抑制剂环己酰亚胺抑制。表明ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ诱导的细胞凋亡过程中有活跃的基因表达参与。     

叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒的肿瘤细胞吸收及叶酸受体相关基因表达研究

实验选用叶酸受体表达阳性FR(+)卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3与表达阴性的FR(-)肺癌细胞株A549,通过肿瘤细胞对叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒的吸收及叶酸受体相关基因的表达,研究分析叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒叶酸受体吸收特征及叶酸受体胞吞途径的参与机制。结果表明:随着叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒给药时间的增加,SKOV3细胞FR1基因的表达显著增强,而A549细胞未见FR1基因表达。同时SKOV3细胞FR1基因的表达程度与细胞摄取叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒的量成正相关。叶酸代谢通路相关的基因(RFC、FPGS、GGH)表达,研究显示叶酸白蛋白靶向纳米粒能够启动细胞膜叶酸通道相关蛋白的表达。     

Identification of the Minimal Functional Unit of the Homo-oligomeric Human Reduced Folate Carrier

The reduced folate carrier (RFC) is the major transport system for folates in mammals. We previously demonstrated the existence of human RFC (hRFC) homo-oligomers and established the importance of these higher order structures to intracellular trafficking and carrier function. In this report, we examined the operational significance of hRFC oligomerization and the minimal functional unit for transport. In negative dominance experiments, multimeric transporters composed of different ratios of active (either wild type (WT) or cysteine-less (CLFL)) and inactive (either inherently inactive (Y281L and R373A) due to mutation, or resulting from inactivation of the Y126C mutant by (2-sulfonatoethyl) methanethiosulfonate (MTSES)) hRFC monomers were expressed in hRFC-null HeLa (R5) cells, and residual WT or CLFL activity was measured. In either case, residual transport activity with increasing levels of inactive mutant correlated linearly with the fraction of WT or CLFL hRFC in plasma membranes. When active covalent hRFC dimers, generated by fusing CLFL and Y126C monomers, were expressed in R5 cells and treated with MTSES, transport activity of the CLFL-CLFL dimer was unaffected, whereas Y126C-Y126C was potently (64%) inhibited; heterodimeric CLFL-Y126C and Y126C-CLFL were only partly (27 and 23%, respectively) inhibited by MTSES. In contrast to Y126C-Y126C, trans-stimulation of methotrexate uptake by intracellular folates for Y126C-CLFL and CLFL-Y126C was nominally affected by MTSES. Collectively, these results strongly support the notion that each hRFC monomer comprises a single translocation pathway for anionic folate substrates and functions independently of other monomers (i.e. despite an oligomeric structure, hRFC functions as a monomer).     

Nuclear Enrichment of Folate Cofactors and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) Protect de Novo Thymidylate Biosynthesis during Folate Deficiency

Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism is a metabolic network of interconnected pathways that is required for the de novo synthesis of three of the four DNA bases and the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Previous studies have indicated that the thymidylate synthesis and homocysteine remethylation pathways compete for a limiting pool of methylenetetrahydrofolate cofactors and that thymidylate biosynthesis is preserved in folate deficiency at the expense of homocysteine remethylation, but the mechanisms are unknown. Recently, it was shown that thymidylate synthesis occurs in the nucleus, whereas homocysteine remethylation occurs in the cytosol. In this study we demonstrate that methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1), an enzyme that generates methylenetetrahydrofolate from formate, ATP, and NADPH, functions in the nucleus to support de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. MTHFD1 translocates to the nucleus in S-phase MCF-7 and HeLa cells. During folate deficiency mouse liver MTHFD1 levels are enriched in the nucleus >2-fold at the expense of levels in the cytosol. Furthermore, nuclear folate levels are resistant to folate depletion when total cellular folate levels are reduced by >50% in mouse liver. The enrichment of folate cofactors and MTHFD1 protein in the nucleus during folate deficiency in mouse liver and human cell lines accounts for previous metabolic studies that indicated 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is preferentially directed toward de novo thymidylate biosynthesis at the expense of homocysteine remethylation during folate deficiency.     

Influence of Sphingolipid Bases,Fatty Acids and Tween 80 on the Folate Requirement of Tetrahymena pyriformis*

SYNOPSIS The fatty acids lauric, myristic, and oleic, as well as long-chain bases (LCBs) obtained from sphingolipids, and Tween 80 “spare” the requirement for folate by Tetrahymena pyriformis W. Since LCBs are metabolized by the ciliate to ethanolamine phosphate and fatty aldehydes which can be converted to either fatty acids or fatty alcohols, the latter compounds are used as precursors of phospho- and phosphonolipids and ether phospholipids. It is suggested that lipid biosynthesis is a rate-limiting step in growth of the ciliate as is the folate concentration. Removal of one restraint on growth rate mimics the effect of increased folate concentration. Alternatively, if the enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis are repressible, the presence of exogenous fatty acids would make available more formylmethionyl-tRNA for the initiation of synthesis of other proteins.     

Mechanism of Folate Transport in Lactobacillus casei: Evidence for a Component Shared with the Thiamine and Biotin Transport Systems

Lactobacillus casei cells have been shown previously to utilize two separate binding proteins for the transport of folate and thiamine. Folate transport, however, was found to be strongly inhibited by thiamine in spite of the fact that the folate-binding protein has no measurable affinity for thiamine. This inhibition, which did not fluctuate with intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels, occurred only in cells containing functional transport systems for both vitamins and was noncompetitive with folate but competitive with respect to the level of folate-binding protein. Folate uptake in cells containing optimally induced transport systems for both vitamins was inhibited by thiamine (1 to 10 muM) to a maximum of 45%; the latter value increased to 77% in cells that contained a progressively diminished folate transport system and a normal thiamine system. Cells preloaded with thiamine could transport folate at a normal rate, indicating that the inhibition resulted from the entry of thiamine rather than from its presence in the cell. In a similar fashion, folate (1 to 10 muM) did not interfere with the binding of thiamine to its transport protein, but inhibited thiamine transport (to a maximum of 25%). Competition also extended to biotin, whose transport was strongly inhibited (58% and 73%, respectively) by the simultaneous uptake of either folate or thiamine; biotin, however, had only a minimal effect on either folate or thiamine transport. The nicotinate transport system was unaffected by co-transport with folate, thiamine, or biotin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the folate, thiamine, and biotin transport systems of L. casei each function via a specific binding protein, and that they require, in addition, a common component present in limiting amounts per cell. The latter may be a protein required for the coupling of energy to these transport processes.     

Stopped-Flow Kinetic Studies of the Interaction of Bovine Folate Binding Protein (FBP) and Folate

The kinetics of the interaction of bovine folate binding protein and folate at pH 7.4 and 5.0 were followed by measuring the changes of the intrinsic protein fluorescence intensity using the stopped-flow technique, which enables the study of reactions from the millisecond time-range. Our results immediately reject a simple one-step binding model, which requires a linear dependence of the observed rate constant on the concentration of the ligand. Thus, we are able to conclude that at pH 5.0 the interaction occurs in two steps and at pH 7.4 in three steps. Changes of fluorescence spectra at equilibrium were used to estimate the overall binding constants. Comparative studies on the binding of folate to human albumin are also reported.     

The mechanism of carrier-mediated transport of folates in BeWo cells: the involvement of heme carrier protein 1 in placental folate transport

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of folate transport in the placenta. A study of folate was carried out to determine which carriers transport folates in the human choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo, a model cell line for the placenta. We investigated the effects of buffer pH and various compounds on folate uptake. In the first part of the study, the expression levels of the mRNA of the folate receptor alpha (FRalpha), the reduced folate carrier (RFC), and heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) were determined in BeWo cells by RT-PCR analysis. Folate uptake into BeWo cells was greater under an acidic buffer condition than under a neutral one. Structure analogs of folates inhibited folate uptake under all buffer pH conditions, but anion drugs (e.g., pravastatin) inhibited folate uptake only under an acidic buffer condition. Although thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a substrate of RFC, had no effect on folate uptake, hemin (a weak inhibitor of folate uptake via HCP1) decreased folate uptake to about 80% of the control level under an acidic buffer condition. Furthermore, kinetic analysis showed that hemin inhibited the low-affinity phase of folate uptake under an acidic buffer condition. We conclude that pH-dependent folate uptake in BeWo cells is mediated by at least two carriers. RFC is not involved in folate uptake, but FRalpha (high affinity phase) and HCP1 (low affinity phase) transport folate in BeWo cells.     

Augmented sensitivity to methotrexate by curcumin induced overexpression of folate receptor in KG-1 cells

Folate receptors are targets of various strategies aimed at efficient delivery of anti-cancer drugs. Folate receptors also play a role in the uptake of antifolate drugs which are used for therapeutic intervention in leukemia. Therefore, it is important to identify compounds which regulate expression of folate receptors in leukemic cells. The present study examined if curcumin could modulate the uptake and cytotoxicity of the antifolate drug methotrexate, in KG-1 leukemic cells. This is the first report to show that curcumin (10–50 μM) causes a significant, dose-dependent, 2–3 fold increase in uptake of radiolabelled folic acid and methotrexate into KG-1 cells both at 24 h and 48 h of treatment. Interestingly, pre-treatment of KG-1 leukemic cells with curcumin (10 μM and 25 μM) also caused a statistically significant enhancement in the cytotoxicity of methotrexate. We performed Real Time Quantitative RT-PCR to confirm the upregulation of FRβ mRNA in curcumin treated cells. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting showed that curcumin caused increased expression of folate receptor βin KG-1 cells. Our data show that the mechanism of curcumin action involves up-regulation of folate receptor β mRNA and protein in KG-1 cells. Therefore, combination of non-toxic concentrations of curcumin and methotrexate, may be a viable strategy for therapeutic intervention for leukemias using a folate receptor-targeted drug delivery system.