贵州梵净山亮叶水青冈叶片和木材的解剖学特征及其与生态因子的 …

对生长在贵州江口梵净山海拔１２６０－２０２０ｍ的亮叶水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓ ｌｕｃｉｄａ Ｒｅｈｄ． ｅｔ Ｗｉｌｓ．）的叶片和木材进行了生态解剖学研究,观察的指标有叶片解剖特征（上表皮细胞厚度,栅栏组织厚度,海绵组织厚度,下表皮细胞厚度,叶片总厚度）,叶表面特征（气孔器密度,气孔器长宽,气孔器面积）和木材解剖特征（导管分子长度,导管直径,导管频率,纤维长度,射线宽度,射线高度,射线频率）。     

湖南八大公山亮叶水青冈群落物种多样性的研究

群落物种多样性指数以及群落均匀度、丰富度等指标均能较好地反映亮叶水青冈群落的类型划分、群落结构、生境等特性。也能体现出该群落结构组成的特殊性。群落种多度分布说明此群落富集种少、稀疏种多,而且这些种的多度有一定的规律性的特征。通过研究说明物种多样性定量指标对于深入研究森林群落的特性具有重要的意义     

贵州省宽阔水国家级自然保护区亮叶水青冈群落结构及多样性

以贵州省宽阔水国家级自然保护区亮叶水青冈（Fagus lucida）群落为研究对象,基于野外实地调查,应用数量生态学的方法,对保护区内亮叶水青冈群落特征及物种多样性进行了研究,对保护区内植物群落动态变化监测以及对亮叶水青冈群落的保护和管理都具有一定的理论指导意义。结果表明：设置样地共11700m²,调查样地内维管束植物62科,111属,165种,其中蕨类植物4科,6属,6种,种子植物58科,105属,159种。其中以单种科和寡种科（2-5种）占优势,两者的比例之和超过总科数的85％,蔷薇科共有植物6属15种,为所有科中最多,其他属数较多的科有樟科和壳斗科。属的结构中以单种属占据绝对优势,达到70.27％,山矾属和悬钩子属种数最多,各有6种。亮叶水青冈在群落中虽占优势,但龄级结构出现双峰值的异常趋势,种群呈衰退趋势。从总体趋势上来看,群落物种多样性指数均为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层;物种丰富度指数灌木层 > 乔木层 > 草本层;均匀度指数乔木层 > 草本层 > 灌木层。亮叶水青冈幼苗和幼树除在局部区域较集中分布外,其余大部分区域数量均少,且受林下金佛山方竹（Chimonobambusa utilis）干扰较强,大径级植株比重大,年龄结构总体呈衰退型,在未来种群稳定性维持较为困难。应加强对保护区亮叶水青冈的保护,建议合理抚育管理亮叶水青冈幼苗,在森林的经营和管理上,对亮叶水青冈林可在其生长到一定阶段时适度进行人为干扰,会更有利于亮叶水青冈林的更新和生长发育。     

贵州雷公山水青冈群落特征与分布格局研究

为了解水青冈(Fagus longipetiolata)群落特征和空间分布格局,制定水青冈群落的适应性保护措施,采用典型样地方法对贵州省雷公山水青冈群落进行调查。结果表明,雷公山水青冈群落有维管植物50科77属103种,其中蕨类植物3科3属3种,种子植物47科74属100种,包含裸子植物3科3属3种,被子植物44科71属97种。从植物区系成分分析,属的植物区系成分为温带性质。乔木层水青冈重要值(0.1702)最大,是建群种;各群系中水青冈重要值均较高,在群落中占优势地位。水青冈径级从Ⅰ级到Ⅴ级都有分布,Ⅰ级和Ⅴ级数量较多,分别为63株和31株,分别占总株数的47.73%和23.48%,呈双峰形分布。水青冈种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级幼树呈随机分布,随着径级增大,水青冈种群由随机分布向集群分布过渡;优势种青冈则由集群分布向随机分布过渡;其他优势种多为随机分布。水青冈群落各群系丰富度指数为灌木层>乔木层>草本层;优势度指数为乔木层>草本层>灌木层;H多样性指数为乔木层>草本层>灌木层;均匀度指数为乔木层>草本层>灌木层。雷公山水青冈群落具有自身的特点,...     

基于种群分布地形格局的两种水青冈生态位比较研究

提出了根据不同植物种在地形梯度上的分布格局测度和比较其生态位的思路.将地形分解为海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度4个属性指标,作为多维生态位空间的环境梯度轴.根据对三峡大老岭地区米心水青冈(Fagusengleriana)和亮叶水青冈(F.lucida)群落样方及其地形因子调查,分析了两个种的多维生态位宽度及种间的生态位重叠.结果1)大老岭米心水青冈种群的生态位宽度总体上大于亮叶水青冈.亮叶水青冈在坡向梯度上的生态位较宽;米心水青冈在海拔、坡位和坡度梯度上的生态位较宽;2)两个种在海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度梯度上的生态位重叠度分别为0.259、0.831、0.670、0.676,其总体重叠度为0.087;3)亮叶水青冈和米心水青冈分布的海拔范围分别为1300～2000m和1450～2600m.米心水青冈主要分布于NW80°～NE80°之间的阴坡和半阴坡;亮叶水青冈集中于NW20°～SW10°和NE20°～SE10°的半阴半阳坡.亮叶水青冈不见于沟谷底部,其重要值随坡位上升而增大;而米心水青冈在湿润稳定的中、下坡位重要值最高.米心水青冈适应的坡度范围很宽,主要在20°～40°;而亮叶水青冈集中在35°～45°的坡度范围.上述结果表明在景观尺度上,采用地形因子表征植物多维生态位空间的梯度特征是一个有效而可行的途径,能够很好地反映两种植物生态位的差异.最后讨论了不同尺度上生态位测度的相互验证问题.     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究

通过使用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析（DCA）两种方法进行研究的结果表明,梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应,其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈-箭竹群落、贵州青冈＋巴东栎＋雷公鹅耳枥-箭竹群落、贵州青冈-短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃＋多脉青冈-野八角群落、亮叶水青冈＋多脉青冈＋贵州青冈-箭竹群落和贵州青冈-尖叶山茶-野八角群落6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1650～2080m;在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部,中部显著多于上部;在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

Anatomical Characteristics of Leaves and Woods of Fagus lucida and Their Relationship to Ecological Factors in Mountain Fanjingshan,Guizhou, China

An eco-anatomic study on leaves and woods of Fagus lucida Rehd. et Wils., which grows at an elevation of 1 260～2 020 m above sea level in Mountain Fanjingshan, Guizhou Province of Southwestern China, was carried out. Anatomical characteristics of leaves (including the thickness of upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina) and woods (vessel length, vessel width, vessel frequency, fiber length, ray width, ray height and ray frequency), and leaf surface characters (stomatal density, stomatal width and stomatal length) were determined and compared along the latitudinal gradient. As the results, 1) Lamina thickness was between 119.2 and 364.3μm; 2) Vessel frequency 75.2～133.6 per mm , vessel width 50.7～85.6 μm, vessel length 479.8～748.6 μm; fiber length 936.4～1 326.9 μm; total frequency of single and muhiseriate rays 6～9 per mm; 3) No solitary trichome was found on mature foliage, and the stomatal density was 72～113.6 per mm . Climatic indices at different altitudes were obtained by means of climatological method. Multi-statistical analysis was used to clarify the relationship between the morphological characters of the leaves and woods and climatic factors. The results showed that: 1 ) The thickness of palisade mesophyll, lower epidermis and lamina, and the vessel width increased with the humid/ add index (Bailey’s index); 2) With an increase of annual precipitation, spongy mesophyll thickness, vessel length and fiber length increased, but vessel frequency and stomatal density decreased; 3) Morphological features of leaves were closely related to low winter temperature, namely, lamina thickness decreased with coldness index, and the stomatal size decreased as the increase of mean temperature of the coldest month.     

Ecosystem carbon stock and within-system distribution in successional Fagus lucida forests in Mt. Yueliang,Guizhou, China

林龄对森林生态系统碳储量及其在不同碳组分(植被、木质残体、凋落物和土壤)中的分配有着重要影响。亚热带森林在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着重要作用, 水青冈属(Fagus)植物是我国亚热带广泛分布的重要树种, 而有关水青冈林碳储量随林龄变化的研究在我国鲜有报道。该研究选取贵州月亮山3个演替阶段(林龄分别为33年、82年和208年)的亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)林为研究对象, 对其生态系统全组分的碳储量及其分配格局进行了调查与估算。研究发现, 随林龄增加, 亮叶水青冈林生态系统碳储量显著增加, 33年、82年和208年林分别为(186.9 ± 46.0)、(265.8 ± 82.3)和(515.1 ± 176.4) Mg·hm ^-2, 且生态系统碳储量的增加主要由植被碳储量(占比由32%增长至79%)贡献。凋落物与木质残体碳储量随林龄增加亦呈增加趋势, 但二者占生态系统碳储量的比例很小(<1%)。而不同林龄土壤碳储量无显著差异, 其占比由33年林的67%降至208年林的20%。这些结果验证了林龄对森林生态系统各组分碳储量及其分配的重要影响, 同时指出干扰和土地利用历史等对森林植物残体和土壤碳积累的重要作用。     

亚热带山地亮叶水青冈林的群落分类及物种组成与更新

水青冈属(Fagus)约有11种,我国有5种。亮叶水青冈(Faguslucida)是我国间断分布于亚热带高海拔山地的主要落叶树种。近年来亮叶水青冈林受砍伐严重,为了保护残存的林地,作者采用Braun-Blanquet(1964)、Fujiwara(1987)的植物社会学方法,对分布于中国亚热带山地的南山、梵净山、宽阔水、八大公山4地域的亮叶水青冈林进行了植被的比较研究。根据37个样方调查的资料,区分出3个群丛6个亚群丛。比较3个群丛的物种组成、生活型结构发现,位于南山的毛玉山竹–亮叶水青冈群丛(Yushaniobasihirsuto–Fagetumlucidae)及位于梵净山与宽阔水的大箭竹–亮叶水青冈群丛(Sinarundinariochungii–Fagetumlucidae),其常绿落叶阔叶混交林的特征明显;而八大公山的箭竹–亮叶水青冈群丛(Sinarundinarionitido–Fagetumlucidae),其落叶阔叶林的特征较显著。南山与八大公山的亮叶水青冈林立木结构分析结果表明,前者呈“L”型分布,林窗的存在使亮叶水青冈可以保持更新,密集的竹子是妨碍其自然更新的主要因素;后者呈“Λ”状分布,尽管林下竹子稀疏,自然更新却严重不良,其原因尚待继续定点观测分析。     

贵州月亮山不同演替阶段亮叶水青冈林碳储量及其分配格局

林龄对森林生态系统碳储量及其在不同碳组分(植被、木质残体、凋落物和土壤)中的分配有着重要影响。亚热带森林在陆地生态系统碳循环中起着重要作用, 水青冈属(Fagus)植物是我国亚热带广泛分布的重要树种, 而有关水青冈林碳储量随林龄变化的研究在我国鲜有报道。该研究选取贵州月亮山3个演替阶段(林龄分别为33年、82年和208年)的亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)林为研究对象, 对其生态系统全组分的碳储量及其分配格局进行了调查与估算。研究发现, 随林龄增加, 亮叶水青冈林生态系统碳储量显著增加, 33年、82年和208年林分别为(186.9 ± 46.0)、(265.8 ± 82.3)和(515.1 ± 176.4) Mg·hm ^-2, 且生态系统碳储量的增加主要由植被碳储量(占比由32%增长至79%)贡献。凋落物与木质残体碳储量随林龄增加亦呈增加趋势, 但二者占生态系统碳储量的比例很小(<1%)。而不同林龄土壤碳储量无显著差异, 其占比由33年林的67%降至208年林的20%。这些结果验证了林龄对森林生态系统各组分碳储量及其分配的重要影响, 同时指出干扰和土地利用历史等对森林植物残体和土壤碳积累的重要作用。     

湖北三峡大老岭自然保护区光叶水青冈群落种子雨10年观测: 种子雨密度、物种构成及其与群落的关系

种子雨是植物种子扩散的起点, 对群落更新及种群动态起着关键作用。该文以三峡大老岭自然保护区内一片面积为1.3 hm ²的光叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)群落固定样地为研究对象, 运用分层随机设计, 在10个不同的地形部位放置了100个种子雨收集框, 自2001年起进行种子雨观测, 对该群落种子雨的数量与物种多样性的年际动态、种子雨和群落物种构成的关系等进行了统计分析。结果表明: 1)过去10年间, 共收集到来自48种木本植物的60 926粒种子, 种子雨的多年平均密度为(82.9 ± 61.5) seeds·m^-2·a^-1(mean ± SD), 平均物种丰富度为(16.7 ± 5.5) species·a^-1(mean ± SD)。2)种子生产的种间差异极为显著, 种子量排名前三的植物贡献了累计种子雨总量的70%。3)群落种子雨的密度和物种丰富度在10年中基本同步, 均呈现显著的周期性波动, 并出现了3个大年。乔木和灌木种子雨密度的年际波动无显著相关性, 但物种数变化显著正相关; 4)种子雨与样地群落共有种为23种, 分别占种子雨和群落中木本植物种数的47.92%和54.76%, 但这些共有种贡献了种子总量的96.22%, 表明扩散限制在研究群落中十分显著。与国内其他森林群落种子雨研究结果相比, 该研究群落的种子雨密度明显较低。     

生态系统的冗余与营养结构模型

生态系统的冗余与营养结构模型党承林黄瑞复（云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,昆明６５００９１）ＲｅｄｕｎｄａｎｃｙｉｎＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｎｄｔｈｅＭｏｄｅｌｆｏｒＴｒｏｐｈｉｃＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ．ＤａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｌｉｎ,ＨｕａｎｇＲｕｉｆｕ（Ｉｎ...     

Phenology and intensity of phyllophage attack on Fagus sylvatica in Wytham Woods, Oxford

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Overwintering beech buds began to swell in early April and bud-break occurred in early May. Most phyllophage attacks were initiated during the 21 day period of leaf growth but additional attacks occurred up to 46 days from bud break.
• 2 An average beech tree, with a top height of 24 m and a d.b.h. of 110 cm, bore 420 345 leaves (17% in the upper canopy, 27% in the upper middle canopy, 27% in the middle canopy, 18% in the lower middle canopy and 11% in the lower canopy).
• 3 Damage by phyllophages was greatest in the lower canopy; some 75—85% of the leaves were attacked in this stratum and damage amounted to 35% of the total phyllopage damage to the trees.
• 4 The major agents of damage in the lower canopy were adult P. argentatus, larval R. fagi and lepidopteran macrophages. Adult R. fagi concentrated their feeding in the upper canopy.
• 5 Allowing for damage expansion due to leaf growth the percentages of the total leaf area actually removed, or seriously damaged, by phyllophages were calculated to be 3.43–4.00% in 1978 and 2.37–2.74% in 1979.

     

Climatic limits for the present distribution of beech (Fagus L.) species in the world

Aim Beech (Fagus L., Fagaceae) species are representative trees of temperate deciduous broadleaf forests in the Northern Hemisphere. We focus on the distributional limits of beech species, in particular on identifying climatic factors associated with their present range limits. Location Beech species occur in East Asia, Europe and West Asia, and North America. We collated information on both the southern and northern range limits and the lower and upper elevational limits for beech species in each region. Methods In total, 292 lower/southern limit and 310 upper/northern limit sites with available climatic data for all 11 extant beech species were collected by reviewing the literature, and 13 climatic variables were estimated for each site from climate normals at nearby stations. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to detect climatic variables most strongly associated with the distribution of beech species and to compare the climatic spaces for the different beech species. Results Statistics for thermal and moisture climatic conditions at the lower/southern and upper/northern limits of all world beech species are presented. The first two PCA components accounted for 70% and 68% of the overall variance in lower/southern and upper/northern range limits, respectively. The first PCA axis represented a thermal gradient, and the second a moisture gradient associated with the world‐wide distribution pattern of beech species. Among thermal variables, growing season warmth was most important for beech distribution, but winter low temperature (coldness and mean temperature for the coldest month) and climatic continentality were also coupled with beech occurrence. The moisture gradient, indicated by precipitation and moisture indices, showed regional differences. American beech had the widest thermal range, Japanese beeches the most narrow; European beeches occurred in the driest climate, Japanese beeches the most humid. Climatic spaces for Chinese beech species were between those of American and European species. Main conclusions The distributional limits of beech species were primarily associated with thermal factors, but moisture regime also played a role. There were some regional differences in the climatic correlates of distribution. The growing season temperature regime was most important in explaining distribution of Chinese beeches, whilst their northward distribution was mainly limited by shortage of precipitation. In Japan, distribution limits of beech species were correlated with summer temperature, but the local dominance of beech was likely to be dependent on snowfall and winter low temperature. High summer temperature was probably a limiting factor for southward extension of American beech, while growing season warmth seemed critical for its northward distribution. Although the present distribution of beech species corresponded well to the contemporary climate in most areas, climatic factors could not account for some distributions, e. g., that of F. mexicana compared to its close relative F. grandifolia. It is likely that historical factors play a secondary role in determining the present distribution of beech species. The lack of F. grandifolia on the island of Newfoundland, Canada, may be due to inadequate growing season warmth. Similarly, the northerly distribution of beech in Britain has not reached its potential limit, perhaps due to insufficient time since deglaciation to expand its range.     

Polyphenols of Leaf,Litter and Soil of Pinus bungeana across China and Their Responses to Ecological Factors

The importance of phenolic compounds for responding to various environmental conditions has been widely emphasized. However, the role of interactions between polyphenols and ecological factors, especially C, N, and P stoichiometry was little studied. Here, 15 sites across five provinces of Pinus bungeana in temperate regions of China were studied. The results showed that the higher values of total phenolic contents (TPC) of leaf and litter were distributed among the north distribution area of P. bungeana, lower values were in the south, whereas soil TPC were contrary to leaf and litter TPC. The stepwise regression, path analysis and decision index of path analysis for leaf TPC and ecological factors showed that altitude had the most direct impact on leaf TPC. Moreover, the principal determinants of leaf, litter and soil TPC were soil C/P ratios, longitude, and soil N/P ratios, respectively. In addition, the leaf, litter and soil TPC of P. bungeana were limited by soil C/N ratios, mean annual temperature, and soil P, respectively. Overall, our study provided evidence that ecological factors affected strongly the leaf, litter and soil TPC of P. bungeana.