Description of Dolichodorus cobbi n. sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) with Description of Dolichodorus cobbi n. sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) with Morphometrics and Lectotype Designation of D. heterocephalus Cobb, 1914

Dolichodorus cobbi n. sp. is described and illustrated from soil around roots of "woods" on the Stanley Farm, Scott County, Arkansas. This species is distinguishable from others of the genus by its short tail projection. It is most closely related to D. marylandicus but differs in having a short tail projection, longer stylet, greater body length, larger c value, and also in position of excretory pore. A limited number of Cobb''s original specimens and drawings of D. heterocephalus were examined. A lectotype and paralectotype were designated to establish the taxonomic base for the genus. Cobb''s original modified labeled drawing of D. heterocephalus is also included. Morphometric data on D. heterocephalus from the type locality and several other populations are given. Some variations in female tail shape, body length, and stylet length were noted.     

Redescription of Xiphinema americanum Cobb, 1913 with Comments on Its Morphometric Variations

Xiphinema americanum is redescribed and illustrated from material collected from Arlington Cemetery, near Cobb''s type locality (Falls Church, Virginia), Morphometric data showing variations within this species are given for three additional populations.     

Neotypification of Amellus villosus,the identity of a bradbury collection,and typification of some other goldenasters (Compositae: Astereae)

Nomenclatural problems involving closely related North American goldenasters are resolved. No original type material (a collection by John Bradbury) is known forAmellus villosus Pursh, which is the basionym for the taxon referred to asChrysopsis villosa and more recently asHeterotheca villosa. The species is the first-described taxon inHeterotheca sect.Phyllotheca. A collection by Bradbury (LIV) was found to belong inH. camporum and does not match Pursh's protologue. A neotype (PH) was selected from collections by Thomas Nuttall. A problem in the typification of the second oldest taxon in sect.Phyllotheca was encountered. The specimen filed at K as the type ofDiplopappus hispidus Hook. was not the specimen cited in the protologue. A lectotype has been designated from collections by Richardson at BM. Other taxa placed in synonymy are also typified.     

经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定与开放手术对胸腰椎骨折患者Cobb's 角 与椎体前缘高度恢复的影响

目的:比较经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定与开放手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效,并对其Cobb's角与椎体前缘高度的变化情况进行比较。方法:选择2011年1月-2013年10月我院收治的60例胸腰椎骨折患者并按照数字随机法分为两组,每组30例,对照组采取开放椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,观察组经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,两组患者均随访24个月,比较两组患者手术一般情况及Cobb's角与椎体前缘高度恢复情况。结果:观察组手术切口长度、术中出血量及住院时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组术后伤椎前缘高度及矢状位指数均大于术前(均P0.05),观察组术后伤椎前缘高度及矢状位指数均大于对照组(均P0.05);且两组术后后凸Cobb角小于术前(均P0.05),且观察组术后后凸Cobb角小于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后并发症1例(3.3%),与对照组4例(13.3%)比较无显著统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折疗效较佳,Cobb's角与椎体前缘高度恢复情况较优。     

A Revision of the genus Wislizenia (Capparidaceae) based on population studies

Morphological and cytological studies of mass collections from the southwestern United States and Baja California, and morphological studies on herbarium specimens from these areas and northern Mexico have been used to solve a taxonomic problem within the genusWislizenia. Canonical analysis of morphological data from mass collections separates three geographic groups from: California, Baja California, and states east of California. A similar analysis of herbarium specimens collected throughout the range ofWislizenia refracta confirms the reality of these groups, for which the status of subspecies is proposed: 1) subsp.californica from the California central valley, 2) subsp.palmeri from Baja California and the Sonoran coast, and 3 ) subsp.refracta from states east of California. This taxonomic treatment differs from any of the varied previous ones. Chromosome numbers for six of the mass collections were found to ben = 20, in agreement with other reports.     

Multilocus genotypes from Charles Darwin's finches: biodiversity lost since the voyage of the Beagle

Genetic analysis of museum specimens offers a direct window into a past that can predate the loss of extinct forms. We genotyped 18 Galápagos finches collected by Charles Darwin and companions during the voyage of the Beagle in 1835, and 22 specimens collected in 1901. Our goals were to determine if significant genetic diversity has been lost since the Beagle voyage and to determine the genetic source of specimens for which the collection locale was not recorded. Using ‘ancient’ DNA techniques, we quantified variation at 14 autosomal microsatellite loci. Assignment tests showed several museum specimens genetically matched recently field-sampled birds from their island of origin. Some were misclassified or were difficult to classify. Darwin''s exceptionally large ground finches (Geospiza magnirostris) from Floreana and San Cristóbal were genetically distinct from several other currently existing populations. Sharp-beaked ground finches (Geospiza difficilis) from Floreana and Isabela were also genetically distinct. These four populations are currently extinct, yet they were more genetically distinct from congeners than many other species of Darwin''s finches are from each other. We conclude that a significant amount of the finch biodiversity observed and collected by Darwin has been lost since the voyage of the Beagle.     

Differences in the Response of Certain Weed Host Populations to Heterodera schachtii

Significant differences (P = 0.05) in nematode reproduction were observed among populations of Heterodera schachtii and weed collections of black nightshade, common lambsquarters, common purslane, redroot-pigweed, shepherdspurse, and wild mustard from Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, and Utah. Colorado weeds supported the greatest nematode development (P = 0.05). Weeds collected from Idaho and Utah were similar with respect to their response to H. schachtii with the exception of shepherdspurse. At increasing soil temperatures, a Utah redroot-pigweed collection showed a higher percent susceptibility to a Utah nematode population than to nematode populations from the other states (P = 0.05). There was a higher percentage of susceptible plants when the weed host population was collected from the same geographical area as the nematode inoculun.     

What does it mean to be wild? Assessing human influence on the environments of nonhuman primate specimens in museum collections

ObjectivesNatural history collections are often thought to represent environments in a pristine natural state—free from human intervention—the so‐called “wild.” In this study, we aim to assess the level of human influence represented by natural history collections of wild‐collected primates over 120 years at the Smithsonian Institution''s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH).Materials and MethodsOur sample consisted of 875 catarrhine primate specimens in NMNH collections, representing 13 genera collected in 39 countries from 1882 to 2004. Using archival and accession information we determined the approximate locations from which specimens were collected. We then plotted location coordinates onto publicly available anthrome maps created by Ellis et al. (Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2010, 19, 589), which delineate terrestrial biomes of human population density and land use worldwide since the 1700s.ResultsWe found that among primates collected from their native ranges, 92% were from an environment that had some level of human impact, suggesting that the majority of presumed wild‐collected primate specimens lived in an environment influenced by humans during their lifetimes.DiscussionThe degree to which human‐modified environments may have impacted the lives of primates currently held in museum collections has been historically ignored, implicating unforeseen consequences for collection‐based research. While unique effects related to commensalism with humans remain understudied, effects currently attributed to natural phenomena may, in fact, be related to anthropogenic pressures on unmanaged populations of primates.     

The Montana collections of Francis Duncan Kelsey

Francis Duncan Kelsey amassed one of the important early herbaria of Montana plants from 1885 to 1893. His Montana collections contain over 1200 specimens of algae, bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, and fungi and include at least 41 that serve as types. Originally donated to the Oberlin College Herbarium (OC), the Montana collections, records, and later correspondence of Kelsey are now housed at the Miami University Herbarium (MU). The mycological collections of Kelsey are numbered, dated, and include site information; his other collections are unnumbered and often lack precise dates and/or localities. Kelsey's Montana fieldwork itineraries and sources of exchange are presented. All valid and legitimate names based on Kelsey's Montana collections are listed with pertinent information from his collection notebooks.     

Myriophyllum quitense (Haloragaceae) in the United States

A systematic study of more than 15,000Myriophyllum specimens from 189 North American herbaria yielded 63M. quitense specimens. Late 19th century collections were made from Henry's Fork of the Snake River in Jefferson County, Idaho, in 1872, from Santa Cruz Creek, Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, in 1881, from Yellowstone Lake in 1885, and from Crook County, Oregon, in 1894. Twentieth century collections have been made from Yellowstone National Park, at several sites along the Snake River in Idaho, in Summit County, Utah, in Lassen and Shasta counties of northern California, at numerous sites along the Deschutes River, and in Benton County, Oregon, and at three sites in Washington. We contend that the species was introduced into North America by migratory waterfowl more than 100 years ago. Only in the Yellowstone Lake and numerous Deschutes River habitats in which populations now exist are environmental conditions conducive to full morphological development of the species in North America.     

COXSACKIE VIRUS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA—Isolation of a Strain from Stools of a Patient

Thirty-three stool specimens from 29 patients were examined for Coxsackie virus by the inoculation of suckling mice. Such a virus, designated “California I,” was obtained from two stool specimens collected on successive days from a patient with so-called nonparalytic poliomyelitis.Neutralizing antibodies for the California I strain of Coxsackie virus could not be demonstrated in serum obtained from the patient early in the illness, but were present in convalescent serum.Serum from the patient''s daughter, who previously had had a similar illness, neutralized the strain of virus isolated from the father.In pathologic examination of the skeletal muscles of mice infected with the California I virus, lesions typical of those produced by Coxsackie virus, group A, were noted.California I strain of the virus was not neutralized by immune serum prepared from several other strains of Coxsackie virus.     

Pandanus from Ok Tedi region,Papua New Guinea,collected by Debra Donoghue

In the course of ethnobotanical and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Ok Tedi region, Kiunga subprovince, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, Debra Donoghue collected several botanical specimens as vouchers for her studies into the prehistory of edible-nut pandans in the New Guinea Highlands and for David Hyndman’s study of the use and names of pandans in the region. These specimens were submitted to me through Dr. Hyndman for identification, and one set of duplicates has been deposited in the Lae Herbarium (PNG) and another in the University of Malaya Herbarium (KLU). Some of the collections are of considerable botanical interest, representing hitherto little-known species. One collection represents a new edible-nut species. The following list contains the botanical identifications, collection data, and some taxonomic comments. All the collections were made in June 1981. The Ok Tedi region is located around 5°12’S, 141°17’E.     

A neotype and 2 topotypes for Bola chaptis Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces, Sciaenidae)

Hamilton (1822) described and figured Bola chaptis from the River Ganges, but left no type material. Trewavas & Talwar (1972, p. 11) have described a species that they believe identical with B. chaptis and placed it in the genus Bahaba Herre. Since their specimens came from Burma they did not propose a neotype from among them. During the course of a taxonomic study of the family Sciaenidae, 3 well-preserved specimens in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India were recognized by us as the same species. They were collected by the junior author at Chinsura in the Hooghly estuary during September 1954. This discovery supports the decision of Trewavas and Talwar to use Hamilton's name and after consultation with Dr Trewavas we have decided to select one of these specimens as neotype of Bahaba chaptis (Hamilton).     

美国在华采集竹类植物标本的历史(1840-2010年)

植物标本采集是植物学研究的重要内容, 与植物引种密切相关。自19世纪以来, 美国植物采集者在全球尤其是中国进行了广泛的植物采集。在众多的植物类群中, 中国的竹类植物引起了美国采集者的极大关注, 并开展了大量调查研究和标本采集工作。研究美国植物采集者在中国采集竹类植物标本的历史, 对了解竹类植物从中国引种到美国的历史具有重要意义。本文基于国内外有关美国在华采集的竹类植物标本数据, 对其学名、采集地、采集人以及采集时间进行整理校对, 分析了美国采集者在华采集竹类植物标本的历史。结果表明: 1840-2010年, 美国在华共采集竹类植物标本960号2,238份, 隶属于25属120种(含变种和变型), 分别占中国竹类属和种数的73.5%和22.5%; 有45位(支)采集者(采集队), 在这些采集者中莫古礼最为重要; 采集地涉及20个省级行政区; 采集时间前后跨度约170年, 主要集中在20世纪上半叶。     

Birds of Antioquia: Georeferenced database of specimens from the Colección de Ciencias Naturales del Museo Universitario de la Universidad de Antioquia (MUA)

The department of Antioquia, Colombia, lies in the northwestern corner of South America and provides a biogeographical link among divergent faunas, including Caribbean, Andean, Pacific and Amazonian. Information about the distribution of biodiversity in this area is of relevance for academic, practical and social purposes. This data paper describes the dataset containing all bird specimens deposited in the Colección de Ciencias Naturales del Museo Universitario de la Universidad de Antioquia (MUA). We curated all the information associated with the bird specimens, including the georeferences and taxonomy, and published the database through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility network. During this process we checked the species identification and existing georeferences and completed the information when possible. The collection holds 663 bird specimens collected between 1940 and 2011. Even though most specimens are from Antioquia (70%), the collection includes material from several other departments and one specimen from the United States. The collection holds specimens from three endemic and endangered species (Coeligena orina, Diglossa gloriossisima, and Hypopirrhus pyrohipogaster), and includes localities poorly represented in other collections. The information contained in the collection has been used for biodiversity modeling, conservation planning and management, and we expect to further facilitate these activities by making it publicly available.     

Status of Exosphaeroma amplicauda (Stimpson, 1857), E. aphrodita (Boone, 1923) and description of three new species (Crustacea,Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from the north-eastern Pacific

Exosphaeroma amplicauda (Stimpson, 1857) from the west coast of North America is reviewed and redescribed and revealed to be a group of closely related species. A neotype is designated and the species redescribed based on the neotype and topotypic specimens. Exosphaeroma amplicauda is known only from the coast of California, at Marin, Sonoma and San Mateo Counties. Exosphaeroma aphrodita (Boone, 1923), type locality La Jolla, California and previously considered nomen dubium is taken out of synonymy and re-validated. A further three species: Exosphaeroma paydenae sp. n., Exosphaeroma russellhansoni sp. n., and Exosphaeroma pentcheffi sp. n. are described herein. Sphaeroma octonctum Richardson, 1899 is placed into junior synonymy with Exosphaeroma amplicauda. A key to the Pacific West Coast Exosphaeroma is provided.     

Distribution of pelagic squids Abraliopsis Joubin, 1896 (Enoploteuthidae) and Pterygioteuthis P. Fischer, 1896 (Pyroteuthidae) (Cephalopoda,Decapodiformes, Oegopsida) in the Mexican Pacific

The oegopsid squids Abraliopsis and Pterygioteuthis are abundant and diverse genera with taxonomic and distributional problems. Identification and distribution of species in the Mexican Pacific has been somewhat controversial. Here are provided a large series of new records for Abraliopsis affinis, Abraliopsis falco, Pterygioteuthis gemmata, Pterygioteuthis giardi and Pterygioteuthis hoylei from the Gulf of California and off the SW coast of Mexico. All five species were collected in the central or the southern Gulf of California, or in both. Abraliopsis affinis was found in seven samples with a total of 48 specimens, from 21°59'' to 24°53''12"N. Abraliopsis falco was much less represented in the samples (14 specimens) but it was found in 10 localities, four of which correspond to the central-southern Gulf of California (north to 27°44''53"N) and six to SW Mexico (south to 16°49''18"N). In the case of Pterygioteuthis gemmata, only two records (three specimens) were obtained, both in the SW Gulf of California, while Pterygioteuthis giardi (nine specimens) records were all from the central Gulf of California (27°44''53” to 25°39''59"N). In the case of Pterygioteuthis hoylei (nine specimens), material was obtained in six localities, also in a restricted latitudinal range (24°23''48” to 25°56''56"N).