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A clinical trial of lupus patients with nephritis was established to determine any possible role for Atacicept, a biologic drug that blocks two B-cell-activating factors (BLyS and APRIL). The trial was stopped after just six patients had been enrolled because three patients developed serious infections. Initial concerns that the biologic was the main cause of the increased susceptibility to these infections have had to be revised on close inspection of the data. The evidence clearly points to a previously unrecognised capacity for mycophenolate to cause notable drops in immunoglobulin levels as the prime suspect. 相似文献
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E. A. de Wynter 《Cytotechnology》2003,41(2-3):133-138
Stem and progenitor cells are present in cord blood at a high frequency making these cells a major target population for experimental
and clinical studies. Over the past decade there has been considerable developments in cord blood research and transplantation
but despite the rapid progress many problems remain. The initial hope that cord blood would be an alternative source of haemopoietic
cells for transplantation has been tempered by the fact that there are insufficient cells in most cord blood collections to
engraft an adult of average weight. In attempts to increase the cell number, a plethora of techniques for ex-vivo expansion have been developed.These techniques have also proved useful for gene therapy. As cord blood cells possess unique
properties this allows them to be utilised as suitable vehicles for gene therapy and long-term engraftment of transduced cells
has been achieved. Current work examining the nature of the stem cells present in this haematological source indicates that
cord blood contains not only haemopoietic stem cells but also primitive non-haemopoietic cells with high proliferative and
developmental potential. As attention focuses on stem cell biology and the controversies surrounding the potential use of
embryonic stem cells in treatment of disease, the properties of stem cells from other sources including cord blood are being
re-appraised. The purpose of this article is to review some of the current areas of work and highlight biological problems
associated with the use of cord blood cells.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Crick FC Koch C 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2005,360(1458):1271-1279
The claustrum is a thin, irregular, sheet-like neuronal structure hidden beneath the inner surface of the neocortex in the general region of the insula. Its function is enigmatic. Its anatomy is quite remarkable in that it receives input from almost all regions of cortex and projects back to almost all regions of cortex. We here briefly summarize what is known about the claustrum, speculate on its possible relationship to the processes that give rise to integrated conscious percepts, propose mechanisms that enable information to travel widely within the claustrum and discuss experiments to address these questions. 相似文献
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Marshall WF 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》2007,100(4):916-922
The function of centrioles has been controversial and remains incompletely resolved. This is because centrioles, in and of themselves, do not directly perform any physiological activity. Instead, their role is only to act as a jig or breadboard onto which other functional structures can be built. Centrioles are primarily involved in forming two structures-centrosomes and cilia. Centrioles bias the position of spindle pole formation, but because spindle poles can self-organize, the function of the centriole in mitosis is not obligatory. Consequently, lack of centrioles does not generally prevent mitosis, although recent experiments suggest acentriolar spindles have reduced fidelity of chromosome segregation. In contrast, centrioles are absolutely required for the assembly of cilia, including primary cilia that act as cellular antennae. Consistent with this requirement, it is now becoming clear that many ciliary diseases, including nephronophthisis, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Meckel Syndrome, and Oral-Facial-Digital syndrome, are caused by defects in centriole-associated proteins. 相似文献
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Balny C 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2006,1764(3):632-639
Without being comprehensive in this mini-review, I will address perspectives, some speculative, for the development and use of high pressure to explore biochemical phenomena. This will be illustrated with several examples. 相似文献
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Wagner GP 《The Journal of experimental zoology》2002,294(3):177-178
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Pinet F 《Médecine sciences : M/S》2004,20(3):339-345
Endothelins are a family of three peptides of 21 amino acids with strong vasoconstrictor effects. The three peptides are encoded by three different genes and derived from precursors (" big endothelins") which are cleaved by metalloproteases, named endothelin-converting enzyme. Two receptors have been cloned, ET-A and ET-B which bind the three endothelins with various affinities. The diverse expression pattern of the endothelin system (ET) components is associated with a complex pharmacology and its counteracting physiological actions. New modulators of the ET system have been described : retinoic acid, leptin, prostaglandins, hypoxia. Endothelins can be considered as regulators working in paracrine and autocrine fashion in a variety of organs in different cellular types. The ET system has beneficial and detrimental roles in mammals. The different components have been shown to be essential for a normal embryonic and neonatal development, for renal homeostasis and maintenance of basal vascular tone. They are involved in physiological and tumoral angiogenesis. They affect the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver, muscle, skin, adipose tissue and reproductive tract. The endothelin system participates in the development of atherosclerosis as well as pulmonary hypertension, and mediates cardiac remodeling in heart failure. Elaboration of new animal models (knock-out, pathophysiological models em leader ) will allow the clear genetic dissection of physiological and pathophysiological roles of the endothelin system. 相似文献
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Curtis TP Head IM Lunn M Woodcock S Schloss PD Sloan WT 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2006,361(1475):2023-2037
The extent of microbial diversity is an intrinsically fascinating subject of profound practical importance. The term 'diversity' may allude to the number of taxa or species richness as well as their relative abundance. There is uncertainty about both, primarily because sample sizes are too small. Non-parametric diversity estimators make gross underestimates if used with small sample sizes on unevenly distributed communities. One can make richness estimates over many scales using small samples by assuming a species/taxa-abundance distribution. However, no one knows what the underlying taxa-abundance distributions are for bacterial communities. Latterly, diversity has been estimated by fitting data from gene clone libraries and extrapolating from this to taxa-abundance curves to estimate richness. However, since sample sizes are small, we cannot be sure that such samples are representative of the community from which they were drawn. It is however possible to formulate, and calibrate, models that predict the diversity of local communities and of samples drawn from that local community. The calibration of such models suggests that migration rates are small and decrease as the community gets larger. The preliminary predictions of the model are qualitatively consistent with the patterns seen in clone libraries in 'real life'. The validation of this model is also confounded by small sample sizes. However, if such models were properly validated, they could form invaluable tools for the prediction of microbial diversity and a basis for the systematic exploration of microbial diversity on the planet. 相似文献
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Coverage with evidence development (CED), rather than quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) thresholds, offers the best way forward in balancing evidence-based policy for new oncology products with the needs of developers, payers, physicians and patients. 相似文献
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《Plant Science Letters》1978,11(3-4):275-283
Plasmalemma isolated from potato tuber cells was prepared according to a flotation method in a sucrose density gradient. When incubated in vitro with various radioactive lipid precursors, the plasmalemma fragments were unable to synthesize any lipid. When labelled lipid precursors ([14C]acetate of [32P]phosphate) were furnished to potato slices, radioactive fatty acids or phospholipids were integrated into plasmalemma lipids. When incubated in a suspension of [32P]liposomes, plasmalemma fragments accepted labelled lipids from the suspension; this exchange process was markedly stimulated by the phospholipid exchange protein prepared from the potato cytoplasmic supernatant. These results suggest that potato tuber plasmalemma is dependent on other cellular fractions for lipid synthesis and exchange. 相似文献
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What is the function of mitochondrial networks? A theoretical assessment of hypotheses and proposal for future research
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Hanne Hoitzing Iain G. Johnston Nick S. Jones 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2015,37(6):687-700