Effects of Cap Analogue or Cap Removal on the Translation of Rat Brain mRNA In Vitro

Abstract: The role of cap structures in the translation of brain mRNA was examined by measuring protein biosynthesis in vitro in wheat germ and reticulocyte systems programmed by mRNA that was either untreated or oxidized by periodate or from which 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine (m⁷G) was removed by oxidation and β -elimination. In another series of reactions, amino acid incorporation into polypeptides was measured in the absence and in the presence of varying concentrations of the cap analogue 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate (pppm⁷G). The results indicated that any of the above treatments interfered with brain mRNA translation, the degree of inhibition depending on the translation system used, the concentration of mRNA, and the source of initiation factors. Homologous brain initiation factors were superior to reticulocyte factors in providing a partial relief from inhibition of translation caused by these treatments. It was also found that synthesis of the brain-specific protein S-100 was inhibited by β -elimination of mRNA, by pppm⁷G, or by the presence of capped globin mRNA, indicating that the mRNA for this protein was probably capped.     

In Vivo and In Vitro Transcription of SPP1 DNA by Host RNA Polymerase

Most (if not all) SPP1 RNA can be synthesized in infected cells in the presence of chloramphenicol, or in vitro by Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase.     

Reversible Inhibition of Poliovirus RNA Synthesis In Vivo and In Vitro by Viral Products

In poliovirus-infected HeLa-S3 cells, the protease inhibitors tolylsulfonyl-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone and iodoacetamide cause an accumulation of large precursor proteins, and they block viral RNA synthesis most probably via these products. Viral RNA polymerase activity can, however, be extracted by detergent containing buffer (Tris/Nonidet P-40, deoxycholate) from the inhibited cells. Only cytoplasmic extracts from infected cells treated with tolylsulfonyl-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone or iodoacetamide contain a protein which inhibits the in vitro polymerase reaction.     

Incorporation of In Vitro Synthesized Reovirus Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid into Virus Corelike Particles

When reovirus double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was synthesized in vitro by using a large-particulate fraction (LP-fraction) from reovirus-infected L cells, a significant amount of the (3)H-labeled dsRNA product was incorporated into reovirus corelike particles bound to the LP fraction. These corelike particles were found to be indistinguishable from virus core derived by chymotryptic digestion of virions when compared on the basis of their (i) resistance to chymotryptic digestion, (ii) buoyant density in CsCl, (iii) particle size as determined by agarose chromatography, (iv) elution characteristics from diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex, and (v) resistance of the incorporated (3)H-dsRNA to ribonuclease digestion in 0.01 m NaCl. When the replicase reaction was partially inhibited by NaCl, there was an accumulation of particles that were less dense than the virus core. All of the results indicate that some virus core assembly takes place during the in vitro replicase reaction.     

Mechanism of Reovirus Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis In Vivo and In Vitro

The complementary strands of reovirus double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds RNA) are synthesized sequentially in vivo and in vitro. In both cases, preformed plus strands serve as templates for the synthesis of the complementary minus strands. The in vitro synthesis of dsRNA is catalyzed by a large particulate fraction from reovirus-infected cells. Treatment of this fraction with chymotrypsin or with detergents which solubilize cellular membranes does not alter its capacity to synthesize dsRNA. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for dsRNA synthesis remain sedimentable at 10,000 x g after these enzyme or detergent treatments, indicating their particulate nature. Pretreatment of this fraction with ribonuclease, however, abolishes its ability to catalyze dsRNA synthesis, emphasizing the single-stranded nature of the template and its location in a structure permeable to ribonuclease. In contrast, the newly formed dsRNA is resistant to ribonuclease digestion at low salt concentrations and hence is thought to reside within a ribonuclease-impermeable structure.     

A型流感病毒RNA聚合酶及其对基因组复制和转录的调控作用

A型流感病毒是正粘病毒科成员,为单股负链分节段RNA病毒,全基因组由八个节段组成,分别编码八种结构蛋白(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M1和M2)和两种非结构蛋白(NS1和NS2).核蛋白(NP)和RNA聚合酶复合体与病毒的八个RNA节段组成八个螺旋丝状的病毒核衣壳(RNP),核衣壳被双层类脂膜包裹,脂膜内为基质蛋白(M1)层,膜上镶嵌着HA、NA和M2三种膜蛋白.HA和NA为流感病毒的主要抗原.根据HA和NA抗原性的差异,A型流感病毒可分16个HA亚型和9个NA亚型[1].A型流感病毒具有广泛的宿主范围和超强的重组变异能力,对人类健康的威胁日趋严重,引起各国政府和科技工作者的广泛关注.研究RNA聚合酶的功能、揭示病毒复制和变异机理是目前抗流感病毒感染研究的热点之一.本文综述了流感病毒RNA聚合酶及其对病毒基因组复制和转录调控的研究进展.     

A型流感病毒RNA聚合酶及其对基因组复制和转录的调控作用

A型流感病毒是正粘病毒科成员,为单股负链分节段RNA病毒,全基因组由八个节段组成,分别编码八种结构蛋白(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M1和M2)和两种非结构蛋白(NS1和NS2)。核蛋白(NP)和RNA聚合酶复合体与病毒的八个RNA节段组成八个螺旋丝状的病毒核衣壳(RNP),核衣壳被双层类脂膜包裹,脂膜内为基质蛋白(M1)层,膜上镶嵌着HA、NA和M2三种膜蛋白。HA和NA为流感病毒的主要抗原。根据HA和NA抗原性的差异,A型流感病毒可分16个HA亚型和9个NA亚型[1]。A型流感病毒具有广泛的宿主范围和超强的重组变异能力,对人类健康的威胁日趋…     

Cleavage of Viral Precursor Proteins In Vivo and In Vitro

The use of protease inhibitors causes the accumulation of very large polypeptides (polyprotein) in tissue culture cells infected with either poliovirus or echovirus 12. The effectiveness of the inhibitor varies, depending on the cell line chosen. In infected monkey kidney cells, polyprotein is not cleaved when a chymotrypsin inhibitor is added, but in infected HeLa cells a trypsin inhibitor is most effective. Therefore, at least a part of the proteolytic activity is supplied by the host cell. Extracted viral polyprotein can be cleaved in vitro by trypsin or chymotrypsin. As estimated by migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and antigenicity, chymotrypsin cleavage of the poliovirus polyprotein yields fragments which are similar to the in vivo product. The polyprotein is not in soluble form but is attached to a fast-sedimenting, membrane-bound structure. Proteolytic activities in cell extracts were assayed using polyprotein as substrate, and infected and uninfected extracts produced qualitatively dissimilar cleavages.     

汉坦病毒S基因的克隆及体外转录

目的:通过基因克隆和体外转录,获得汉坦病毒汉滩型76118株及汉城型R22株S基因的RNA全长cRNA,为汉坦病毒病原学检测提供阳性定量标准品。方法:设计汉滩型76118株和汉城型R22株S基因克隆引物,PCR获得相应片段,分别克隆至含双启动子的PCRⅡ载体中,测序鉴定无误后,重组质粒分别经内切酶SpeⅠ、SacⅠ线性化,用T7 RNA聚合酶进行体外转录,产物经DNase处理、纯化后测定浓度,经RT-PCR验证。结果:获得汉滩型76118株及汉城型R22株S基因的cRNA片段,并可准确定量其拷贝数,76118株和R22株的质量浓度分别为80、17.58 ng/μL。结论:获得的cRNA样品可作为汉坦病毒核酸快速检测方法的阳性定量标准品。