基于生态系统服务供需的雄安新区生态网络构建与优化

城市生态网络构建是城市生态系统服务有效发挥作用的保障,构建完善的生态网络对于城市生态格局的优化具有重要的意义。结合雄安新区总体规划,通过雄安新区生态系统服务供给、需求两个层面识别生态源地。基于源地-缓冲区-廊道-节点框架,构建新区生态网络。其中,基于生态源地与城镇用地驱动因子,运用最小累积阻力方法得到累积阻力差,构建新区三生空间布局。根据成本距离分析和路径分析,结合雄安新区规划绿带分布,生成生态廊道,并在廊道与廊道交汇点、重要生态功能与脆弱的关键点以及道路轨道交汇点识别生态节点。得出：（1）新区生态源地主要位于白洋淀、公园绿地与其他绿地,分为水域生态源和林地生态源两类生态源地,面积总共728 km²。城镇源地主要位于新区东部容城县与雄县城区以及一些零星的农村居民点区域,面积为166 km²。（2）在新区三生空间布局下,加强生态廊道的构建,提升生态源地之间、生态源地与城镇源地之间的连通性,新区生态廊道主要依赖河流廊道和林地廊道两种类型。（3）在新区未来生态网络的建设中,需要重点关注河流廊道交汇点、河流廊道与城区的交汇处、交通道路与生态用地交汇处等的生态节点的建设及其生态功能的提升。     

流域上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好研究——以新安江流域为例

上游居民实践中甚少收到生态补偿资金,流域生态补偿的普惠性亟需提高。普惠的生态补偿不仅要增加上游居民的获得感,还要通过准确把握上游居民接受生态补偿意愿及其偏好让他们得以获得与生态增益行为贡献相匹配的补偿。以中国首个跨省流域生态补偿机制试点——新安江流域生态补偿为例,基于条件价值法研究了上游居民接受生态补偿的意愿及其影响因素。研究发现：（1）上游地区基于居民最小受偿意愿的合意生态补偿规模约为165.60亿元/a,其中浙江淳安县和安徽黄山市的合意受偿规模分别为44.32亿元/a和121.28亿元/a。（2）上游居民的受偿意愿随其年龄和家庭人口数的增加而提高,农村居民的补偿诉求比城镇居民更高,收入变化带来的受偿意愿边际变化约为0.04。（3）淳安县居民受到的环境规制强度偏高,他们的受偿意愿也更高;上游居民参加环保志愿活动的频率与他们的受偿意愿正相关。（4）上游居民感知的政府环保投入负担与实际负担不匹配,流域政府需增加有效生态公众宣传以实现政府环保投入和治理成效的价值。（5）异地移民就业安置政策在一定程度上可以缓解补偿资金缺口压力和地方有效就业压力。     

Impaired trunk stability in individuals at high risk for Parkinson's disease

Background

The search for disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson''s disease advances, however necessary markers for early detection of the disease are still lacking. There is compelling evidence that changes of postural stability occur at very early clinical stages of Parkinson''s disease, making it tempting to speculate that changes in sway performance may even occur at a prodromal stage, and may have the potential to serve as a prodromal marker for the disease.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Balance performance was tested in 20 individuals with an increased risk of Parkinson''s disease, 12 Parkinson''s disease patients and 14 controls using a cross-sectional approach. All individuals were 50 years or older. Investigated groups were similar with respect to age, gender, and height. An accelerometer at the centre of mass at the lower spine quantified sway during quiet semitandem stance with eyes open and closed, as well as with and without foam. With increasing task difficulty, individuals with an increased risk of Parkinson''s disease showed an increased variability of trunk acceleration and a decrease of smoothness of sway, compared to both other groups. These differences reached significance in the most challenging condition, i.e. the eyes closed with foam condition.

Conclusions/Significance

Individuals with an increased risk of Parkinson''s disease have subtle signs of a balance deficit under most challenging conditions. This preliminary finding should motivate further studies on sway performance in individuals with an increased risk of Parkinson''s disease, to evaluate the potential of this symptom to serve as a biological marker for prodromal Parkinson''s disease.     

Patients' accounts of being removed from their general practitioner's list: qualitative study

Objective To explore patients'' accounts of being removed from a general practitioner''s list.Design Qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews.Setting Patients'' homes in Leicestershire.Participants 28 patients who had recently been removed from a general practitioner''s list.Results The removed patients gave an account of themselves as having genuine illnesses needing medical care. In putting their case that their removal was unjustified, patients were concerned to show that they were “good” patients who complied with the rules that they understood to govern the doctor-patient relationship: they tried to cope with their illness and follow medical advice, used general practice services “appropriately,” were uncomplaining, and were polite with doctors. Removed patients also used their accounts to characterise the removing general practitioner as one who broke the lay rules of the doctor-patient relationship. These “bad” general practitioners were rude, impersonal, uncaring, and clinically incompetent and lied to patients. Patients felt very threatened by being removed from their general practitioner''s list; they experienced removal as an attack on their right to be an NHS patient, as deeply distressing, and as stigmatising.Conclusions Removal is an overwhelmingly negative and distressing experience for patients. Many of the problems encountered by removed patients may be remediable through general practices having an explicit policy on removal and procedures in place to help with “difficult” patients.     

Phaseolin variability among wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from Colombia

Phaseolin seed protein variability in a group of 8 wild and 77 cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) accessions was determined using 1-dimensional SDS/ PAGE and 2-dimensional IEF-SDS/PAGE. Wild common bean accessions exhibited the 'CH' and 'B' patterns, previously undescribed among either wild or cultivated common beans. The cultivated genotypes showed (in decreasing frequency) the previously described 'S,' T,' and 'C phaseolin patterns as well as the new 'B' pattern similar to the pattern identified in a Colombian wild common bean accession. In the northeastern part of the Colombian bean-growing region, the cultivars exhibited almost exclusively an 'S' phaseolin type, while in the south-western part, the 'T' and 'C phaseolin cultivars were more frequent. Seed size analysis indicated that 'T' and 'C' phaseolin cultivars had larger seeds than 'S' and 'B' phaseolin cultivars. Our results suggest that Colombia is a meeting place for Andean and Middle American common bean germplasms, as well as a domestication center for the common bean.     

A Salmonella Phage-P22 Mutant Defective in Abortive Transduction

In the course of a lytic infection the Salmonella phage P22 occasionally encapsulates bacterial DNA instead of phage DNA. Thus, phage lysates include two classes of viral particles. Phage particles carrying bacterial DNA are referred to as transducing particles and deliver this DNA to a host as efficiently as particles carrying phage DNA. Once injected, the transduced DNA can either recombine with the recipient chromosome to form a ``complete'''' transductant, or it can establish itself as an expressible, nonreplicating genetic element and form an ``abortive'''' transductant. In this work, we describe a P22-phage mutant with reduced ability to form abortive transductants. The mutation responsible for this phenotype, called tdx-1, was found as one of two mutations contributing to the high-transducing phenotype of the P22-mutant HT12/4. In addition, the tdx-1 mutation is lethal when combined with an erf-am mutation. The tdx-1 mutation has been mapped to a region of the P22 genome that encodes several injected proteins and may involve more than one mutant locus. The phenotypes of the tdx-1 mutation suggest that the Tdx protein(s) normally assist in the circularization of the P22 genome and also contribute to the formation of DNA circles thought to be required for abortive transduction.     

区域综合生态风险评价框架——以雄安新区为例

构建区域生态风险评价框架有助于清晰地识别、评估、模拟、预测与管理区域生态风险,进而为区域生态安全网络构建和生态安全格局保障提供支撑。雄安新区的建设,使该区域面临巨大的土地利用变化,对区域生态系统的结构和功能产生不可忽视的影响,洪涝和干旱灾害对雄安新区及其周边区域生态系统具有显著的威胁。以雄安新区为例,构建包含暴露-响应关系、人为源和自然源相结合的区域综合生态风险评价框架,分别对城市化和气候变化背景下的雄安新区土地利用变化、洪涝灾害、干旱灾害三类胁迫引起的区域生态风险进行了评价和预测,确定其生态风险空间分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明：(1)从时间序列上来看,由于气候变化导致洪涝、干旱等自然灾害的影响,加上雄安新区的土地利用变化,雄安新区的生态风险在2025年后有所上升,但有序的规划和良好的地类配置使得雄安新区起步区在2025年后生态风险程度下降;(2)从空间上看,雄安新区风险高值区主要集中在白洋淀区以西和以南,以及新区东北部部分区域。最后,从土地利用管理、洪涝和干旱灾害预防等角度提出了生态风险防控对策：(1)雄安新区应坚持对土地利用的合理规划和严格管理,切实防止土地的无序利用,密切关注景观...     

基于社交媒体数据的城市公园景感评价

城市公园是城市居民与自然生态系统互动的主要场所,为居民提供重要的生态系统服务。从景感生态角度和方法对城市公园文化服务进行评价,需要掌握大量居民个体对城市公园的感知、感受信息。随着现代信息技术和人们生活方式的发展,社交媒体成为大众获取信息、发布观点的主要方式之一。社交媒体数据具有数据易于获取、时间跨度长、数据量大等优势,同时,通过对社交媒体信息进一步进行文本提取与分析,还可以获取用户对特定活动场所更为具体的感知和感受,因此,社交媒体数据为城市公园景感评价提供了有价值的新的数据来源和手段。构建了基于社交媒体数据的城市公园景感评价框架和流程、评价指标以及信息提取方法,包括对获取数据进行预处理;构建感官感知及公园要素词库;通过情感分类,形成积极和消极情感文本,表征用户对文本关联景感要素的满意度;将各类情感文本分别进行要素及其对应感知感官的统计,以频率衡量景感要素对用户感知的重要性;在此基础上,基于重要性-绩效分析(IPA)方法构建了感知评价模型。最后,以北京玉渊潭公园为例,进行了实证研究。结果表明:视觉在居民对城市公园的感知体验中占据主导地位,触觉感知次之,听觉感知普遍不被重视,而嗅觉感知评价...     

The President of the gold diggers: Sources of power in a gold mine in Burkina Faso

The article provides an example of how 'formal' and 'informal' modes of power and legitimacy, as well as material and symbolic leadership resources, may intersect and interrelate. It analyses the sources of power that a Big Man in West Africa mobilised in order to appropriate mining rights and to establish leadership in a gold mining camp. As an entrepreneur in an economic field directly regulated by state laws and authorities, he has to operate within these structures while at the same time subverting them by creating a 'system of personal power' that resembles Sahlins' classic model of the Big Man in Melanesia. Although he is elected to represent the gold diggers, his leadership position rests not so much on a formal vote as on wealth, violence, and charisma. These attributes are underscored in performances that draw on symbols of power and prestige, linking commonly held ideas about traditional rule and conspicuous consumption to personal legitimacy.     

Clustering Consumers Based on Trust,Confidence and Giving Behaviour: Data-Driven Model Building for Charitable Involvement in the Australian Not-For-Profit Sector

Organisations in the Not-for-Profit and charity sector face increasing competition to win time, money and efforts from a common donor base. Consequently, these organisations need to be more proactive than ever. The increased level of communications between individuals and organisations today, heightens the need for investigating the drivers of charitable giving and understanding the various consumer groups, or donor segments, within a population. It is contended that `trust'' is the cornerstone of the not-for-profit sector''s survival, making it an inevitable topic for research in this context. It has become imperative for charities and not-for-profit organisations to adopt for-profit''s research, marketing and targeting strategies. This study provides the not-for-profit sector with an easily-interpretable segmentation method based on a novel unsupervised clustering technique (MST-kNN) followed by a feature saliency method (the CM1 score). A sample of 1,562 respondents from a survey conducted by the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission is analysed to reveal donor segments. Each cluster''s most salient features are identified using the CM1 score. Furthermore, symbolic regression modelling is employed to find cluster-specific models to predict `low'' or `high'' involvement in clusters. The MST-kNN method found seven clusters. Based on their salient features they were labelled as: the `non-institutionalist charities supporters'', the `resource allocation critics'', the `information-seeking financial sceptics'', the `non-questioning charity supporters'', the `non-trusting sceptics'', the `charity management believers'' and the `institutionalist charity believers''. Each cluster exhibits their own characteristics as well as different drivers of `involvement''. The method in this study provides the not-for-profit sector with a guideline for clustering, segmenting, understanding and potentially targeting their donor base better. If charities and not-for-profit organisations adopt these strategies, they will be more successful in today''s competitive environment.     

Making Smart Social Judgments Takes Time: Infants' Recruitment of Goal Information When Generating Action Predictions

Previous research has shown that young infants perceive others'' actions as structured by goals. One open question is whether the recruitment of this understanding when predicting others'' actions imposes a cognitive challenge for young infants. The current study explored infants'' ability to utilize their knowledge of others'' goals to rapidly predict future behavior in complex social environments and distinguish goal-directed actions from other kinds of movements. Fifteen-month-olds (N = 40) viewed videos of an actor engaged in either a goal-directed (grasping) or an ambiguous (brushing the back of her hand) action on a Tobii eye-tracker. At test, critical elements of the scene were changed and infants'' predictive fixations were examined to determine whether they relied on goal information to anticipate the actor''s future behavior. Results revealed that infants reliably generated goal-based visual predictions for the grasping action, but not for the back-of-hand behavior. Moreover, response latencies were longer for goal-based predictions than for location-based predictions, suggesting that goal-based predictions are cognitively taxing. Analyses of areas of interest indicated that heightened attention to the overall scene, as opposed to specific patterns of attention, was the critical indicator of successful judgments regarding an actor''s future goal-directed behavior. These findings shed light on the processes that support “smart” social behavior in infants, as it may be a challenge for young infants to use information about others'' intentions to inform rapid predictions.     

Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE--To study the association between Alzheimer''s disease and nicotine intake through smoking. DESIGN--Population based case-control study. SETTING--City of Rotterdam and four northern provinces of The Netherlands. SUBJECTS--198 patients with early onset Alzheimer''s disease, 198 controls matched for age and sex, and families of 17 patients in whom Alzheimer''s disease was apparently inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Age of onset of dementia, relative risk of Alzheimer''s disease. RESULTS--89 of 193 patients with Alzheimer''s disease had a history of smoking compared with 102 of 195 controls. Among the patients and controls with a family history of dementia, smoking was significantly less common in those with dementia (40/95 with dementia v 55/96 controls; relative risk 0.35; 95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.78). The risk of Alzheimer''s disease decreased with increasing daily number of cigarettes smoked before onset of disease (relative risk 0.3 in those smoking greater than 21/day v 1 in non-smokers). In six families in which the disease was apparently inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder, the mean age of onset was 4.17 years later in smoking patients than in non-smoking patients from the same family (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS--These findings suggest an inverse association between smoking and Alzheimer''s disease, although smoking cannot be advocated for other health reasons. We speculate that nicotine may have a role in the aetiology of both Alzheimer''s disease and Parkinson''s disease.     

Legal aspects of genetic information

The federally funded Human Genome Initiative will lead to the development of new capabilities to learn about an individual''s genetic status. Legal issues are raised concerning patients'' and other parties'' access to that information. This article discusses the effect of existing statutes and case law on three pivotal questions: To what sort of information are people entitled? What control should people have over their genetic information? Do people have a right to refuse genetic information? The article emphasizes that the law protects a patient''s right to obtain or refuse genetic information about oneself, as well as the right to control the dissemination of that information to others.     

Racialization: the genealogy and critique of a concept

Recently sociological analysis of what used to be identified as 'race' and 'race relations' has shifted to racism as an ideology and racialization as a process that ascribes physical and cultural differences to individuals and groups. While scholars have critically examined 'race' and 'race relations', the concept of racialization has received insufficient systematic attention. The purpose of this article is to trace the genealogy of concepts of racialization and deracialization and to demonstrate that the meaning of these designations has changed since their appearance in the late-nineteenth century to the emergence of racialization in contemporary debates on effects of racism; and to trace the different trajectories of racialization from the centre and from the periphery.     

西安地区儿童支气管哮喘吸入性过敏原的调查分析

目的:探讨西安地区儿童支气管哮喘吸入性过敏原的分布情况。方法:选择950例来自西安地区的支气管哮喘患儿为研究对象,采用过敏原皮肤点刺试验检测,以组胺作为阳性对照,生理盐水为阴性对照,分析不同年龄和性别的患儿过敏原的分布情况。结果:950例支气管哮喘患儿中,384例皮肤点刺过敏原检测呈阳性,占40.4%,男女患儿过敏原检测阳性分布无明显差异(P0.05);尘螨为主要的过敏原,其次为艾蒿和霉菌类;随着患儿年龄的增加,其过敏原检测的阳性率明显升高(P0.05),且大多数过敏原检测阳性患儿至少合并2-3种过敏原阳性。结论:西安地区支气管哮喘患儿吸入性过敏原阳性率与其性别无关,但与其年龄有关,过敏原以尘螨类为主,大多数检测阳性的患儿对至少一种以上的过敏原阳性。     

Free radicals and Dupuytren's contracture.

The concentration of substrate expressed as hypoxanthine capable of reacting with xanthine oxidase to release superoxide free radicals (O2-) was measured in control and Dupuytren''s contracture palmar fascia. In Dupuytren''s contracture palmar fascia the concentration of hypoxanthine was six times that of control and was greatest in "nodular" areas. Xanthine oxidase activity was also detected in Dupuytren''s contracture palmar fascia. These results suggest a greater potential for hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase generated oxygen free radical formation in Dupuytren''s contracture than in control palmar fascia. Production of free radicals may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of Dupuytren''s contracture. The benefit of allopurinol in the management of Dupuytren''s contracture and other fibrotic conditions may thus be explained, as allopurinol binds to xanthine oxidase and prevents release of free radicals.     

From Kuru to Alzheimer: A personal outlook

Seventy years ago, we learned from Chris Anfinsen that the stereochemical code necessary to fold a protein is embedded into its amino acid sequence. In water, protein morphogenesis is a spontaneous reversible process leading from an ensemble of disordered structures to the ordered functionally competent protein; conforming to Aristotle''s definition of substance, the synolon of matter and form. The overall process of folding is generally consistent with a two state transition between the native and the denatured protein: not only the denatured state is an ensemble of several structures, but also the native protein populates distinct functionally relevant conformational (sub)states. This two‐state view should be revised, given that any globular protein can populate a peculiar third state called amyloid, characterized by an overall architecture that at variance with the native state, is by‐and‐large independent of the primary structure. In a nut shell, we should accept that beside the folded and unfolded states, any protein can populate a third state called amyloid which gained center stage being the hallmark of incurable neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer''s and Parkinson''s diseases as well as others. These fatal diseases are characterized by clear‐cut clinical differences, yet display some commonalities such as the presence in the brain of amyloid deposits constituted by one misfolded protein specific for each disease. Some aspects of this complex problem are summarized here as an excursus from the prion''s fibrils observed in the brain of aborigines who died of Kuru to the amyloid detectable in the cortex of Alzheimer''s patients.     

东北森林带森林生态系统固碳服务空间特征及其影响因素

东北森林带作为国家主体生态区划"两屏三带"国家生态安全格局中的重要组成部分,在全球碳平衡中发挥着重要的碳汇作用。以东北森林带为研究区域,采用净生态系统生产力(NEP)评估其森林固碳服务,通过Anselin Local Moran's Ⅰ算法识别固碳服务的"热点"、"冷点"和"异常点",并分析探讨其空间格局与影响因素。结果表明:(1)东北森林带森林生态系统整体上是碳汇。2014年东北森林带森林固碳总量为36.41 Tg C/a,单位面积固碳量为89.57 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)。(2)固碳服务的热点区主要分布在大兴安岭北部和长白山中北部,冷点区主要分布在大兴安岭东部、小兴安岭和长白山南部,固碳服务的高值异常区域主要分布在森林边缘的农林交错带,低值异常区域主要分布在人为干扰严重的城市蔓延区。(3)东北森林带森林生态系统整体上受人为因素的影响小,其固碳服务与NDVI显著正相关。(4)城市扩张等人为干扰是固碳服务异常降低的根本原因,植被本身生长状况不佳和较高的温度是导致固碳服务的异常降低的重要影响因素。     

Lithofacies and biostratigraphical correlation of marine Carboniferous rocks in the Tindouf Basin,NW Africa

Spatial and temporal variations of Carboniferous sediment accumulation within the northwestern part of the northern flank of the Tindouf Syncline in Saharan Morocco allowed to distinguish 16 lithofacies types. The predominant sedimentation pattern is cyclic, with the overall succession recording a major regressive trend. Outer platform siliciclastics in the lower part (Tournaisian and Viséan) pass up to middle and inner platform mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sediments (late Viséan–Serpukhovian) and finally to continental sandstones in the Bashkirian capping the marine carbonate sedimentation. The lack of similarities in a correlation with southern outcrops in the Tindouf Syncline suggests tectonically controlled sedimentation. The upper Tournaisian to lower Bashkirian succession records the incipient uplift of the Anti-Atlas Mountains, changing the paleogeography and, therefore, affecting the paleoecologic conditions, as well as the sedimentary environments in the Tindouf Basin. It is suggested that from the Serpukhovian onwards, much of the Anti-Atlas was uplifted, leading to subaerial conditions, while during the late Viséan, only a few small inliers had emerged. Although the number of Proterozoic emergent inliers of the Anti-Atlas is unknown, during the late Viséan, the Anti-Atlas Mountain belt is regarded as an emerging structure, with a distinct influence on the paleobiogeography of the region.