背景氯离子通道研究进展

综述了目前了解得最为充分的一类电压门控氯通道——背景氯通道,内容涉及选择性、门控和药理学以及通道蛋白的克隆和分子结构.氯通道广泛存在于细胞膜和细胞器膜,作为“总管家”参与细胞pH,体积,静息膜电位和兴奋性等多种细胞过程的调节.由于种种原因,对氯通道的研究起步较晚.目前应用膜片钳和分子生物学技术对氯通道结构功能的研究已经成为一个热点.     

ClC型氯离子通道的研究

ClC型氯离子通道是一类分布广泛的阴离子通道,参与多种生理过程,如pH及静息膜电位和兴奋性的调节、细胞内囊泡的酸化和细胞体积调节等,其基因突变或功能异常都可导致多种疾病的发生。对于ClC型氯离子通道结构与功能关系的研究,有助于理解相关疾病的分子机制。本文简要介绍了ClC型氯离子通道的分类与性质、分子结构与作用机制、以及结构和表达异常所导致的主要生理变化和疾病。     

CFTR型氯离子通道研究进展

囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子（CFTR）是一种重要的氯离子通道,突变易引起囊性纤维化病变,故得名。一系列研究表明,CFTR由5个结构域组成：两个跨膜结构域形成氯离子通道;两个核苷酸结合结构域调节通道的开闭;一个调节结构域主要影响氯通道的活动。这些结构域通过协同作用共同控制了氯离子的跨膜流动,而一些突变可以影响细胞功能而导致囊性纤维化的发生。本文通过介绍CFTR基本结构、调节机制、与囊性纤维化病变的关系及针对CFTR的治疗而对CFTR型氯离子通道有一个的全面的理解。     

细胞外氯离子浓度对大鼠ClC-1通道去激活动力学特性的影响

为探讨C1C－1通道的门控机制,实验应用爪蟾母细胞异源性表达大鼠野生型C1C－1（WT RC1C-1)通道基因,并使用双电极电压钳法记录通道电流。通过改变细胞外氯离子浓度,采用双指数拟合的方法分析通道去激活电流,对其去激活门控动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,降低细胞外氯离子浓度可增加快速去激活电流成分,减少慢速去激活成分;同时,慢速去激活和快速去激活电流的时间常数都显著减小,说明细胞外氯离子浓度的改变可影响通道去激活动力学参数,从而改变通道的门控过程。     

电压门控钠通道的变异与机体疾患

通道病理学是当今国际学术发展中一门新兴学科。本文将针对有关电压门控钠通道的变异所导致的机体疾患,如高血钾性周期性麻痹,先天性肌强直等骨骼肌疾患,ＬＱＴ３,原发笥心室纤颤等心脏病及其所涉及的钠通道突变体,通道的突变位点和电生理性质等一些研究资料与进展作一概括介绍。     

乙酰胆碱门控氯离子通道受体突变影响秀丽线虫运动学和运动状态转换

目的 乙酰胆碱作为一种高度保守的神经递质，在动物的运动行为调控中起着至关重要的作用。乙酰胆碱信号转导异常可导致多种运动功能障碍。然而，乙酰胆碱在运动行为中的抑制性调控机制尚未完全清楚。本文以秀丽隐杆线虫为研究对象，探究乙酰胆碱门控氯离子通道受体亚基（ACC-1、ACC-2、ACC-3、ACC-4）在运动行为中的调控作用。方法 通过将运动追踪、分子遗传学和光遗传学技术相结合，对乙酰胆碱门控氯离子通道受体亚基突变线虫的运动进行分析。结果 研究发现，这些亚基突变会影响线虫前进、后退和转向运动的运动学特征，并且前进过程中线虫身体弯曲幅度也发生了变化。在这些突变线虫的后退过程中光激活RIB中间神经元会导致后退运动延迟终止。结论 这些结果提示，乙酰胆碱门控氯离子通道亚基的调控作用对于维持和调节秀丽隐杆线虫运动状态是必需的。同时，这些亚基可能参与介导RIB中间神经元在秀丽隐杆线虫后退运动中的抑制性调控。本研究为理解乙酰胆碱门控抑制性受体在运动行为中的调控机制提供了新的思路。     

电压门控性钾通道的结构和调控机制

电压门控性K 通道是由4个相同亚单位构成的四聚体通道,其中每个亚单位都含有1个电压感受器,并且4个亚单位合起来组成1个中央孔.电压门控性通道蛋白具有3种主要功能,一是离子通透功能,二是门控蛋白构象改变,三是门控与感知机制的偶联.通道具有高通透速率和高选择性,通过构象改变的门控机制有3种,一是S6束交叉门控,二是球链门控,三是选择性滤器的门控.     

新生大鼠慢性脑缺血损伤中氯离子通道ClC2的表达及其与白质发育影响作用的研究

目的探讨新生大鼠缺血缺氧损伤后氯离子(Cl-)通道ClC2表达及其阻断剂DIDS对脑白质发育的影响作用。方法采用新生3-5dSD大鼠,以改良Levine法建立慢性脑缺血缺氧模型。运用RT-PCR、活性氧检测和Western Blot检测结合髓鞘卢卡斯快蓝与免疫组织化学染色等技术,对比观察新生缺血缺氧脑损伤前后白质中ClC2的表达变化;分析其与氧化应激、炎症反应的相关性;对比观察损伤前后及损伤后应用DIDS阻断ClC2表达对脑白质髓鞘发育和细胞凋亡的影响。结果1新生缺血缺氧脑损伤后白质中ClC2mRNA和蛋白表达均显著增高(P0.01);伴白质组织活性氧浓度显著升高(P0.01);和iNOS、TNF-αmRNA的表达增加(P0.01)。在胼胝体等白质区髓鞘染色较正常明显浅淡,促凋亡蛋白caspase-3与ClC2阳性双标细胞数目则明显增多(P0.01)。2损伤早期应用DIDS后,ClC2mRNA和蛋白、活性氧浓度、iNOS、TNF-αmRNA的表达以及caspase-3表达等均较损伤组明显降低(P0.05);白质区髓鞘特异染色逐渐加深。结论新生缺血缺氧脑损伤后白质区Cl-通道表达升高与氧化应激、炎症反应呈正相关;可导致由脑白质中caspase-3介导的细胞凋亡增多和髓鞘发育受阻。伤后早期应用DIDS阻断Cl-通道可降低caspase-3介导的凋亡发生,提示早期使用DIDS可部分保护缺血缺氧损伤后的OLs细胞。     

胃粘膜壁细胞氯离子通道的电生理研究概况

哺乳动物胃粘膜壁细胞存在两种氯离子通道,分别定位于其分泌膜和基底膜。分泌膜氯通道具有电压依赖性,主要生理功能是直接参与胃酸分泌。基底膜氯通道是非电压依赖性的。 维持膜电位方面起重要作用,可能还参与胃酸分泌的调节。     

The effect of charged local anesthetics on the inactivation of Ca2+-activated Cl-channels of characean algae

Effects of local anesthetics (LA) and a number of organic cations on Ca2+-activated Cl-channels in plasmalemma of intracellularly perfused giant algae Nitellopsis obtusa were studied using voltage-clamp technique. It was shown earlier that Ca2+ ions cause irreversible inactivation of Cl-channels with a characteristic time equal to a few minutes, but not only activate Cl-channels. It has been found that amphiphilic cations (AC), including LA+, introduced intracellularly together with Ca2+ produced delayed action on the beginning of the inactivation process (approximately ten minutes) producing no effect on activation during this period. The time of delayed action was linearly dependent on the concentrations ratio alpha = [AC]/[Ca2+]. Procaine is the most effective agent in this respect, the time of its delayed action on the inactivation process being 20 min at alpha = 1. LA in the neural form, hydrophilic AC of tetraethylammonium, as well as LA+ from the outside had no effect on Cl-channels. Cl-channels inactivated "irreversibly" by Ca2+ ions may be restored after addition of AC in Ca2+-containing perfusion medium.     

Analysis of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in tuberculosis: levels of specific antibody and antigens in CIC and relationship with serum antibody

Eighty sera from tuberculosis (TB) patients, 16 Indian and 10 American control sera were analyzed by ELISA for relative titres of antibody against mycobacterial antigens. Levels of specific antibody and mycobacterial Ag in circulating immune complexes (CIC) isolated from these sera were also studied. All these parameters were found to be elevated in TB sera as compared to control sera. Maximum increase was however noted in CIC specific antibody titres. A good correlation was observed between serum and CIC levels of specific antibody (r = 0.72) and between specific antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) levels within CIC (r = 0.64). In a few of the TB sera examined, CIC specific Ab contributed less than 1% to the Ab titres in sera. In order to examine the differences between different subgroups within TB patients, a statistical analysis of variance was performed. Sex of the patients had no effect on any parameter. Sputum-positive patients had significantly higher levels of CIC Ag and Ab than the sputum-negative patients, although no significant difference occurred in respect to serum Ab. All three parameters were significantly higher in patients on chemotherapy as compared to fresh untreated cases. The relevance of these observations to the development of a CIC-based immunodiagnostic assay for TB is discussed.     

Functional geometry of the permeation pathway of Ca2+-activated Cl-channels inferred from analysis of voltage-dependent block

We examined the voltage-dependent block of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels by anthacene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC), 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and niflumic acid (NFA) in excised inside-out and outside-out patches from Xenopus oocytes. The fraction of the voltage field (delta) experienced by the blocking drug was determined from the voltage dependence of block. All the drugs blocked by entering the channel from the outside. delta was 0.6 for A9C, 0.3 for DPC and DIDS, and <0.1 for NFA. Because the voltage dependence of the drugs differed, the order of potency was also voltage-dependent. At +100 mV the order of potency was NFA > A9C > DIDS > DPC (K(i) (microm) = 10.1, 18.3, 48, and 111, respectively). Because the drugs are hydrophobic, they can cross the bilayer when applied from the inside and block the channel from the outside. The equilibrium geometries of the blockers were determined by molecular modeling and compared with their blocking positions (delta). This analysis suggests that the channel is an elliptical cone with the largest opening facing the extracellular space. The selectivity filter has an apparent size of 0.33 x 0.75 nm, because C(CN)(3)-, which has these dimensions, permeates. The external opening is at least 0.60 x 0.94 nm, because DPC has these dimensions and penetrates the channel approximately 30%.     

Immunoenzyme analysis of antigen-specific determination of HBsAG-containing circulating immune complexes (CIC HBsAG/IgM and CIC HBsAG/IgG) in blood serum of patients with HBV-infection]

A complex enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) has been designed for antigen-specific determination of HBsAg-containing circulating immune complexes (CIC HBsAg/IgM and CIC HBsAg/IgG) in human blood sera in parallel with registration of free HBsAg and specific antibodies to viruses of hepatitis A, B and D. It is shown that effective formation of HBsAg-containing CIC serologically is registered predominantly as a mutually incompatible marker with detection of free HBsAg (in 70-85% of the cases). CIC HBsAg/IgM and CIC HBsAg/IgG may be registered both in parallel and as mutually exclusive markers. Effective formation of HBsAg-containing CIC in the presence of anti-HBsAg occurs in case of a mild course of viral hepatitis of epidemic and sporadic type, while in severe forms of VH-free HBsAg is predominantly detected thus pointing either to ineffective formation of HBsAg-containing CIC or to their continuous registration with demonstration of the effect of delay of witching of anti-HBsM over to anti-HBsG (or CIC HBsAg/IgM to CIC HBsAg/IgG). It was also found that in case of epidemic VH in Tajik SSR (1987) serologically marked as VH both A and B convalescent phase was characterized by parallel disappearance (or lowering of the titer levels) of HBsAg-containing CIC and class M antibodies to both hepatitis A (anti-HAV M) and B (anti-HBcM, anti-HBsM) along with the containing parallel registration of relevant G-antibodies (anti-HAV G/anti-HBcG). This observation requires further studies both in terms of close association of viruses of hepatitides A and B and with regards to possible antigenic mimicry.