浅论中学生物教师的教学语言

课堂教学离不开语言。任何好的方法、现代化的教学手段,甚至最优化的教学过程设计,都离不开教学语言的作用。因此,教学效果的好坏,是与教师的语言表达能力分不开的。从某种意义上说,课堂教学艺术首先是教学语言的艺术。作为一个优秀的生物教师来讲,他的教学语言特点,既有教师一般语言表达的共性,又有一些与生物学这门学科紧密联系的个性化的特点。1　教学语言的科学性和准确性1.1　要正确使用生物学名词和术语　生物学名词、术语量多难记,而且有一些相似的概念,例如“脂类”和“类脂”,“胚囊”和“囊胚”,“呼吸运动”和“呼吸作用”。把它…     

六十年来生物防治概念的发展

<正> 生物防治(Biolosical control)这一科学术语已正式使用了六十年。它的定义似乎早已被有关工作者所熟知。然而,最近一个时期以来,由于植物保护工作有了很大进展,综合防治措施有了许多新项目,以致人们对生物防治的理解也有了一些不同认识。近来在一些有关专著中对“生物防治”往往附加“传统的”,“广义     

Co-oxidation的内涵及其应用

Co-oxidation是石油发酵研究中产生的一个术语,目前对它的翻译比较混乱,诸如“联合氧化”、“共轭氧化”、“伴同氧化”、“辅氧化”等都是Co-oxidation的同意异名。其中以“辅氧化”用得较多,考虑这可能与中译本《石油发酵》一书(科学出版社,1973)较早的大量使用了这个名词有关。我们在1972年翻译《石油发酵》时,     

克隆加转基因,相得益彰

“克隆”一词是外来语 ,是由英文“ｃｌｏｎｅ”一词音译而来的。克隆这一生物学术语 ,曾被我国生物学者意译为“无性系” ,除了专业人员外很少有人知道这词。随着近年来的“外洋文化潮流”的盛行 ,特别是英国克隆羊“多莉”出世的消息 ,经新闻媒体炒作 ,使克隆一词家喻户晓老幼皆知 ,广为流传。现在连商店名字都有叫‘万克隆’、‘亿克隆’ ,想必是老板们也想把利润大大地克隆克隆。在生物学上 ,克隆可以作名词或动词用。克隆用作名词时含义有三 :１、在分子水平上 ,克隆通常指ＤＮＡ克隆。克隆的含义是运用生物学技术 ,对某一特定的ＤＮＡ…     

"生态环境"内涵界定探讨

“生态环境”是在中国使用频率较高的一个名词,由于一直没有明确而公认的定义,使用者往往误用,不利于今后理论研究和实践工作。本文追溯了生态环境概念的起源,对比分析了“生态环境”内涵的不同理解,基于生态学、环境科学理论,认为生态环境是以特定生物体(包括人类)为中心,多元复合生态系统各要素和生态关系的总和,强调生态系统的整体性、连续性、稳定性和协同进化性,以及在此基础上对主体提供的环境功能。     

肽抗生素研究进展及其应用前景

传统的抗生素大多为霉菌、放线菌的代谢产物。但近些年来的研究已经表明 ,一些植物、昆虫、两栖类、鸟和多种哺乳动物甚至人类等生物也能产生抗生素类物质。目前已经发现的这类物质已达 30 0多种以上。它们在生物界的广泛存在表明其是有机体防御系统进化的古老机制。早期将此类物质称为“防役素”(defencin) ,也有称为“抗菌肽”(antibacterialpeptides)的。近年来国际文献中趋向于使用“肽抗生素”( peptideantibiotics)一词 ,这是最贴切的 ,它既反应了肽抗生素的化学本质是一种“多肽” ,也反应了它是一种“抗生素” ,最容易为大众理解与…     

浅谈生化名词的意音兼顾翻译法

我们向读者推荐本文。本刊一直重视“生物化学与分子生物学名词”译名的讨论,但断断续续,没有持之以恒。我们希望以本文为契机,能经常收到这方面的稿件,更愿有议论,甚至争论。经过审定的“生物化学与分子生物学名词”即将由《全国科学技术名词审定委员会》公布,其目的是为了更好地统一名词的译名和定名,以促进科学的交流和发展。许多名词因为定名晚了,而造成很大混乱。因此祈望广大读者更注意新名词的译名讨论。附带向读者推荐一本期刊——《中国科技术语》（由《全国科学技术名词审定委员会》主办,主编：路甬祥）,它是我国有权威性的刊物,内有较多的名词译名和定名,还有争论。[编者按]     

"学习环"在推理能力培养和生物学概念教学方面的应用

“学习环”是生物教学中一种非常有用和有效的教学方法,它由探究、术语介绍和概念应用三个环节组成。这种方法已经被证明了在培养学生推理能力和帮助学生建构概念方面有积极的作用。主要介绍了“学习环”的教学法以及其在培养学生推理能力和生物概念教学中的应用。     

与Homologue有关的几个名词译名探讨

随着分子系统学这一学科的迅速发展,与homo-logue一词有关的一些术语,如orthologous,paralogous等,在科学期刊上出现的频率越来越高。如何翻译这些术语?在此笔者提出自己的一点看法。 Homologue(形容词homologouw,可作名词用)一词来源于希腊语,该词的美式拼法为Homolog,但文献上大多采用英式拼法。该词有两部分组成,homo-意指“same”,-logue意指“word”或“sense”。根据其意,化学中通译同系化合物,生物学中通译为同源物。但在不同的应用层次,所指的对象并不相同,因而可以有多个     

国际生物高技术开发现状与趋势

以基因工程、细胞工程、发酵工程和酶工程为主体的生物高技术,已被看作是新技术革命的重要标志之一。生物高技术作为当今世界科学技术活动和发展社会经济极为活跃和最有前途的高新技术之一,它的发展有可能给人类开发出新材料、新工艺和新产品,创造出巨大的社会效益和经济效益。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.