14种菊科植物提取物对菜青虫的杀虫活性

用胜红蓟、黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鬼针草、三叶鬼针草、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、千里光、希签草、万寿菊、肿柄菊、苍耳等１４种菊科植物的石油醚、氯仿、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和水提取物对菜青虫５龄幼虫的生测结果表明,黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、万寿菊等７种菊科植物甲醇和乙醇提取物具有较高的杀虫活性。此结果为进一步从菊科植物中提取,分离和筛选高活性杀虫活性成分奠定了基础。     

The learning abilities of the white cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae,foraging for flowers

This study examines the role of learning and memory in the butterflyPieris rapae crucivora Boisduval during foraging for flowers. In an outdoor cage with 6 flower species,P. rapae showed various visiting patterns: some visited only one species, while others visited several species in a day. The foraging process for flowers ofErigeron annuus (L.) Pers. could be divided into two successive steps: (1) landing on the nectaring caputs, and (2) finding the source of nectar in the caput. Butterflies learned to proceed through the two steps more efficiently with successive attempts: they gradually decreased landings on nectarless caputs and probings on the nectarless petals of ligulate flowers respectively. As a result, handling time per unit caputs became shorter, and apparent rewards per unit time, i.e. the efficiency of collecting nectar, increased. In addition, once learned,P. rapae could remember a rewarding flower color for 3 days, which was not interfered with by learning another flower color. This indicates thatP. rapae keeps memory for a period longer than 3 days, and that they can remember at least two flower species as suitable flower resources. Furthermore, data indicated that they sometimes can apply the foraging skills obtained on other flower species to a novel one. These abilities could enable butterflies to easily switch flower species, or to enhance labile preference. It has been known thatP. rapae also shows flower constancy, which may be due to memory constraints. Therefore, they may appropriately use two foraging tactics: visit consistency and labile preference, to get enough nectar according to their circumstances.     

A review of the pre-oviposition behaviour of small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae(lepidoptera: Pieridae)

This paper reviews the literature concerning the ovipositional behaviour of Pieris rapae (small cabbage white butterfly) and where appropriate considers results from studies involving other butterflies. The paper considers searching behaviour, stimuli utilised in host plant finding and identification and concludes with a general section on the role of learning and prior experience in ovipositional behaviour.     

Behavioural evolution in the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae)

Summary Australian and U.K. Pieris rapae differ markedly in their oviposition behaviour; U.K. females produce a more aggregated egg distribution, and lay their eggs more quickly, than do Australian females. The adaptive reason for this divergence probably lies in the relative costs of increased flight time (more costly in the U.K.) and increased local crowding (more costly in Australia). There is also a strong relationship between juvenile developmental rate (at constant temperature) and oviposition behaviour, but the form of this relationship differed between the two populations. The adaptive reasons for the link between developmental rate and behaviour is not clear. It may be that this link represents the tip of the iceberg; i.e. that physiological, developmental, and behabioral characters all co-vary in ways and for reasons that we do not yet understand.     

Male mating costs in a butterfly that produces small ejaculates

In many insects, ejaculate size is positively related to male fitness, although the production of large ejaculates entails physiological costs that can result in decreased male longevity. Ejaculate production costs have been studied in butterfly species because males generally produce large ejaculates that are rich in resources. However, lepidopterans show interspecific variation with respect to relative investment in ejaculates (i.e. percentage of male body weight invested in ejaculates) that could influence the magnitude of costs. The physiological costs of ejaculate production are expected to differ between males with different amounts of resources stored. The effect of male size (an estimate of the amount of resources stored) on ejaculate production and on survivorship costs of multiple mating is studied in males of Leptophobia aripa Boisduval (Pieridae), the butterfly with the smallest relative investment in spermatophores recorded to date (0.31%). ‘Small males’ produce smaller spermatophores, although male size has no effect on ejaculate size (spermatophore + accessory substances), indicating that ‘small males’ make a relatively larger investment in the production of accessory substances. The results indicate that L. aripa males are able to modify the relative amount of resources invested in ejaculate production. Multiple mating has a negative effect on male longevity and this effect depends on male size: in comparison with virgin males, the longevity of ‘small males’ decreases after just one copula, whereas the longevity of ‘large males’ decreases after two copulations. The possible reasons why ‘small males’ invest relatively more resources in ejaculate production, despite the fact that they pay larger costs, are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of two biliproteins, BP1 and BP2, from haemolymph of cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae

Two blue-pigment binding proteins, BP1 and BP2, are present in larval and pupal haemolymph of cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae, and fluctuate in expression during development. Both BP1 and BP2 are found in pupal haemolymph in varying proportions as well as in adult haemolymph, while only small amounts of BP2 are found in larval haemolymph. BPs are separated by 75% ammonium sulfate, and then purified effectively by ion exchange column chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. It was shown that BP1 and BP2 have molecular masses of 20,244 and 19,878 Da, and isoelectric points of 7.0 and 6.8, respectively. Considering their amino acid compositions and N-terminal amino acid sequences, the two proteins are almost identical except the first N-terminal amino acid. The first amino acid of BP1 is asparagine, whereas the initial residue of BP2 is aspartic acid. Anti-BP1 cross-reacts with BP2, indicating that they have immunological homogeneity. Western blotting analyses revealed that only BP1 was present in the larval tissues such as fat body, integument, muscle, and hindgut. However, BP1 was not found in midgut, Malphigian tubules, and silk gland. BP1 was also present in the protein bodies, and both cuticle and hemocoel sides of larval epidermis cells by the transmission electron microscopic observation. The information in this report will facilitate studies on the molecular biology and biological significance of insect BPs.     

拟青霉菌代谢产物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性

淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分DM6和拟青霉(Paeecilomyces sp.)菌株X1甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分X1M5对菜粉蝶Pieris rapae(L.)4龄幼虫具有较强的选择性和非选择性拒食作用,处理后24h选择性AFC50分别为5.8652mg/mL和3.5239mg/mL,非选择性AFC50分别为9.0095mg/mL和14.0234mg/mL。饲喂法、注射法、点滴法测定结果表明,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀活性,其中注射法处理后72h,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫的LD50分别为0.1846μg/头和0.6784μg/头。DM6和X1M5以5.0mg/mL饲喂法处理菜粉蝶3龄幼虫后,试虫生长发育受到强烈的抑制作用,发育抑制率分别为73.34%和63.30%。这些结果对于进一步研究拟青霉菌杀虫活性成分具有重要参考意义。     

Function of male genital titillators in mating and spermatophore transfer in the tettigoniid bushcricket Metrioptera roeselii

Males of certain bushcrickets (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae) possess sclerotized internal genital devices termed titillators. These titillators are paired chitinized structures for which the function remains to be completely determined. We studied the role of the titillators during copulation in the bushcricket Metrioptera roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822), in the context of four a priori hypotheses for their function during mating and insemination: (1) bushcricket titillators act as anchors to secure matings; (2) titillators facilitate sperm removal or sperm dumping in the polyandrous females; (3) titillators stimulate the females during copulation; and/or (4) titillators are organs that assure an accurate spermatophore transfer. To distinguish between those hypotheses, virgin females were mated with males of five groups: unmanipulated (Control), males with titillator tips removed (T‐tips); males with both titillator arms cut in half (T½); and males with titillator arms completely ablated on one side (T‐1); or on both sides (T‐2). These manipulations were chosen to test the response towards an increasing removal of the titillator processes (T‐tips, T½, T‐2) and to include a strongly asymmetric manipulation for comparison (T‐1 vs. T‐2). Male titillators were observed to be rhythmically inserted into the female's genital chamber during copulation. Females generally stayed motionless during titillation, with resistance behaviours observed at a low rate but increasing to 38% when females mated with T‐1 males. In some cases, female resistance behaviour resulted in severe male damage, although pairs never separated. After remating of females, we traced no sperm attached to titillators of the second mate. This fact contradicts any sperm removal function. Titillator manipulation reduced the capacity of a male to attach the spermatophore. This spermatophore detachment was a result of titillator ablation without a significant relation to rhythmical titillator movements or correlation with female resistance behaviour. We therefore conclude that titillators in M. roeselii function as tools to stimulate the females and accurately place the spermatophore.     

Molecular cloning and expression patterns of FK506‐binding protein 12, an immunophilin from the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae

FK506‐binding protein (FK506BP) class belonging to immunophilin protein family has been known to play key roles in modulating T‐cell activation, regulation of cell cycle and protein folding. However, little is known about the involvement of FK506BP during viral pathogenesis in insect host. In this study, an attempt has been made to focus on the involvement of FK506BP in antiviral innate immunity, by cloning the full‐length cDNA of FK506BP12 (PrFK506BP12) from the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. It comprised of 532 bp (excluding poly‐A tail) with a longest open reading frame (ORF) of 327 bp encoding 108 amino acids. In silico analysis of PrFK506BP12 ORF revealed a highly conserved FK506‐binding domain (FKBD). As expected, it showed high homology to other FK506BPs identified from Bombyx mori (92%), Manduca sexta (91%), Suberites domuncula (82%), Tribolium castaneum (81%) and Aedes aegypti (74%) . Expression of PrFK506BP12 was observed during developmental stages of P. rapae, but was pronounced in late pupal and adult stage. In addition, spatial expression pattern analysis indicated its high expression in the head and fat body. Furthermore, PrFK506BP12 mRNA was induced 12 h after LTA, Poly I:C treatment and 3h after Pieris rapae granulovirus (PrGV) treatment in carcass. It suggests that PrFK506BP12 appears to be involved in immune responses and also play an important role in the fat body, although it remains to be clarified about their precise role in response to granulovirus.     

Bizarre mating in the entimine weevil Polydrusus picus

We report and document a new and bizarre case of the male‐above position in the entimine weevil Polydrusus picus. Based on field and laboratory observations, video‐recording of mating behavior, instant fixation of couples, and morphological studies, we found that males insert their endophallus deeply into the female vagina, withdraw the female ovipositor and vagina out of the female body, and keep the posture more than 20 min. A possible interpretation is that the unique mating position has evolved to increase the control over mating by the males. From the female side, it could be regarded as a compromising strategy against unwanted copulations.     

Flight endurance in relation to adult age in the green‐veined white butterfly Pieris napi

• 1 The flight apparatus in butterflies, as well as in other insects, is costly to manufacture. Since most animals live in a world where resources are limited, trade‐offs are expected and available resources must thus be allocated between flight and other functions, such as reproduction.
• 2 To mitigate this trade‐off, previous studies have shown that butterflies can break down flight muscles in the thorax as they age in order to use muscle nutrients for reproduction.
• 3 Although breakdown of flight muscles is expected to reduce flight ability, relative flight muscle mass (thorax mass/body mass) in many butterfly species does not decrease with age. The aim of the present study was to test the relationship between flight endurance and adult age in the green‐veined white butterfly Pieris napi (L.). The tests were performed in the laboratory at five different temperatures.
• 4 The results showed that age has a significant influence on butterfly flight endurance; older butterflies showed reduced flight endurance. Male butterflies fly for a longer time than females and flight endurance increases with temperature in both sexes.

     

The effect of mating frequency and mating pattern on female reproductive fitness in cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi

It is generally thought that females can receive more of the material benefits from males by increasing mating frequency and polyandry can lead to greater reproductive success. The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a highly promiscuous species, in which females or males can readily mate repeatedly with a given partner or multiple partners at a very high frequency. In the present study, the effect of mating frequency (number of matings) and mating pattern (polyandry vs. monogamy) on female reproductive fitness was investigated by measuring fecundity, fertility, and female longevity. The results indicated that increased female mating frequency with the same male did not result in variation in lifetime fecundity, but significantly increased fertility and decreased female longevity. Moreover, five copulations were sufficient to acquire maximal reproductive potential. Female lifetime fecundity also did not differ between polyandrous and monogamous treatments. However, monogamous females exhibited a significant increase in fertility and significant prolongation of longevity compared with polyandrous females, further demonstrating that monogamy is superior to polyandry in this beetle.     

三突伊氏蛛雌蛛不同交配史对雄蛛交配行为的影响

近年来越来越多研究表明,雄性产生精子(精液)也需付出代价。在多次交配的动物中,雄性为获得最大生殖潜力,必须依据配偶的质量策略性地调整每次交配的生殖投入。雄性策略性的生殖投入主要体现在两个方面,一是精子竞争(sperm competition),二是柯立芝效应(Coolidge effect)。目前精子竞争研究主要集中于昆虫类群,而柯立芝效应研究集中于高等脊椎动物,同时验证结果也时常与假说不一致。以多次交配的三突伊氏蛛为材料,以雄蛛交配行为为指标,在蜘蛛类群中探讨和验证雄性精子竞争强度假说和柯立芝效应。设定3个交配组合:2只雄蛛依次与1只雌蛛各交配1次(A组)、2只雄蛛依次与2只雌蛛各交配1次(B组)和1只雄蛛与1只雌蛛交配2次(C组),分析比较3个交配组合的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配和第2次交配在交配潜伏期、交配持续时间和交配回合数方面的差异,比较三突伊氏蛛雌蛛不同交配史对雄蛛交配行为的影响,以此验证雄性精子竞争强度假说和柯立芝效应。研究结果表明A和B组的三突伊氏蛛第2次交配的交配潜伏期和交配持续时间显著长于第1次交配。同时,C组的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配的交配潜伏期和交配持续时间与第2次交配都没有显著差异。同时,A、B和C组的三突伊氏蛛第1次交配的交配回合数与第2次交配都没有显著差异。研究结果支持精子竞争强度假说,而不支持柯立芝效应。     

Male mating effort in the viviparous scorpionfish,Sebastiscus marmoratus

Males of some internally fertilizing fishes devote reproductive efforts not only to mating activities but also to sperm production. Male reproductive efforts of the viviparous scorpionfish,Sebastiscus marmoratus, an ambush predator usually remaining on the substrate, were studied at a rocky coast in southern Japan. During the mating season in early winter, males actively visited and courted several females, and interacted aggressively with other males. Females remained stationary. Seasonal changes in somatic and gonad weights suggested that males devote reproductive efforts to such mating activities, rather than to sperm production. Because females almost always ignored frequent courtships from several males, resulting in infrequent copulations, and would rarely copulate with multiple males, sperm competition is not likely to be intensive. Accordingly, males may increase mating efforts while retaining small testis size (max. GSI=0.4%), smaller than that in many externally fertilizing fishes. The reproductive effort of this species is compared with that of other viviparous fishes.     

Female mating status affects male mating tactic expression in the wolf spider Rabidosa punctulata

Males and females have conflicting interests on the frequency and outcomes of mating interactions. Males maximize their fitness by mating with as many females as possible, whereas choosy females often reduce receptivity following copulation. Alternative male mating tactics can be adaptive in their expression to a variety of mating contexts, including interactions with a relatively unreceptive mated female. Male Rabidosa punctulata wolf spiders can adopt distinctive mating tactics when interacting with a female, a complex courtship display, and/or a more coercive direct mount tactic that often involves grappling with females for copulation. In this study, we set up female mating treatments with initial trials and then paired mated and unmated females with males to observe both female remating frequencies and the male mating tactics used during the interactions. Males adopted different mating tactics depending on the mating status of the female they were paired with. Males were more likely to adopt a direct mount tactic with already-mated females and courtship with unmated females. Already-mated females were considerably less receptive to males during experimental trials, although they did remate 34% of the time, the majority of which were with males using a direct mount tactic. Whereas males adjusting to these contextual cues were able to gain more copulations, the observation of multiple mating in female R. punctulata introduces the potential for sperm competition. We discuss this sexual conflict in terms of the fitness consequences of these mating outcomes for both males and females.     

Sperm transfer by spermatophore in Diptera: new results from the Diopsidae

Sperm transfer by spermatophore is reported as a common and possibly primitive feature of the Diopsidae (Diptera, Schizophora). Spermatophores occur in four out of five investigated genera, in Cyrtodiopsis, Diasemopsis, Teleopsis , and in Sphyracephala , which is positioned close to the base of the family. Within the genus Diopsis the spermatophore is subject to reduction. Spermatophore size and copulation duration are positively correlated across the species. This is only partially explained by the time requirement of sperm transfer. Parsimony in time and material seems to be favoured in species with high mating frequency at special aggregation sites, whereas high investment in time and material occurs in species that do not mate preferentially at certain times or locations. The utilization of spermatophores has strong implications on the possibilities of sperm competition and cryptic female choice and may account for the occurrence of a postcopulatory passive phase or prolonged mating in some species. The increasing number of records of spermatophores in Diptera is reviewed.     

A game model for the daily activity schedule of the male butterfly

A game model is developed of the daily schedule of matesearching activity by male butterflies, assuming that each male maximizes his expected mating success given a limited total time for mate search. The model predicts that (1) in the early morning, no male is active even though many females are emerging; (2) at a critical time, many males suddenly become active; and (3) the male's maximum activity occurs after the peak female emergence and before the peak capture efficiency. The inverse problem is also analyzed, in which the temporal pattern of capture efficiency is estimated from the knowledge of male activity and female emergence, assuming the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) condition. The model is then applied to data from a cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae crucivora) population and predicts that (1) females remain unmated for several hours on average after emergence, and (2) the male 's capture efficiency is rather low and increases significantly with time during the morning.     

昆虫在多次交配与精子竞争格局中的雌雄对策

绝大多数昆虫雌性一生中不但与不同雄性交配许多次,而且在其特殊器官中还可长期贮藏雄性精子,因此来自不同雄性的的精子在与雌性卵子受精时发生激烈的精子竞争。本文综述了昆虫在多次交配与精子竞争格局中的雌雄对策。雄性对策表现在对自身与配偶身体质量状况的正确评估、精子竞争风险预测、精子异型及延长交配时程和配后保护等,雌性对策则表现在对雄性质量状况的正确评估、对精液的主动操纵及精子偏向性等,从而很好地适因多次交配和精子竞争而带来的强烈自然选择和性选择压力。