大杜鹃在白腹短翅鸲巢中寄生繁殖

2009年至2012年期间,在甘肃莲花山自然保护区共发现91个白腹短翅鸲(Hodgsonius phaenicuroides)巢,其中15巢被大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)寄生,寄生率为16.48%。根据对13枚寄生的大杜鹃卵的观察,其中12枚卵色为浅蓝色,与白腹短翅鸲的深蓝绿色卵差异明显,仅1枚与白腹短翅鸲卵色一致。大杜鹃与白腹短翅鸲的卵重(t =11.208, df=38, P<0.001)和卵短径(t=0.970,df=38, P<0.001)差异极显著。白腹短翅鸲具有识别大杜鹃卵的能力,15巢中只有4巢接受寄生卵并继续孵化,7巢成功识别,剩余4巢无法确定是否识别。白腹短翅鸲为雌鸟单独孵卵,推测识别大杜鹃卵可能只与雌鸟有关。     

鹰鹃对白腹短翅鸲的巢寄生

2015年4~8月,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区,记录到1巢白腹短翅鸲(Hodgsonius phaenicuroides)被鹰鹃(Cuculus sparverioides)寄生,寄生率为1/16(n=16)。发现时白腹短翅鸲巢内有1枚白色的寄生卵和2枚蓝色的寄主卵,且卵已凉,疑为亲鸟弃巢。鹰鹃卵重6.09 g,卵大小20.20 mm×27.73 mm;两枚白腹短翅鸲的卵重分别为2.34 g和2.40 g,大小分别为20.05 mm×14.94 mm和19.95 mm×15.09 mm。鹰鹃的卵重量(6.09 g)和大小(27.73 mm×20.20 mm)均明显大于白腹短翅鸲的卵。卵色光谱测量结果表明,鹰鹃和白腹短翅鸲卵色的反射光谱图差别明显,鹰鹃卵在色度和色调上明显低于白腹短翅鸲,但卵色亮度却明显比白腹短翅鸲卵高,为典型的非模拟寄生卵。     

短翅鸲迁徙动态及种群密度

１９９２～１９９４年５～９月,在山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区,对短翅鸲迁徙动态及种群密度进行了研究。研究表明,该鸟在本区为夏候鸟,５月上旬迁来,９月中旬迁离。种群密度每公里遇见数繁殖前为１９６±０２０只,繁殖后为２０８±０２２只,繁殖后比繁殖前增长６１２％。在疏林灌丛带活动最高（４２５８％）,而在疏林草甸带活动最低（４２２％）。     

短翅豆芫菁生长发育的温度效应观测

在自然变温条件下,对短翅豆芫菁Epicauta aptera Kaszab各虫态的发育历期、发育起点温度进行了研究。结果表明,短翅豆芫菁活动期各生长发育阶段历期多随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率则随温度的升高而加快;以1⁴龄虫发育起点温度最低,卵的发育起点温度最高。     

交配状态对雄性短翅鸣螽(Gampsocleis gratiosa)交配投资的影响

雄性短翅鸣螽在交配过程中具有较大的交配投资, 包括营养投资(精包)和遗传投资(精子)两部分. 考查在交配过程中雌雄交配状态的4种组合处理对雄性释放出的精包与其组分以及精子数量的影响发现: 精包和精护鲜重与雄性体重成正相关关系, 而与雌性体重不相关, 这说明雄性营养投资强度取决于雄性质量而非雌性质量, 该结果支持父方投资假说. 精包及其精护、精荚鲜重在4种交配状态组合条件下没有差异, 而精子数目在雄性第二次交配过程中比第一次显著降低; 雄性在与已交配雌虫配对时, 没有显著提高繁殖投资, 该结果不支持精子竞争假说.     

迷卡斗蟋和短翅鸣螽的行为谱及交配行为

研究了迷卡斗蟋和短翅鸣螽的行为模式及迷卡斗蟋鸣叫的时间分布。结果表明迷卡斗蟋雄虫单独存在时 ,在一昼夜内其鸣叫的持续时间为 668.38± 1 0 9.86分钟 ( 5 ) ,引入雌虫后鸣叫累计时间减少为 1 7.3± 6.7分钟 ( 5 ) ,并产生音调低沉的求偶声。在昼夜鸣叫活动型式中 ,雄虫单独存在时的鸣叫活动集中于夜间 ;引入雌虫后 ,占区鸣叫、求偶鸣唱和交配行为多集中于白天。根据上述结果提出了机会 -风险平衡假说来解释此现象 ,即白天交配有被捕食的危险 ,雄蟋短期内重复交配以保证精液进入雌蟋体内 ,从而保证了交配的成功 ,补偿了雄蟋所冒风险。短翅鸣螽雄性产生较大的精包 ,当雌体取食精包时 ,精液进入雌体内以保证交配成功。     

短翅华癞蝗精子发生中尾部的演化过程及与飞蝗有关内容的比较（直翅目：蝗总科）

本文以精子发生中线粒体衍生体的演化为主要线索系统描述了短翅华癞蝗（Ｓｉｎｏｔｍｅ－ｔｈｉｓｂｒａｃｈｙｐｔｅｒｕｓ）精子尾部演化过程,并参照Ｓｚｏｌｌｏｓｉ（１９７５）的文章将整个过程分为１０个阶段。与飞蝗（Ｌｏｃｕｓｔａｍｉｇｒａｔｏｒｉａ）精子发生中尾部演化过程（Ｓｚｏｌｌｏｓｉ,１９７５）相比较,两者间１至６期及９期精细胞尾部结构惊人地相似,而７、８两期精细胞尾部线粒体衍生体周围微管排列及分布有所差异,第１０期即精子的中心粒侧体及线粒体衍生体超微结构有明显不同。     

The Costs of Male Display and Delayed Plumage Maturation in the Satin Bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus)

The costs associated with the evolution of male display traits has attracted much attention in regard to the type of traits that evolve and the timing of their expression. We investigate these costs by using testosterone implants to alter the development of male display traits in the satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus). Testosterone implants advanced the development of adult display traits in males with juvenile plumage. We then measured the costs of early expression of these characters in treated males. Testosterone implants caused young males to (1) become more involved in behavior normally carried out by older males when visiting bowers, (2) build bowers, and (3) molt prematurely into an adult plumage. No difference was observed between the testosterone-treated birds and controls in return rate or condition the year following treatment, suggesting that the physical costs of display are not high. We found that males in adult plumage are tolerated less, and are not displayed to as frequently as juvenile plumage males at the bowers of established bower holders. The causes of delayed plumage maturation are most consistent with the facilitated-learning hypothesis. That is, early development of adult characteristics reduces the opportunity of young males to learn display behavior critical for later reproductive success.     

黄喉鹀的羽色与雄鸟质量相关性分析

在国内首次利用光纤光谱仪对鸟类的羽色进行量化和分析.对黄喉鹀Emberiza elegans雌、雄鸟羽色的差异以及雄鸟羽色与雄鸟质量的相关性分析结果表明,黄喉鹀雌、雄鸟在人眼看来相同的黄色羽和白色羽部分,在紫外光色度上却存在显著差异,雄鸟紫外光色度高于雌鸟;雄鸟的质量与脸部黑色羽的亮度、可见光色度和色调呈显著正相关,雌...     

EVOLUTION OF PLUMAGE COLOR IN MALE PIED FLYCATCHERS (FICEDULA HYPOLEUCA): EVIDENCE FOR FEMALE MIMICRY

We present the first evidence for sexual deception by female mimicry in birds. Using live, caged birds we show that territorial male pied flycatchers behave aggressively toward bright-colored males but display sexually toward female-like male intruders. We also show that the males that are fooled are those that lack recent sexual experience. All male pied flycatchers are dull-colored in winter. It is possible that young males are more constrained during the spring molt than older males since the former are more dull-colored in spring. According to the molt-constraints hypothesis a subadult plumage would be maladaptive in the breeding season. Analysis of male settling pattern at breeding sites in spring suggests that brownish males are allowed to settle closer to already-established males than dark-colored males. This result suggests an adaptive value of having a subadult plumage color, in particular for young males arriving late from spring migration. However, we also show that mimicry incurs a cost, that of increased aggression from females, which may explain why female-like males have reduced mating success.     

实验条件下社鼠个体相遇时的叫声特征

在实验室条件下对捕自杭州市郊的11只社鼠(3♂,8♀)个体相遇时的叫声与行为进行观察和记录,其结果表明,社鼠不同个体相遇后存在4种叫声,即雄性个体相遇打斗时败者的叫声、雌性个体相遇打斗时败者的叫声、异性成体相遇时雌体的叫声和成幼体相遇时幼体的叫声。进一步比较分析显示,各种叫声的主要声学参数之间大多存在着极显著差异。同性个体打斗后,败者的叫声和幼体见到成体时的叫声均呈现为多谐变音的频谱结构,这可能是对强者的惧怕叫声;而异性个体相遇时,雌体的叫声呈现为多谐恒频的频谱结构,这可能是对雄体的拒斥叫声。     

Swarming, Delayed Sexual Maturation of Males, and Mating Behavior of Fopius arisanus (Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Fopius arisanus is unusual among hymenopterous parasitoids in males having an obligatory premating period. We confirmed Hagen's (1953) view that sperm takes several days to migrate from the testes to the seminal vesicles. Males mated for the first time only 4 days after emergence, the time that sperm was first ever recorded in the seminal vesicles. In the field, we studied the sexual maturation of F. arisanus males in relation to their behavior. In general, sexually immature males were found in male-only swarms that persisted over several days in host tree canopies. Mature males were usually found in loose aggregations in the vegetation beneath host trees. Females entered these loose aggregations and were mated, whereas they were generally absent from swarms in the canopy. Swarming is therefore apparently not a primary component of the sexual communication system of the species. We describe, for the first time in F. arisanus, the behavioral sequence that accompanies the intersexual communication that leads to mating. Males probably release a volatile chemical that attracts females from a distance, but we have only circumstantial evidence for this. We also postulate that males may form aggregations to amplify the effects of this distance attractant. In the vicinity of males, females release a pheromone that attracts males, a process we demonstrated with female-baited sticky traps.     

Accumulation of Storage Materials,Precocious Germination and Development of Desiccation Tolerance During Seed Maturation in Mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

Under defined environmental conditions (20°C, continuous light of 15 klx) development of mustard seeds from artificial pollination to maturity takes about 60 d. After surpassing the period of embryo cell division and histodifferentiation (12–14d after pollination = dap), the seed enters into a maturation period. The time courses of various physiological, biochemical, and structural changes of embryo and testa during seed maturation were analyzed in detail (dry and fresh mass changes, osmotic and water potential changes, respiration, DNA amplification by endomitosis, total ribosome and polysome formation, storage protein synthesis and accumulation, storage lipid accumulation). In addition to the final storage products protein and lipid, embryo and testa accumulate transiently large amounts of starch within the chloroplasts during early maturation. Concomitantly with the subsequent total breakdown of the starch, the plastids lose most of their internal structure and chlorophyll and shrink into proplastids, typical for the mature seed. At about 30 dap the seeds shift from a desiccation-sensitive to a desiccation-tolerant state and are able then to germinate rapidly upon drying and reimbibition. If isolated from the immature fruit and sown directly on water, the seeds demonstrate precocious germination from about 13 dap onwards. Young seeds (isolated ≦ 38 dap) germinate only after surpassing a lag-phase of several days (after-ripening) during which the embryo continues to accumulate storage protein and lipid at the expense of the surrounding seed tissues. We conclude from these results that the maturing seed represents a rather closed developmental system which is able to continue its development up to successful germination without any specific regulatory influence from the mother plant. Immature seeds are able to germinate without a preceding dehydration treatment, which means that partial or full desiccation does not serve as an environmental signal for reprogramming seed development from maturation to germination. Instead, it is argued that the water relations of the seed are a critical element in the control of maturation and germination: during maturation on the mother plant the embryo is subject to a considerable turgor pressure (of the order of 12 bar) accompanied by a low water potential (of the order of ?12 bar). This turgor permits maturation growth but is subcritical for germination growth. However, upon imbibition in water, the low water potential provides a driving force for a burst of water uptake overcoming the critical turgor threshold and thereby inducing germination.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为

在北京东灵山地区, 用活捕笼从野外捕获社鼠, 并在野外建造围栏, 以山杏种子和辽东栎坚果为备选食物, 对围栏条件下社鼠的食物贮藏行为进行了研究。数据的统计分析采用SPSS for Windows (version 1010) 进行。结果表明: 1) 社鼠主要表现出食物的集中贮藏方式; 2) 贮藏食物被模拟盗窃使社鼠的食物贮藏活动加强; 3)社鼠倾向于选择山杏种子进行贮藏, 而对辽东栎坚果则取食较多。文中还讨论了食物类型、模拟盗窃等因素对社鼠食物贮藏行为的影响。