气候变化对叶尔羌河流域极端水文事件的影响

通过选取叶尔羌河流域 4 个典型气象、水文观测站点的月值数据, 对比分析了气候变化背景下叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流的演变特征, 并探究了其对极端水文事件响应。结果表明: (1)气候变化中, 近 55 a 叶尔羌河流域气候变化整体呈增暖增湿趋势, 以 1998 年变化最为显著, 且 4 个典型观测站中库鲁克栏杆站气温及降水变化率最大(0.24 ℃·10a–1, 7.41 mm·10 a–1); (2)径流变化整体呈线性增加趋势且年内变化显著, 其中叶尔羌河及提孜那普河年内径流量最大值分布集中于 7 月和 8 月; (3)近 55 a 叶尔羌河流域极端水文事件呈显著增加趋势, 且以 6 月径流变化最为显著, 降水增加及冰川加速消融是流域极端水文事件频发的主导因子。因此, 加强水文事件对气候变化的应对措施和洪水灾害的影响评估, 对提高叶尔羌河流域水资源的利用效率, 减少其气候变化的危害具有重要意义。     

基于Budyko假设的洮河与大夏河径流变化归因识别

受气候变化和人类活动的影响,世界许多河流水文过程发生了显著的变化。研究河川径流变化特征及其原因对流域水资源管理和规划有十分重要的意义。以黄河上游支流洮河、大夏河为研究对象,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、突变分析等方法探究河川径流的趋势变化、阶段特征,并采用Budyko水热耦合平衡方程定量评估径流变化影响因素的贡献率。研究发现洮河与大夏河流域年径流深均呈显著减少趋势,减少速率为：-1.85 mm/a、-1.36 mm/a （P≤0.01）。通过突变检验可将洮河的径流序列分为基准期1961-1987年,剧烈人类活动期1988-2017年,而大夏河的基准期为1961-1985年,人类活动期1986-2017年。洮河、大夏河流域下垫面变化对径流变化的贡献率超过60%,降雨次之,潜在蒸散发最弱,约贡献10%。流域下垫面改变是引起研究区河川径流变化的主要因素。     

气候变化对叶尔羌河流域极端水文事件的影响生Ecolo丹,等.气候变化对叶尔羌河流域极hengyi,WANG Dandan,et al.Influen18,37(6):1-8.

通过选取叶尔羌河流域4个典型气象、水文观测站点的月值数据,对比分析了气候变化背景下叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流的演变特征,并探究了其对极端水文事件响应。结果表明:(1)气候变化中,近55 a叶尔羌河流域气候变化整体呈增暖增湿趋势,以1998年变化最为显著,且4个典型观测站中库鲁克栏杆站气温及降水变化率最大(0.24℃·10a~(-1),7.41mm·10 a~(-1));(2)径流变化整体呈线性增加趋势且年内变化显著,其中叶尔羌河及提孜那普河年内径流量最大值分布集中于7月和8月;(3)近55 a叶尔羌河流域极端水文事件呈显著增加趋势,且以6月径流变化最为显著,降水增加及冰川加速消融是流域极端水文事件频发的主导因子。因此,加强水文事件对气候变化的应对措施和洪水灾害的影响评估,对提高叶尔羌河流域水资源的利用效率,减少其气候变化的危害具有重要意义。     

无定河流域不同地貌区径流变化归因分析

分析了无定河流域干流与其支流(黄土丘陵区的大理河和风沙区的海流兔河)的年径流变化(1960—2012)及其成因,并预测了其径流的变化趋势。结果表明:无定河及其不同地貌区支流海流兔河和大理河流域1960—2012年径流量均显著下降,但年降水量未发生显著变化;无定河和海流兔河流域年蒸散量未发生显著变化,仅大理河流域年蒸散量在1990s年代后期显著增加。无定河流域径流变化突变点发生在1979年和1996年,海流兔河流域径流变化突变点在1971年和1990年,而大理河流域径流突变点发生在1971年。人类活动对大理河流域1972—2012年径流减少的贡献大约占50%,对海流兔河流域1972—1990年和1991—2012年两个时期径流减少的贡献率分别为44.4%和82.4%。未来,无定河及其支流年径流量均呈持续下降趋势。归因分析表明大规模的水土保持治理措施减少了大理河流域侵蚀产沙量的同时,也在一定程度上减少了大理河流域的径流量,而过度的农田灌溉引水是海流兔河径流量下降的主要原因。因此,未来在大理河流域要优化现有植被建设布局,减少流域蒸散发,减缓径流下降;在海流兔河流域要进一步退耕还林(草),适当控制农田灌溉面积,提高灌溉用水效率,在减少灌溉用水的同时提高流域水源涵养能力。     

西南纵向岭谷区河道生态需水计算方法

西南纵向岭谷区流域独特的地理地貌、气候气象、生态水文以及人文社会环境决定了河道生态需水计算的特殊性。时空尺度上的跨越性及梯度效应决定需要从时空以及频度尺度上进行河道生态需水量的界定,在进行区域生态特征分析的基础上提出了生态径流．需水系数综合计算河道生态需水量模型;基于河道生态特征、功能、结构以及社会环境与河道生态需水量间的相互关系,构建了河道生态需水评估指标体系,包含生态需水特征分析指标、需水影响要素分析指标以及需水趋势分析指标3部分,为进行河道生态需水计算提供定量计算与定性分析依据;根据河流水文情势的周期性变化,提出变异系数与生态特征指数综合设定河道生态需水等级系数的方法;考虑到水文情势的自然摆动,提出了生态径流量的频度计算方法;本文并以澜沧江为例就有关的过程进行说明。     

密云水库上游径流变化趋势及影响因素

对径流演变规律的认识和研究是水资源得到有效利用的前提。密云水库是北京市唯一的地表水源地,水库的正常运行对北京市供水安全有重要的意义。2015年9月,南水北调的水开始进入密云水库,对密云水库上游径流量的研究可以使南水北调的水与其相互配合,有效补充密云水库的水资源,研究上游河流的径流变化趋势很有必要。以密云水库白河(张家坟站)和潮河(下会站)水文站1960—2014年的月径流数据为基础,采用年内径流不均匀系数、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、小波分析方法、双累积径流曲线法分析了密云水库入库径流的年内分配特征和年际变化特征,径流变化周期趋势及降雨和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明:密云水库入流径流量主要分布在7—9月之间,占全年径流量的70%;白河流域年内径流变化较为剧烈。50年来白河与潮河径流量有减少趋势,递减率分别为3.24m~3s~(-1)(10a)~(-1)和1.60m~3s~(-1)(10a)~(-1)。白河流域和潮河流域径流量存在周期为7a的变化特征。利用累积径流曲线分析降雨和人类活动对密云水库上游径流量的影响,结果表明人类活动是影响密云水库径流变化的主要原因,为71.36%—91.39%,其中白河流域受人类活动干扰更为剧烈。     

晋西黄土高原丘陵沟壑区清水河流域径流对土地利用与气候变化的响应

水资源短缺是黄土高原面临的最为关键的一个生态环境问题。研究黄土高原地区河川径流演变对土地利用与气候变化的响应是开展适应性流域管理的基础。该文以黄河流域中游山西省吉县境内的清水河流域(面积436 km²)为研究对象, 采用非参数统计秩检验法(Mann-Kendall)、滑动t检验和跃变参数分析法, 对该流域1959-2005年的年径流量、降水量和潜在蒸发散量进行了趋势分析和突变点验证; 用遥感数据判读和解译的结果分析了该流域不同时期土地利用变化; 在此基础上根据水量平衡原理, 分析了土地利用变化和气候变化对流域径流变化的贡献, 并采用FDC曲线法分析了二者对高、中、低流量变化的影响。研究结果表明: 该流域年径流量在1959-2005年的47年间呈显著下降趋势, 突变点出现在1980年, 但该流域降水量没有出现明显的趋势性变化, 而以Hamon公式计算的流域年潜在蒸发散则呈显著上升趋势, 其突变点出现在1997年。该流域气候变化和土地利用变化对年径流减少的贡献率分别为46.79%和53.21%。综合以上结果可以看出, 潜在蒸发散增加和乔木林地面积增加是导致该流域径流减少的重要原因。     

水文变异下的黄河流域生态流量

使用t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验对黄河干流7个水文站月均流量进行水文变异分析,探讨了水文变异成因,在此基础上,确定变异前各月月均流量序列最适概率分布函数,将概率密度最大的月平均流量定义为河道内生态流量。经与Tennant法、最小月平均流量发和逐月径流法比较,考虑水文变异的河道内生态流量计算方法是可行、合理的。水文变异后,黄河干流7水文站月均流量普遍减少,月均流量满足河道内生态流量的频率降低。研究结果表明,人类活动是黄河生态系统水环境恶化的重要原因。在流域生态管理中,确保变异后生态流量满足频率与变异前相当。研究对于理解在当前气候变化与人类活动双重影响下,干旱半干旱区流域水资源科学管理具有一定理论与现实意义。     

基于水文变异诊断系统的黑河流域上中游径流序列变异

目前黑河流域的水文气象要素的时空变异分析已经有了较多研究,但各种水文序列检验方法的特点与优势不同,得出的结论也不尽相同。本文采用水文变异诊断系统将数理统计分析与物理成因相结合,对黑河流域莺落峡、正义峡水文站1960—2008年的年径流序列的趋势和跳跃变异进行综合诊断,并分析黑河流域上中游7个气象站点对应的年降水、气温序列的变化趋势,以寻求年径流序列变化的物理成因。结果表明:在趋势和跳跃变异分析方面,黑河上游莺落峡水文站和中游正义峡水文站的年径流序列分别在1980和1990年发生跳跃变异,各气象站点降水序列和年均气温均呈现一定的上升趋势;在径流序列变化的物理成因方面,气候条件的改变是上游径流量变化的主要原因,1990年后中游地区年径流量减小,则很大程度上与中游耗水量大幅增加有关。     

东江流域降水与径流演变趋势及周期特征分析

认识流域水文演变趋势和周期性规律对流域可持续发展规划具有重要的生态意义。基于1989-2011 年东江流域9 个气象站点的逐日降水数据和3 个水文代表站(龙川、河源和博罗)的日径流数据, 分别采用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验和小波分析方法对东江流域降水量和径流量变化趋势和周期特征进行了研究。结果表明1989-2011 年间东江流域年降水量和春冬季节降水量呈不显著的减少趋势, 而夏秋季节降水量有增多的趋势; 位于上、中、下游水文站点的年径流量和枯水期径流量均呈现不显著的下降趋势; 东江流域的降水和径流趋向于更加不均的时空分布特征,其周期性演变趋势的时空特征较一致; 年径流系数的变化幅度极小(Mann-Kendal 倾斜度接近0)。这项研究也将有益于位于亚热带类似的流域森林植被恢复的政策决定。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.