宽带蕨属（水龙骨科）的系统学研究

对喜马拉雅和横断山地区特有的水龙骨科的宽带蕨属Platygyria Ching&S.K.Wu植物进行了形态学、分类学、生态和植物地理学的观察与分析,探讨了该属植物的系统位置、亲缘关系和生态适应性,推测宽带蕨属是随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆升,由瓦韦属Lepisorus（J.Sm.）Ching网眼瓦韦群植物适应高寒生态环境演化而来的新生类群。确定宽带蕨属有5种,即川西宽带蕨P.soulieana（Christ）X.C.Zhang&Q.R.Liu、多变宽带蕨P.variabilis Ching&S.K.Wu、耳基宽带     

中国节肢蕨属（水龙骨科）新资料

本文报道灰茎节肢蕨和片马节肢蕨前者是新组合的一种变种。同时也是中国和云南的新记录,后者是中国云南的一新变型。     

假瘤蕨属（水龙骨科）植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系的24种植物的叶表皮。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状不规则,垂周壁波曲状。下生气孔,气孔类型有极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型和不规则型,常伴生出现。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为浅波状、少平滑;一些种的保卫细胞两端有“T”型加厚;角质膜波状有条纹,有时附有颗粒。叶表皮的一些特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。叶表皮的微形态特征,如气孔器类型和垂周壁类型特征不能用来界定假瘤蕨属的系和亚系。     

中国篦齿蕨属植物（水龙骨科）一新组合种

根据叶绿体rbcL和rps4-trnS序列及叶脉类型、孢子纹饰特征等证据,栗柄水龙骨Polypodiodes microrhizoma（C.B.Clarke ex Baker）Ching属于篦齿蕨属Metapolypodium Ching的范畴,因此将其组合到篦齿蕨属MetapolypodiumChing之下更合理。文中报道了该新组合种,即栗柄篦齿蕨Metapolypodium microrhizomum（C.B.Clarke ex Baker）S.G.Lu et L.H.Yang。     

隐子蕨属（水龙骨科）植物在中国的首次承认

首次承认水龙骨科（Polypodiaceae）隐子蕨属（Crypsinus）植物在中国的分布。文中列出了该属与假瘤蕨属（Phymatopteris）和修蕨属（Selliguea）的区别特征,给出隐子蕨属植物在中国的唯一一种——三指隐子蕨（Crypsinus trilobus）的文献引证,特征描述并附图。     

假瘤蕨属 (水龙骨科) 植物叶表皮特征的比较研究

在光镜和扫描电镜下观察了假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系的24种植物的叶表皮。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状不规则,垂周壁波曲状。下生气孔,气孔类型有极细胞型、共环极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型和不规则型,常伴生出现。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为浅波状、少平滑;一些种的保卫细胞两端有“T”型加厚;角质膜波状有条纹,有时附有颗粒。叶表皮的一些特征对该属部分种的区分有一定的参考价值。叶表皮的微形态特征,如气孔器类型和垂周壁类型特征不能用来界定假瘤蕨属的系和亚系。     

中国水蕨属孢子形态及其系统学意义的研究

利用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术对我国产水蕨属2种的孢子形态进行了观察,对2种的形态结构进行了描述。本属孢子是同型孢子蕨类植物中最大的孢子,三裂缝,肋状纹饰,由外壁形成纹饰的轮廓;具较薄的周壁,在高倍放大的情况下呈颗粒或杆状,我们从孢子形态角度,支持水蕨作为一个独立的科,它与海金沙科的非洲蕨属（Mohria)的亲缘关系较近,是介于海金沙科和裸子蕨科之间蕨群。     

凤尾蕨属配子体若干系统学特征新考

通过对凤尾蕨属(Pteris L.)8种,即半边旗(P.semipinnata L.)、傅氏凤尾蕨(P.fauriei Hieron.)、阔叶凤尾蕨(P.esquirolii Christ)、三叉凤尾蕨(P.tripartita Sw.)、蜈蚣草(P.vittata L.)、溪边凤尾蕨(P.excelsa Gaud.)、有刺凤尾蕨(P.setuloso-costulata Hayata)、西南凤尾蕨(P.wallichiana Agardh)孢子的人工培养,观察并总结了该属配子体发育各阶段形态特征,并与以往的观察结果进行比较.最终选取孢子萌发型与配子体发育类型等稳定特征作为判断依据,讨论该属与书带蕨科(Vittariaceae)、中国蕨科(Sinopteridaceae)、铁线蕨科(Adiantaceae)等科的亲缘关系.研究认为蕨类配子体生长点上方边缘细胞分布情况多变,不是稳定的系统学特征.而配子体特定部位边缘细胞的外侧壁形态则具有较高的系统学参考价值.     

肿足蕨属植物叶表皮微形态及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜对9种肿足蕨属植物即肿足蕨、光轴肿足蕨、修株肿足蕨、鳞毛肿足蕨、稻城肿足蕨、球腺肿足蕨、山东肿足蕨、福氏肿足蕨、腺毛肿足蕨和2种近缘种林下凸轴蕨及大膜盖蕨叶表皮微形态进行观察。结果表明:9种肿足蕨属植物的叶表皮细胞均为不规则型,垂周壁为深波状;叶上下表皮均有毛;气孔器类型有6种,为极细胞型、腋下细胞型、不等细胞型、不规则四细胞型、不规则细胞型和横列型。不同种间叶表皮微形态特征表现出一定差异,对种的划分有一定的分类学意义。讨论了肿足蕨属植物与蹄盖蕨科、鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科、林下凸轴蕨及大膜盖蕨的亲缘关系,为肿足蕨属植物的系统学研究提供新的资料。     

Phylogeny of the Rodent Genus Isothrix (Hystricognathi, Echimyidae) and its Diversification in Amazonia and the Eastern Andes

Efforts to clarify the affinities of the torós or brush-tailed rats (Isothrix) and document the radiation of these distinctive echimyids have been limited. The discovery of a new Andean species prompted a reanalysis of Isothrix and its relatives. Prior morphological analyses of skulls, mandibles, teeth, and external characters permitted robust diagnosis but offered little resolution of within- or between-group relationships. Analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences (798 bp), which are available for numerous echimyids, confirm the monophyly of recognized genera, including Isothrix, and resolve a number of interspecific relationships. Strikingly, the Andean toró (Isothrix barbarabrownae) is consistently recovered as sister to the remaining species. These are allied into three clades: I. sinnamariensis + I. pagurus in the lower Amazon Basin and Guianan Shield, I. orinoci + I. negrensis in the Rio Negro and Río Orinoco drainages, and I. bistriata across much of the western and southern Amazon Basin. However, the addition of a new basal taxon does not aid in identifying the sister taxon of Isothrix. These relationships are confirmed in combined analyses of cyt-b with sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region (D-loop; 450 bp) and in the nuclear RAG1 gene (1,072 bp). Analyses identify the Andes, or proto-Andes, as an important theater for the group’s evolution and may offer an explanation for the luxuriant fur of this genus. However, neither the biogeographic history of Isothrix nor the remarkable pelage evolution of the Echimyidae can be understood until the deeper nodes within the arboreal spiny rats (Echimyinae) are more fully resolved.     

RAPD重建的大豆属植物的亲缘关系

利用８种ＲＡＰＤ引物（ＯＰＨ－２、ＯＰＨ－３、ＯＰＨ－５、ＯＰＨ－１２、ＯＰＨ－１５、ＯＰＨ－１６、ＯＰＨ－１８和ＯＰＨ－２０）对大豆属的２１份植物材料,其中包括Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属的１０个种和Ｓｏｊａ亚属的３个种,进行了基因组指纹图谱构建。通过对获得的基因组指纹图谱的量化分析,利用Ｕｎｗｅｉｇｈｔｅｄｐａｉｒｇｒｏｕｐｗｉｔｈｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｖｅｒａｇｅ（ＵＰＧＭＡ）对大豆属中的各个种进行了亲缘关系重建。重建的亲缘关系表明：Ｇ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｅｌｌａ种中存在３种不同的进化类型,其分化距离已大于某些种种间的分化距离,它们可能是被形态遮蔽的３个种。Ｓｏｊａ亚属内３个种的分化关系同前人的研究推断相同,其亲缘关系很近,这一结果支持将这３个种归并为一个种的观点。但是重建的亲缘关系未能显示出大豆属两个亚属的划分格局。     

Phylogeny and molecular fingerprinting of green sulfur bacteria

The 16S rDNA sequences of nine strains of green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) were determined and compared to the four known sequences of Chlorobiaceae and to sequences representative for all eubacterial phyla. The sequences of the Chlorobiaceae strains were consistent with the secondary structure model proposed earlier for Chlorobium vibrioforme strain 6030. Similarity values > 90.1% and K_nuc values < 0.11 indicate a close phylogenetic relatedness among the green sulfur bacteria. As a group, these bacteria represent an isolated branch within the eubacterial radiation. In Chlorobiaceae, a similar morphology does not always reflect a close phylogenetic relatedness. While ternary fission is a morphological trait of phylogenetic significance, gas vesicle formation occurs also in distantly related species. Pigment composition is not an indicator of phylogenetic relatedness since very closely related species contain different bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids. Two different molecular fingerprinting techniques for the rapid differentiation of Chlorobiaceae species were investigated. The 16S rDNA fragments of several species could not be separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In contrast, all strains investigated during the present work gave distinct banding patterns when dispersed repetitive DNA sequences were used as targets in PCR. The latter technique is, therefore, well suited for the rapid screening of isolated pure cultures of green sulfur bacteria. Received: 26 August 1996 / Accepted: 8 January 1997     

基于5.8SrDNA序列论三白草科的系统发育

三白草科（Saururaceae)是古草本的一个核心类群,它的研究对被子植物起源和早期演化具有重要意义,本文采用最大简约法（maximum parsimony method)和邻接法（neighbor-joining method)等不同的分析方法,对三白草科及其外类群齐头绒（Zippelia begoniaefolia Blume)的5.85rDNA序列进行分析,得到一致的结论：Anemopsis最早从三白草科中分离出来,Saururus chinensis和S.cernuus是一对姐群,由于5.85rDNA序列的变异位点和信息位点相对比较少,Gymnotheca chinensis-G.involucrata-Houttuynia-Saururus之间难以通过5.8SrDNA序列的比较进行分辨。     

Phylogeny of Cucumis based on isozyme variability and its comparison with plastome phylogeny

Summary An electrophoretic comparison of 29 nuclear-coded enzymes was carried out for 21 Cucumis species, and a phylogeny based on pairwise measurements of the respective genetic distances was computed. This phylogeny was compared to the one based on chlDNA cariation (Perl-Treves and Galun 1985). The two phylogenies were found to share the main dendrogram features; they also agree well with most taxonomic data available on Cucumis. Accordingly, most of the African Cucumis species form a close group (Anguria group — Group A), which is distant from the melon (C. melo), and from a few other distinct species, all of which are far apart from each other. The cucumber (C. sativus) is the most distant species within the genus. Some specific taxonomic implications as well as some general evolutionary problems related to such a parallel investigation of the nuclear genome and the plastome are evaluated.This publication is dedicated to Dr. T. W. Whitaker, with appreciation to his many contributions to genetics and taxonomy of Cucurbitaceae     

熊超科的分子系统发生研究

有关熊超科的系统发生与演化存在很多争议。本工作测定了黑足鼬、南方海狮和非洲猎犬线粒体细胞色素ｂ、１２ＳｒＲＮＡ、ｔＲＮＡｔｈｒ和ｔＲＮＡＰｒｏ基因片段的ＤＮＡ序列。结合我们过去确定的熊超科其他动物的ＤＮＡ序列,我们采用简约法和距离法构建了较为系统的熊超科分子系统树。结果表明：浣熊科与鼬科、熊科与大熊猫科分别具有较近的共同祖先;鳍脚类不是一个独立的目,它们应归入熊超科;鳍脚类可能是单起源的,它们与浣熊科和鼬科的关系较与其他科更紧密;小熊猫科与其他科的关系并不密切。     

Phylogeny and classification of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata)

Post-Palaeozoic asteroids share a large number of derived characters of the ambulacral column and the mouth frame, and constitute the crown group of the monophyletic group Asteroidea. This crown group is here called the Neoasteroidea (new subclass). The stem species of the crown group lived in the Permian or early Triassic and so the evolution of the asteroids parallels that of the echinoids. Character distribution within the Neoasteroidea, especially morphology of the skeleton, digestive system, larvae and tube feet, allows subdivision into four orders (Paxillosida, Notomyotida, Valvatida, Forcipulatida). The latter three orders possess the synapomorphy of suckered tube feet and are united as the Surculifera (new superorder); the Paxillosida are their primitive sister group. Palaeozoic asteroids represent the stem group of the class, and may be divided into plesions according to the order of appearance of synapomorphies with the crown group. Classification of Palaeozoic asteroids requires much further study. The appearance of new characters within the crown group asteroids, such as suckered tube feet, implies that these were absent in the stem group. The range of life-habits possible in Palaeozoic asteroids can thus be partly deduced from evidence provided by living asteroids. Palaeozoic asteroids are deduced to have lacked suckered tube feet and were presumably unable to evert the stomach; hence they were precluded from life on hard substrates and extraoral feeding on epifaunal organisms. It is suggested that they lived on soft substrates by deposit feeding, scavenging and predation on small benthos.     

四个DNA片段在山茶属分子系统学研究中的应用

选取山茶属14个组中的10组21种植物对目前常用于属内种间的4个DNA片段（ITS、waxy、trnL-F、rpL16）进行序列测定。结果表明：（1）来自叶绿体基因组的2个片段（trnL-F、rpL16）其PCR扩增和测序都很容易,但两者的进化速率都非常慢,序列矩阵只有很少信息位点（trnL-F含9个,rpL16为20个）,不能提供必要的系统发育信息。（2）来自核基因组的ITS片段其PCR产物比较容易获得,但其序列的测定存在较多问题。（3）waxy是来自核基因组的另一个片段,其PCR扩增因受模板DNA的数量和质量的影响很大而有一定难度,但其进化速率较快,序列矩阵具有较多信息位点（92个）,并且在山茶属是单拷贝,这对于解决山茶属这类具有许多近缘物种的类群的系统关系有重要价值。基于tsnL-F、rpL16和waxy三组数据所建分子系统树支持山茶属为一单系,但属下系统由于取样等原因有待进一步研究。     

A Total Evidence Phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): Relationships Among Basal Taxa

A total evidence phylogenetic analysis was performed for 14 extant and 18 fossil caniform genera using a data matrix of 5.6 kbp of concatenated sequence data from six independent loci and 80 morphological characters from the cranium and dentition. Maximum parsimony analysis recovered a single most parsimonious cladogram (MPC). The topology of the extant taxa in the MPC agreed with previous molecular phylogenies. Phylogenetic positions for fossil taxa indicate that several taxa previously described as early members of extant families (e.g., Bathygale and Plesictis) are likely stem taxa at the base of the Arctoidea. Taxa in the “Paleomustelidae” were found to be paraphyletic, but a monophyletic Oligobuninae was recovered within this set of taxa. This clade was closely related to the extant genera Gulo and Martes, therefore, nested within the extant radiation of the family Mustelidae. This analysis provides a resolution to several discrepancies between phylogenies considering either fossil taxa or extant taxa separately, and provides a framework for incorporating fossil and extant taxa into comprehensive combined evidence analyses.