The influence of a dissolved inorganic nitrogen gradient on phytoplankton community dynamics in a chain of lakes

In a chain of lakes along which nutrient availability varies in a gradient, we performed factorial nutrient enrichment experiments to determine if nitrogen limitation was the principal factor controlling the differences in phytoplankton biomass, photosynthetic productivity, diversity, and species composition among two of the lakes in the chain. In the least productive lake, East Graham Lake, P and C enrichments (in the absence of N enrichment) had no effect on biomass and diversity, whereas within two weeks the N enrichments (alone or in any combination with P and/or C) increased the biomass and decreased the diversity of East Graham Lake phytoplankton to levels similar or identical to those in more productive Shoe Lake. Short-term ¹⁴C photosynthetic rates in East Graham Lake water also responded only to N in the third week. However, photosynthesis was stimulated by P in the first week, and a few species did increase in numbers with P enrichment, suggesting that some degree of P limitation remains in addition to the strong N limitation in East Graham Lake. A number of species responded individually to the enrichments in a manner similar to that of the overall community, and a strong overlapping of discriminant analysis scores for N-enriched East Graham Lake with those of Shoe Lake was consistent with our prediction that the community structure of N-enriched East Graham Lake water would shift toward that of Shoe Lake. However, many species did not respond consistently with these results, and the nutrients tested were clearly not a major factor in the differences in abundance of those species among the two lakes. The results support the argument that overall biomass production and diversity of the phytoplankton community in a lake can be a relatively simple function of a single most-limiting nutrient. However, many of the species responses also confirm that, while nutrient availability is an important factor in the control of the species composition of the community, other factors are likely to prevent reliable predictions of all species effects on the basis of nutrient availability alone.     

Effects of aquatic macrophytes on water quality and phytoplankton communities in shallow lakes

We investigated aquatic macrophytes, water quality, and phytoplankton biomass and species composition in three shallow lakes with different levels of vegetation cover and nutrient concentration in Kushiro Moor, during August 2000. Trapa japonica can live in a wide range of nutrient levels. This species forms an environment with a steeper extinction of light, higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) near the bottom, and lower concentrations of nitrate+nitrite and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) than other vegetation types. The pH was much higher in a Polygonum amphibium community, and the DO near the bottom did not decrease compared to a T.japonica community in the summer. The relationship between chlorophyll a and the limiting nutrient (total phosphorus (TP) when total nitrogen (TN):TPis 10 and TN/10 when TN:TP is <10) significantly differed between lakes with and without submerged vegetation. The chlorophyll a concentrations at a given nutrient level were significantly lower in water with submerged macrophytes than in water without them. Correspondence analysis showed that the difference in phytoplankton community structure across sites was largely due to the presence or absence of submerged macrophytes, and the ordination of phytoplankton species in the lakes with submerged macrophytes is best explained by environmental gradients of TN, chlorophyll, pH and SRP.     

富营养化对小型湖泊浮游甲壳动物群落结构及多样性的影响

2017年3月到2018年2月研究了临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节变化。临涣湖共记录浮游甲壳动物13种,其中枝角类8属8种,桡足类5属5种。短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)和象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.)等小型富营养种类是温暖季节的优势种,而近邻剑水蚤(Cyclops vicinus)是冬季的优势种。盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)等大型种类仅在少数月份中被观察到。临涣湖浮游甲壳动物的年平均密度和生物量分别为28.3个/L和0.33 mg/L。营养状态指数(TSI_M)的年平均值为62.6。浮游甲壳动物的Shannon指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数的年平均值分别为0.86、0.74和0.49,且3种多样性指数均具有显著的季节差异。营养盐水平、营养状态指数和物种多样性指数均表明,临涣湖水体处于富营养化状态。冗余分析结果表明,水温、总磷浓度和叶绿素a浓度是影响临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构变化的上行效应因子。鲢、鳙鱼的捕食压力是临涣湖浮游甲壳动物群落结构小型化的下...     

Variations in the periphytic community structure and dynamics of Lake Nahuel Huapi (Patagonia,Argentina)

Little is known about periphyton community in Patagonia and the influence that urban development has on a particular water body. Lake Nahuel Huapi is located in a National Park with little industrial or agricultural activity in the basin, but it is influenced by urban discharges from San Carlos de Bariloche, a town of 80000 inhabitants located on its south shore. Variations in structure and dynamics of the periphyton community in Lake Nahuel Huapi were studied during 1 year, to examine the influence of urban discharges on this community. Periphyton samples were collected on the shoreline of the lake and evaluated for biomass (as chlorophyll a concentration) and cell density of the main algal groups, at sites with and without urban influence. Results indicated the major influence of pollution from urban sources on periphyton at the most impacted sites, as well as the effect of different local events at each site (degree of contamination, type of coast, wind exposure, etc.). Higher biomass and cell densities at contaminated sites were evident, but the variation of main algal groups through the year was similar in all the sites. Periphyton in Lake Nahuel Huapi proved to be an important bioindicator of urban impacts on this water body.     

广东省典型水库浮游植物群落特征与富营养化研究

研究了广东省19座主要水库2000年丰水期和枯水期浮游植物状况,并根据浮游植物群落结构和多样性指数对水库进行营养状况评价。结果表明,东江流域的新丰江和白盘珠水库水质良好,属于贫营养型水库;大部分水库为中营养型,而鹤地、契爷石和石岩这3座位于沿海经济发达地区水库属于富营养型。流域上游水库水质明显优于下游水库,山区水库水质优于沿海水库,东江流域水库水质普遍较好。北江流域次之,而粤西沿海和珠江三角洲地区各水库均受到不同程度的污染。     

Some characteristics of the community of autotrophs of Lake Sevan in connection with its eutrophication

Eutrophication of Lake Sevan caused by the artificial lowering of water level was accompanied by changes in the structure and dynamics of the planktonic communities. A dominance of diatoms up to 1983 was changed to that of green algae in the last years. Primary production of plankton rose and then decreased in the process of eutrophication. The annual average primary production in 1982–1986 — 250 g C m^–2 yr^–1 — is evidently close to the steady state production under the present morphometry of the lake. The activity coefficient of phytoplanktonic photosynthesis changed within relatively narrow limits, in spite of significant changes in the concentrations of major nutrients and in the structure and productivity of the phytoplankton.     

Phytoplankton dynamics,primary productivity and community metabolism in a north-central Texas pond

Phytoplankton diversity, primary productivity and community metabolism were measured for 1 year in a 0.94 ha pond located in north-central Texas. Gross primary production ranged from 4.5 to 46.8 kcal m⁻² day⁻¹ ( =22.0 kcal m⁻² day⁻¹) and community metabolism ranged from 7.3 to 32.4 kcal m⁻² day⁻¹ ( =14.8 kcal m⁻² day⁻¹). Average production/respiration ratio (1.5) showed that the pond was principally autotrophic. Photosynthetic efficiency (gross primary production/0.5 total solar radiation) ranged from 0.32 to 2.8 with a mean of 1.2. Phytoplankton diversity based on numbers and biomass fluctuated greatly. Highest gross primary productivity occurred during Cyanophyta blooms in late summer-early fall when species diversity was minimal. Water temperature and turbidity, which governed light penetration, were the principal determinants of primary production.     

大亚湾浮游植物群落特征

于2002年冬、春、夏和秋季对大亚湾浮游植物进行采样调查,分析了浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、优势种、多样性及群落结构的季节变化特征和平面分布特征。并讨论了浮游植物与营养盐、水温及环流等环境因子之间的关系。2002年大亚湾浮游植物共鉴定出48属114种(包括变型和变种),丰度范围在5.79×104~5.37×106cells/m3之间,平均值为1.14×106cells/m3。其中硅藻共37属84种,其种数和细胞丰度都占绝对优势,平均丰度为1.08×106cells/m3,其次为甲藻,9属23种,平均丰度为9.91×104cells/m3。此外还鉴定出蓝藻和金藻。大亚湾浮游植物丰度变化呈单一周期型,春夏季高,秋冬季节低。虽然硅藻的丰度占优势,但秋季硅藻丰度降低(占总丰度75.8%)使甲藻和蓝藻所占比例上升。研究得出春夏季大亚湾浮游植物主要以沿岸暖水性种类为主,秋季和冬季除沿岸暖水种之外,广布种和大洋种也较多,尤其在冬季后者占优势。大亚湾浮游植物优势种类多,不同季节既有交叉又有演替。与以往调查资料相比,部分优势种发生变化,优势程度顺序和细胞丰度发生了一定改变,个体较大的细胞丰度优势逐渐增加。另外,受季风、潮流、地理位置及人类活动影响,大亚湾浮游植物丰度和群落结构有一定的季节和平面分布特征。大亚湾浮游植物的多样性在夏季偏低,尤其在大亚湾核电站和大鹏澳养殖区附近表现明显。大亚湾浮游植物的丰度、种数、优势种演替及群落结构等其它群落特征与营养盐尤其是氮、磷和N/P、水温、环流等环境因子密切相关。     

沉水植物化感作用对西湖湿地浮游植物群落的影响

通过微宇宙实验,在控制光照和营养盐浓度的条件下分别研究了苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的化感作用对采集于杭州西湖湖西湿地的藻类密度、叶绿素a浓度、群落结构、多样性指数等的影响。其结果表明,3种沉水植物对微宇宙系统中的藻类都具有明显影响,藻类密度与叶绿素a浓度受到显著抑制,3个草-藻研究系统中藻类群落结构都发生了变化。在实验末期苦草组、金鱼藻组和穗花狐尾藻组中藻类总生物量(以细胞密度计)分别较初始值降低了37.06%、78.37%和83.40%。栅藻对3种沉水植物的化感作用敏感性较弱。藻类生物多样性方面,穗花狐尾藻系统中最高,其次是金鱼藻组,最后是苦草组,其Shannon-Wiener指数(H)分别为2.76、2.06和0.72,穗花狐尾藻组中H的显著高于苦草组(P0.05)。     

小型湖泊水生植物栽培对轮虫群落结构的影响

为了解水生植物栽培对水环境及轮虫群落结构的影响,于2015年10月至2016年9月,对广州市暨南大学校园两个小型湖泊——明湖和南湖进行了周年调查.明湖无水生植物生长,南湖3—10月有水生植物轮叶黑藻生长,其中6—9月为植物旺盛生长时期.调查发现: 两湖共记录轮虫50种,分属于23个属,其中臂尾轮属、异尾轮属和腔轮属种类较多,均有8种.明湖记录轮虫32种,南湖记录39种. 明湖优势种主要有广布多肢轮虫、暗小异尾轮虫和微型多突轮虫;南湖优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫、爱德里亚狭甲轮虫和囊形腔轮虫.明湖轮虫丰度在2015年10月最高,达到3790 ind·L^-1,2016年3月最低,为854 ind·L^-1.南湖轮虫丰度在2015年11月最高,达到3555 ind·L^-1,2016年1月最低,为977 ind·L^-1.相似性分析表明,明湖与南湖水体轮虫群落结构差异显著,其中螺形龟甲轮虫为两湖群落结构差异贡献率最高的物种,其次为广布多肢轮虫.冗余分析表明,明湖轮虫群落结构主要受总磷、叶绿素a、水温的影响;南湖水生植物旺盛生长期,轮虫群落结构受总磷、温度、叶绿素a、深度的影响较大,优势种为底栖的无棘鳞冠轮虫、爱德里亚狭甲轮虫和囊形腔轮虫;水生植物开始生长时期主要受总氮和透明度的影响,优势种为浮游的广布多肢轮虫和等棘异尾轮虫;而无水生植物生长期主要受pH和溶解氧的影响较大,优势种亦为浮游性种,广布多肢轮虫、裂痕龟纹轮虫等.水生植物生长可有效降低N、P营养盐浓度,改善水质,增加空间异质性,支持更多轮虫种类生存,对水域生态系统的稳定具有重要作用.     

A Comparison of Phytoplankton and Algae Growing on Plexiglas Slides in an Oligotrophic Lake

This study compares the composition and dynamics of phytoplankton communities and of periphyton communities growing on Plexiglas slides in a temperate oligotrophic lake. Ordination methods were used in the comparisons, which covered a three-month period during the summer. Plankton and periphyton communities differed considerably, and shared only six common taxa. An ephemeral Dinobryon pulse occurred simultaneously in both communities, and represented the largest source of variability in community composition. Recovery from the pulse was faster in the phytoplankton than in the periphyton. Attachment to substrata, through its effect on cell turnover times and nutrient cycling, is hypothesized to provide a temporal refuge for plankton species during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions.     

A reference system for continental running waters: plant communities as bioindicators of increasing eutrophication in alkaline and acidic waters in north-east France

Two bioindication scales of the degree of eutrophication based on aquatic macrophyte communities were established in two types of running waters free of organic matter, the one in acidic soft waters (pH 5.5–7.0, conductivity 40–110 S.cm^–1), the other in alkaline hard waters (pH 7–8, conductivity 500–900 S.cm^–1). We show that the main determining factor of the macrophyte distribution is the nutrient level (trophy), especially the level of phosphate and ammonia. The acidic scale, with increasing pH, includes four stages ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic level (traces to 300 g.l^–1 N-NHinf4^p+ and P-PO₄ ^3–), while the alkaline scale at constant pH comprises six stages of a trophic gradient. For the most part, the floristic composition found in the two sequences is different and depends on conductivity and alkalinity variation. However, some species occur in the two scales and may reflect differences in the trophic level, depending on whether the waters are alkaline or acidic. This change of trophic level for these species is discussed.     

湖泊细菌群落构建机制及其对富营养化的响应

细菌是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,在驱动湖泊生态系统元素物质循环和调控湖泊水质方面发挥关键性作用。揭示湖泊细菌群落多样性的形成和维持机制,即群落构建机制,是湖泊微生物生态学研究中的核心目标。近年来,微生物组学技术的发展,极大推动了湖泊细菌群落构建机制的研究。富营养化是当前我国湖泊生态系统面临的最大环境挑战之一,也是决定湖泊细菌群落组成和多样性的重要因素。研究综述了湖泊细菌群落构建机制的理论基础和发展脉络。概述了湖泊细菌群落构建机制的主要分析方法。总结了富营养化对湖泊细菌群落构建机制的影响的最新研究进展。针对富营养化影响下湖泊细菌群落构建机制研究所面临的问题,提出了未来的研究展望。     

Evolutionary emergence of alternative stable states in shallow lakes

Ecosystems under stress may respond abruptly and irreversibly through tipping points. Although mechanisms leading to alternative stable states are much studied, little is known about how such ecosystems could have emerged in the first place. We investigate whether evolution by natural selection along resource gradients leads to bistability, using shallow lakes as an example. There, tipping points occur between two alternative states dominated by either submersed or floating macrophytes depending on nutrient loading. We model the evolution of macrophyte depth in the lake, identify the conditions under which the ancestor population diversifies and investigate whether alternative stable states dominated by different macrophyte phenotypes occur. We find that eco-evolutionary dynamics may lead to alternative stable states, but under restrictive conditions. Such dynamics require sufficient asymmetries in the acquisition of both light and nutrient. Our analysis suggests that competitive asymmetries along opposing resource gradients may allow bistability to emerge by natural selection.     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition has caused nitrogen enrichment and eutrophication of lakes in the northern hemisphere

We compiled chemical data and phytoplankton biomass (PB) data (chlorophyll a ) from unproductive lakes in 42 different regions in Europe and North America, and compared these data to inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition over these regions. We demonstrate that increased deposition of inorganic N over large areas of Europe and North America has caused elevated concentrations of inorganic N in lakes. In addition, the unproductive lakes in high N deposition areas had clearly higher PB relative to the total phosphorus (P) concentrations illustrating that the elevated inorganic N concentrations has resulted in eutrophication and increased biomass of phytoplankton. The eutrophication caused by inorganic N deposition indicates that PB yield in a majority of lakes in the northern hemisphere is (was) limited by N in their natural state. We, therefore, suggest that P limitation largely concerns lakes where the balance between N and P has been changed because of increased anthropogenic input of N.     

浅水湖泊浮水植物芡实收割对浮游植物群落的影响

浅水湖泊生态系统正遭受广泛而强烈的人为干扰,但是对收割水生植物干扰的研究甚少。于2019年8月对芡实过度生长的陈瑶湖进行通道式分区收割工程,分析了收割芡实（Euryale ferox）前后不同处理组浮游植物群落的变化。研究期间共鉴定出浮游植物6门47属72种,其中收割前63种,收割后71种。收割后浮游植物的细胞密度和生物量均高于收割前,分别增加了39.78%和5.09%。收割芡实导致陈瑶湖浮游植物群落为由蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻-隐藻群落转变为蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻群落。其中蓝藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于收割前（P<0.05）,归因于有害蓝藻（铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa、水华束丝藻Aphanizomenon flos-aquae、小颤藻Oscillatoria tenuis、卷曲鱼腥藻Dolicospermum circinale、小席藻Phormidium tenu）的增加。收割还导致了硅藻群落由附生型向浮游型硅藻的转变,表现为尖针杆藻（Ulnaria acus）减少,而颗粒直链藻极狭变种（Aulacoseira granulata var.angustissima）、梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）增加。在芡实收割过程中,未收割组和河道的浮游植物群落结构在时空分布上无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但收割组在收割后的不同阶段内差异较为明显,其细胞密度和生物量随着收割实验的结束逐渐降低。浮游植物与环境因子的相关性分析表明,水生植被覆盖度、总磷、总氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度是影响浮游植物细胞密度和生物量变化的主要环境因子。综合陈瑶湖水质状态,本研究认为收割芡实并不能缓解浅水湖泊富营养化状况,研究结果为浅水湖泊水生植被的管理提供理论依据。     

亚热带水库浮游植物季节动态及其与环境因子的关系

以亚热带黄村水库流域为研究对象,探讨了浮游植物群落的季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。共鉴定出浮游植物51种,种类最多的是绿藻门（18种）（35.29%）,其次是硅藻门（15种）（29.41%）和蓝藻门（11种）（21.57%）。从浮游植物群落季节组成差异来看,春季（62.96%）和夏季（71.03%）蓝藻门丰度最高,秋季（56.11%）和冬季（80.74%）硅藻门丰度最高。黄村水库流域优势种尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）和曲丝藻（Achnanthidium sp.）在春夏秋冬季节均存在。多样性指数表明该流域水体处于中营养状况。温度、电导率和营养盐是影响浮游植物群落组成最主要的环境因素。     

The influence of catchment size on lake trophic status during the hemlock decline and recovery (4800 to 3500 BP) in southern Ontario lakes

We investigated the ecological effects of terrestrial ecosystem change during the hemlock decline and recovery (4,800–3,500 BP) on lake communities (diatoms and chrysophytes). This study specifically assessed the role of catchment area and slope in determining the magnitude of lake eutrophication during the hemlock decline by analyzing sediment cores from five alkaline, holomictic lakes in southeastern Ontario, Canada. The study lakes were similar in most limnological aspects, but differed widely in the relative sizes of their catchments. Diatoms were used to quantitatively infer past lake-water total phosphorus (TP) concentrations.All five lakes showed shifts in their algal communities during the hemlock decline, but most lakes exhibited only minor changes in trophic status. The magnitude of the limnological response appears to be related to catchment size and slope. Long Lake, Burridge Lake, and Gunter Lake possess the smallest catchments and exhibited the weakest responses to the hemlock decline. The catchment area of Flower Round Lake is considerably larger and steeper than these lakes, and was the only lake to show a marked eutrophication. Aulacoseira ambigua bloomed and diatom-inferred TP concentration increased by 14 µg 1^–1.Catchment slope appears to have influenced the type of material exported into the lakes. Lake basins draining catchments with gentle relief received proportionally greater amounts of organic matter, whereas steeper catchments supplied relatively greater proportions of mineral matter. Faster water flow associated with steeper catchment slope may have enhanced mineral erosionFollowing the hemlock decline, nutrient supplies to most of the study lakes were reduced. The period of forest recovery was associated with an 11 µg 1^–1 reduction in diatom-inferred lake-water TP concentration in Flower Round Lake, and algal populations decreased. Our results generally support the ecological theory of forest ecosystem development and secondary succession developed from long-term data collected at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Ecosystem.     

The Trophic Diatom Index: a new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers

A index for monitoring the trophic status of rivers based on diatom composition (‚trophic diatom index’, TDI) has been developed, in response to the National Rivers Authority (England & Wales)'s needs under the terms of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive of the European Community. The index is based on a suite of 86 taxa selected both for their indicator value and ease of identification. When tested on a dataset from 70 sites free of significant organic pollution, this index was more highly correlated with aqueous P concentrations than previous diatom indices. However, where there was heavy organic pollution, it was difficult to separate the effects of eutrophication from other effects. For this reason, the value of TDI is supplemented by an indication of the proportion of the sample that is composed of taxa tolerant to organic pollution. The index was tested on the R. Browney, N-E. England, above and below a major sewage discharge. TDI values indicated that the effect of inorganic nutrients on the river downstream of the discharge was slight as the river was already nutrient-rich, but there was a large increase in the proportion of organic pollution-tolerant taxa. This indicates that the river was already so eutrophic upstream of the discharge that tertiary treatment to remove P would not be effective unless other aspects of the discharge were also improved.